沿海气旋爆发的预报

近来,数值预报模式已在温带气旋发展和移动的预报上取得了明显的成绩。但是,值得注意的是往往还有意外情况发生,例如,像1979年2月18日—19日那个“总统的雪暴日”,很多地方发生了降雪,业务预报模式没有预报出来。GFDL(地球物理流体动力学试验室)为了了解冬季沿海迅速成生的风暴的机制,努力地进行了研究。在这些研究中(Orlanski和Katzfey,1986),完成了一个关于总统雪暴日的效果良好的数值模拟。 为了这项研究,把GFDL所研究的有限区域的HIBU(贝尔格来德大学水文学院)模式套入到GFDL的全球谱模式中去(取30个波),从而导出了关于这个“总统雪暴日”的预报模式和数值模拟:(Ⅰ)采用全球谱模式,(Ⅱ)采用低分辨率的嵌套HIBU的模式(分辨率为150公里),(Ⅲ)采用高分辨率嵌套HIBU的模式(分辨率为50公里)。它们的初始条件来源于两个方面:即GFDL和ECMWF(欧洲天气预报中心)的四维分析产生的FGGE(全球     

海洋三字经

七、古中国杭海早览世界中世纪航海业即崛起哥伦布作远航首横渡大西洋历艰险到美洲喜发现新大陆达伽马绕非洲过“好望”至印度首开辟新航路印度洋变通途麦哲伦环球行地圆说得印证最大洋他命名无风浪称“太平”两极地最神秘探险者勇相继有南森娜威人探北极众岛群靠海冰巧引牵辟航线北极圈阿蒙森赴南极遭挫折不泄气绕冰山涉冰川登极点捷足先斯科特步后尘雪暴中蒙不幸其毅力实可钦南极史垂青名古中国航海早探海路领风骚秦赢政求不老命徐福觅仙草童男女三千整涉大海到旦本唐鉴真六东渡累失败终无悔播文化传佛经中日间交往深明郑和下西洋共七度创…     

爱沙尼亚走近北极俱乐部

被称为“北欧地中海”的波罗的海自北到南环绕着瑞典、芬兰、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、波兰、德国与丹麦八国,其中东部沿岸的爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚与立陶宛三国又因地缘相近、历史文化相似而被国际社会统称为“波罗的海国家”。从成为苏联加盟共和国到加入北约、欧盟及欧元区,爱沙尼亚在国际社会中的政治地位得到上升,成为了西方国家与俄罗斯竞争的前沿阵地。爱沙尼亚本不靠近北极,但与之毗邻的芬兰和俄罗斯均属北极国家,近年来芬兰和挪威热烈讨论的“北极铁路”将这个非北极国家拉进北极视野。     

海中准直光衰减系数与透明度盘深度的经验关系

我国海洋调查中使用的透明度盘,是一块直径30cm、漆成白色的木质或金属圆盘,国外一般称为“赛克圆盘”(secchi disc)。由于它制作简单,价格低,操作方便,在海洋调查中得到广泛应用。国际上使用它已有一百多年,我国的海洋工作者使用它测量“透明度盘深度”也有几十年历史,在我国的海洋调查中,用透明度盘测得的量称为“透明度”,单位用m表示。     

Biot反演在夏威夷钙质沉积物原位测量声速和衰减中的应用

对夏威夷檀香山岛的两个站(H3和H4)钙质沉积物进行了20～100kHz的原位纵波声速和声衰减测量.它们均有轻微的频散.随频率的增加H3站位声速从1691m/s增加到1708m/s,H4站位的声速从1579m/s增加到1585m/s.随频率的增加H3站位的有效衰减从15dB/m增加到75dB/m,H4站位的有效衰减从22dB/m增加到62dB/m.运用Biot-Stoll模型对所测得的纵波速度和声衰减数据进行了Biot模型未知参数反演,发现粒径较大的H3站的沉积物(孔隙率为45%)比粒径较小的H4站的沉积物(孔隙率为56%)具有曲率小和渗透率及孔隙半径都大的性质.     

南极中山站短期天气预报制作及典型个例分析

重点介绍了目前中山站气象预报使用的各种数据资料,包括实况分析和数值预报产品;从天气学方面分析了影响站区天气的不同尺度天气系统和天气形势分析技术;通过分析利用各种预报及实况信息,得出中山站地区短期天气预报的制作流程,归纳了中山站天气预报的方法和步骤;最后以中山站冬季典型的晴天、降雪和雪暴天气过程为例,总结了3种天气过程的预报经验:当中山站附近地区受高压控制时,天气晴好,气温下降;当气旋锋面扫过站区时产生降雪,气旋减弱填塞以后,降雪过程结束;当站区东部存在阻挡气旋东移的高压坝时,气旋会对站区产生持续的影响,带来极低能见度的雪暴天气。本文对南极沿岸科考站天气预报业务具有一定参考价值。     

英国科学家发现印度洋水下"冒烟"的火山

印度洋西北部水下 3 0 0 0多米的Carlsberg大洋中脊被称为“世界最好的大洋中脊”。英国南安普顿海洋中心的科学家最近在这一前人没有涉足的火山大洋中脊带发现热液活动的实地考察证据。2 0 0 3年 7月 2 3日 ,在RRSCharlesDarwin号考察船上的科学家发现了巨大的羽状“烟水”(smokywater) ,其厚度至少 60 0m、宽度超过3 0km ,烟水从深海散布的熔岩洋底升起。该航次的首席科学家Dr.BramleyMurton说 :“这一巨大的羽状烟水相当于一个大型火电站 ,不断地散发大量的热量和烟雾 ,释放的能量可能超过 1 0 0 0MW。”热液活动的中心不断形成由大…     

台湾海峡西侧水动力环境的季节变化特征

本文利用2006 ～ 2007年“中国近海海洋综合调查与评价”项目在台湾海峡西侧获取的大面水温、盐度走航资料,结合座底式海床基系统获取的海流剖面以及近海底水温观测结果,系统地阐述了台湾海峡西侧水动力环境在春、夏和晚秋初冬3个季节的变化特征.研究结果表明:春季台湾海峡西侧海水垂向混合比较均一,等温线和等盐线分布大致与岸线平行,盐度和水温呈现从北往南逐渐升高、自近岸向远岸递增的特点.福建沿岸海流具有明显的正压海流特征,且为逆风的东北向海流,其最大流速(约0.25 m/s)出现在泉州外海;与此相对应,浙闽沿岸水仅局限于泉州以北近岸海域的中上水层,其盐度小于32.4.夏季台湾海峡西侧局部海域呈现典型的上升流特征,汕头、东山和南日岛外海近海底存在着明显的低温(＜25℃)高盐水(＞33.8)涌升中心.福建沿岸海流流向与盛行的西南季风一致,除汕头外海10 m层流速(0.19 m/s)比25 m层流速(约0.15 m/s)略大,其他海域仍具有正压流特点,最大流速(约0.40 m/s)出现在平潭外海附近.晚秋初冬台湾海峡西侧海域盐度和水温的空间分布比较接近,整体呈近岸低外海高,并随纬度降低而增加.调查期间浙闽沿岸水在2007年12月26日左右开始出现在平潭岛外海附近,随后从2008年1月15日左右整个台湾海峡西侧被南下的浙闽沿岸冷水(＜17℃)控制;厦门以南近海余流流速明显小于厦门以北海域,并存在着显著的垂向流剪切.     

化学动力学在研究生油岩热演化中的应用

近二十年来,生油岩的热演化理论和方法的研究进展很快,这种方法又称为“热成熟机制”(Thermal Maturation Regime)或“热变机制”(Thermal Evolution Regime).其所用公式都以时间和温度为热变的基本因素,与温度为指数关系,与时间为线性关系.国外称其为Time Temperature Index缩写TTI,故常称为“TTI”方法.人们在油气勘探活动中早就发现,油与气的出现与其埋藏深度有着密切关系,随着深度的增加,开始生成湿气,而后是油,到一定的深度都变成干气.1965年菲利浦(G.T.Philippi)通过对美国洛杉机和文图拉两盆地的研究,认为温度是影响油气成熟的主要因素,埋藏深度是造成地温升高的一个条件.     

3月份在南海生成的1201号强热带风暴“帕卡”的移动特征及成因分析

1949 ～2011年中国气象局台风年鉴资料统计结果表明,在南海生成的热带气旋,1、2月份仅在1965年出现1次,而3月份没有热带风暴强度级别以上的热带气旋生成,1201号强热带风暴“帕卡”是首个3月份在南海生成的强热带风暴,本文指出“帕卡”具有生成时间偏早、移动速度慢等显著特征,其平均移动速度仅为1.6 m/s.利用Nino 3.4区3月表层水温滑动平均资料、分辨率为2.5°×2.5°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、分辨率为1°×1°的NOAA OI表层水温资料,分析了“帕卡”生成原因,结果表明2011年秋冬季拉尼娜事件引起次年3月赤道西北太平洋及南海表层水温较多年平均偏高,其中南海中部表层水温较多年平均偏高0.5℃以上;3月份副高脊线偏北,弱冷空气南下产生的冷涌作为CISK的启动源;南海中南部上空对流活跃,跨赤道气流强劲;低层垂直风切小于5 m/s等有利因素促进了“帕卡”生成.分析结果为春季热带气旋的预报提供有意义的参考.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.