中原邙山黄土及构造与气候耦合作用

位于黄土高原与华北平原过渡带上的中原邙山黄土地层,以厚层Ｓ１古土壤（１５．７ｍ）和巨厚Ｌ１黄土（７７．３ｍ）为其特色。对赵下峪剖面Ｓ１０以上总厚１７２．１ｍ的黄土－古土壤序列的研究表明：（１）邙山黄土是一种风成近源砂黄土,其源区就在黄河下游冲积扇的扇顶部位;（２）约１５０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．（Ｌ２上部）开始,风尘沉积速率突然加快,Ｌ１ＬＬ１层段高达３．４５ｍｍ／ａ,其原因是黄河贯通三门峡东流给源区带来丰富的物质;（３）粒度和磁化率分别指示的冬季风与夏季风变迁存在四种强弱对应关系,与黄土高原的情况不完全一致;（４）邙山黄土－古土壤序列是黄土高原侵蚀与华北平原堆积的镜像反映,因而记录了构造与气候的耦合作用及其环境效应     

虾病暴发前虾池中一些环境因子的变化

实验研究１９９４年５～８月即墨金口养殖场虾病发生前,养虾池中叶绿素ａ总量、去镁叶绿素含量、不同粒径浮游植物叶绿素ａ含量以及营养盐的变化。结果表明：在整个调查期间两个养虾池中叶绿素ａ含量逐月减小,分别从４９．９８ｍｇ／ｍ３和２５．５４ｍｇ／ｍ３降至１．５０ｍｇ／ｍ３和３．３０ｍｇ／ｍ３,去镁叶绿素含量呈上升趋势。微型（２～２０μｍ）的浮游植物叶绿素ａ含量最大,分别为７４．３％和６８．４％,超微型（２～０．４５μｍ）分别为２０．４％和２７．５％,小型（＞２０μｍ）的叶绿素ａ含量最小,分别为５．５％和４．２％。所调查虾池中无机磷含量均超过富营养化阈限,无机氮含量接近富营养化阈限。     

九龙江口ATP分布与环境因子的关系

本文根据１９９４年７月至１９９５年４月间４个航次调查资料而得。结果表明，九龙江口ＡＴＰ的含量平均值为２７８．４μｇ／ｍ＾３，变化范围在３２．４￣８５７．６μｇ／ｍ＾３之间。ＡＴＰ与叶绿素ａ和ＰＯＣ之间存在着正相关性。Ｃｈｌ－ａ／ＡＴＰ的高值区出现在盐度为２５￣３０间。ＰＯＣ（Ｂ）／ＰＯＣ的高温区出现在盐度为１５￣２５间。该区域颗粒碳含有最大比例的活体的有机碳约占６０％。     

红树林潮滩沉积速率测量与研究

红树林捕沙促淤功能是红树林防浪护岸效益的主要表现之一。本文用标志桩法与（２１０）Ｐｂ同位素定年法测定红树林潮滩沉积速率。海南东寨港林市村岸段标志桩试验显示：红海榄Ｒｈｉｚｏｐｈｏｒａｓｔｙｌｏｓａ密林区普遍淤积，平均速率４．１ｍｍ·ａ（－１）；白滩与疏林区侵蚀，平均速率８．２ｍｍ·ａ（－１）。沉积速率随滩地高程增加或潮水浸淹频率的减小而减小。冬春淤积为主而夏季冲刷为主。区域性淤积速度受区域泥沙来源与海岸动态影响。在粤西廉江高桥镇凤地村岸段的（２１０）Ｐｈ测试显示，０—９０ｃｍ段沉积历时为１４５（１８４７—１９９２）ａ，平均沉积速率为６．２ｍｍ·ａ（－１）。其中０—４０ｃｍ段１９６６—１９９２年沉积速率１５．４ｍｍ·ａ（－１）最大，４０—５０ｃｍ段１９３０－１９６６年沉积速率２．８ｍｍ·ａ（－１）最小。     

胶州湾口内海水中叶绿素浓度的周年变化和垂直分布

于１９８３年１１月－１９８５年１１月在胶州湾两个观测站逐月进行了２周年的海水中叶绿素浓度的定点研究。结果表明，（１）胶州湾口表层海水中的叶绿素α平均浓度为３．０５（１．０２－１５．６２）ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；真光层中平均为２６．３４（９．９７－１０６．５９）ｍｇ／ｍ＾２；其季节变化呈春（３－４月）、秋（９－１１月）双峰型。（２）小型（＜７８μｍ）的浮游植物平均占海水中叶绿素α的８５．７６％。（３）叶绿素ａ     

中太平洋CP25岩心的矿物、稀土元素及Sr、Nd同位素组成--晚新生代海底火山活动的证据

中太平洋ＣＰ２５岩心沉积物中钙十字沸石、蒙脱石／伊利石比值（Ｍ／Ｉ）、稀土元素含量、铈异常（δＣｅ）、铕异常（δＥｕ）及Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ同位素特征作为海底火山活动的证据,揭示了中太平洋海盆晚新生代以来火山活动和沉积的历史。其结果是,早中新世约２０～１７ＭａＢ．Ｐ．间,火山活动逐渐强烈,在１７ＭａＢ．Ｐ．最强烈,使得沉积物具有高Ｍ／Ｉ和∈Ｎｄ、低δＣｅ和８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ。１７～１ＭａＢ．Ｐ．发生沉积间断。１ＭａＢ．Ｐ．至现代,火山活动较早中新世减弱     

用~(210)Pb和~(239)Pu测定Saguenay湾的沉积速率

本文介绍了用２１０Ｐｂ 和２３９Ｐｕ 测定Ｓａｇｕｅｎａｙ 湾的沉积速率。在沉积物中过剩２１０Ｐｂ 的比活度随着深度的增加呈指数衰减。但在柱状样８２－０７２ 的４５ｃｍ 处和８２－１４７ 的６ｃｍ 处,过剩２１０Ｐｂ 的比活度发生突变。这可能与１９７１ 年发生的陆倾有关。用２１０Ｐｂ 方法测得柱状样８２－０７２ 和８２－１４７ 的沉积速率分别为３．５０ｃｍ ／ａ 和０．４９ｃｍ ／ａ,与用２３９Ｐｕ 方法测得的沉积速率３．６０ｃｍ ／ａ和０．５０ｃｍ ／ａ 基本是一致的。     

杭州湾海水密度研究

用磁力浮沉子密度测量装置,在１５ ～２５ ℃之间的三个温度下测定了杭州湾３０ 个水样的密度。结果表明,测定值皆高于相应条件下国际标准海水状态方程的计算值,在海水盐度范围５．５６～２６ ．４ ,密度平均偏差值为２８ ．２ ～１２０ ．５ ×１０－ ３ｋｇ／ｍ３ 。测定密度和计算密度的偏差随盐度的降低而增大,与盐度的变化成直线相关;与（Ｃａ２ ＋ ）／Ｓ和比碱度之间皆呈指数曲线相关。杭州湾海水枯水期和丰水期水样的（Ｃａ２ ＋ ）／Ｃｌ 比平均值分别超出大洋水平均值２８ ．８％ 和２０ ．６％ ;杭州湾海水枯水期和丰水期的比碱度平均值分别超出大洋水平均值６０ ．３ ％ 和３０２ ％ ;（Ｍｇ２ ＋ ）／Ｃｌ 比、枯水期水样ＳＯ２ －４ ／Ｃｌ 比及Ｓｒ２ ＋ ／Ｃｌ 比与大洋水平均值相同或相近,丰水期水样ＳＯ２ －４ ／Ｃｌ 高出大洋水平均值７ ．１ ％ ;结合主要离子在湾内平面分布图,得出杭州湾海水高的Ｃａ２ ＋ ／Ｃｌ 比、比碱度和ＳＯ２ －４ ／Ｃｌ 比,除了受江水输入影响以外,主要还是受湾北岸工业区废水排放的影响。并首次给出了杭州湾海水的密度公式。     

珠江口海水密度的研究

用磁力浮沉子密度测量装置,在１５ ～２５ ℃之间的三个温度下测定了珠江口２０ 个水样的密度。结果表明,测定值皆高于相应条件下国际标准海水状态方程的计算值,在海水盐度范围０．０８～３３ ．４４６ ,密度平均偏差范围为２ ．４ ～５４．０ ×１０ － ３ｋｇ／ｍ３ 。测定密度和计算密度的偏差随盐度的降低而增大,与盐度的变化成直线相关：与（Ｃａ２ ＋ ）／Ｓ、ＳＯ４２ － ／Ｓ比和比碱度之间皆呈指数曲线相关。珠江口水样（Ｃａ２ ＋ ）／Ｃ１ 、ＳＯ４２ － ／Ｃ１ 和比碱度平均值分别超出大洋水平均值１７ ．８ ％ 、８ ．２１ ％ 和１５２ ％ ,其余的Ｎａ ＋ ／Ｃ１、Ｋ＋ ／Ｃ１ 和Ｓｒ２ ＋ ／Ｃ１ 比值与大洋水无明显差别,基本类同。珠江口海水的高碱度、高（Ｃａ２ ＋ ）／Ｃ１ 和高ＳＯ４２ － ／Ｃ１ 是造成其海水密度正偏差的主要因素。经计算机拟合,首次导出了珠江口海水密度的状态方程,该方程计算值与实验值的平均标准偏差为±２．５×１０－ ３ｋｇ／ｍ３ 。     

用^210Pb和^239Pu测定Saguenay湾的沉积速率

本文介绍了用＾２１０Ｐｂ和＾２３９Ｐｕ测定Ｓａｇｕｅｎａｙ湾沉积速率。在沉积物中过剩＾２１０Ｐｂ的比活度随着深度的增加呈指数衰减,但在柱状样８２－０７２的４５ｃｍ处和８２－１４７的６ｃｍ处,过剩＾２１０Ｐｂ的比活度发生突变。这可能与１９７１年发生的陆倾有关。用＾２１０Ｐｂ方法测得柱状样８２－０７２和８２－１４７的沉积速率分别为３．５０ｃｍ／ａ和０．４９ｃｍ／ａ,与用＾２３９Ｐｕ方法测得的沉积速率３     

Regime shifts: Can ecological theory illuminate the mechanisms?

“Regime shifts” are considered here to be low-frequency, high-amplitude changes in oceanic conditions that may be especially pronounced in biological variables and propagate through several trophic levels. Three different types of regime shift (smooth, abrupt and discontinuous) are identified on the basis of different patterns in the relationship between the response of an ecosystem variable (usually biotic) and some external forcing or condition (control variable). The smooth regime shift is represented by a quasi-linear relationship between the response and control variables. The abrupt regime shift exhibits a nonlinear relationship between the response and control variables, and the discontinuous regime shift is characterized by the trajectory of the response variable differing when the forcing variable increases compared to when it decreases (i.e., the occurrence of alternative “stable” states). Most often, oceanic regime shifts are identified from time series of biotic variables (often commercial fish), but this approach does not allow the identification of discontinuous regime shifts. Recognizing discontinuous regime shifts is, however, particularly important as evidence from terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems suggests that such regime shifts may not be immediately reversible. Based on a review of various generic classes of mathematical models, we conclude that regime shifts arise from the interaction between population processes and external forcing variables. The shift between ecosystem states can be caused by gradual, cumulative changes in the forcing variable(s) or it can be triggered by acute disturbances, either anthropogenic or natural. A protocol for diagnosing the type of regime shift encountered is described and applied to a data set on Georges Bank haddock, from which it is concluded that a discontinuous regime shift in the abundance of haddock may have occurred. It is acknowledged that few, if any, marine data are available to confirm the occurrence of discontinuous regime shifts in the ocean. Nevertheless, we argue that there is good theoretical evidence for their occurrence as well as some anecdotal evidence from data collection campaigns and that the possibility of their occurrence should be recognized in the development of natural resource management strategies.     

Response of Equatorial Pacific Mean Temperature Field to Intraseasonal Wind Forcing

The effects of intra-seasonal wind forcing on the mean field of the tropical Pacific Ocean has been studied using an ocean general circulation model (GCM). Idealized intra-seasonal zonal wind forcing with zero mean, which propagates eastward, induces net eastward jets at the equator that shift the warm water pool to the east. The mean temperature of the upper 200 m of the ocean increases off the equator and decreases at the equator. The change is independent of the propagation speed of the intra-seasonal wind forcing. The magnitude of the change depends on the amplitude and the period of the forcing, and the ocean structure, while the spatial pattern is independent of these parameters. A simple shallow water model is used to explain these changes. It is found that the term responsible for the enhanced eastward Equatorial jet is the Reynolds stress term, which arises from a phase shift of the zonal current due to friction. The resultant convergence of eastward momentum on the equator and geostrophic adjustment of the interface to the change of zonal current brings about the thermal redistribution of the upper ocean seen in the GCM.     

Abrupt environmental shift associated with changes in the distribution of Cape anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus spawners in the southern Benguela

Cape anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus spawners in the southern Benguela showed an eastward shift in their distribution on the Agulhas Bank that occurred abruptly in 1996 and has since persisted. We assessed whether this shift was environmentally mediated by examining sea surface temperature data from different regions of the Agulhas Bank, which showed that in 1996 the inner shelf of the Agulhas Bank to the east of Cape Agulhas abruptly became 0.5°C colder than in previous years and has since remained that way. In addition, signals, coherent with the 1996 shift recorded in sea surface temperatures, were also found in atmospheric surface pressure and zonal wind data for that region; interannual coastal SST variability is also shown to be correlated with zonal wind-stress forcing. As a result, increased wind-induced coastal upwelling east of Cape Agulhas is proposed as the main driver of the observed cooling in the coastal region. The synchrony between the environmental and biological signals suggests that the eastward shift in anchovy spawner distribution was environmentally mediated and arose from a change in environmental forcing that altered the relative favourability for spawning between regions to the west and east of Cape Agulhas. The results highlight how a relatively minor change in environmental conditions can lead to a drastic spatial reorganisation of the life history of one species in an ecosystem.     

热带东太平洋淡水池的季节变化 *

文章利用观测和模式数据, 并基于混合层盐度收支方法, 研究了热带东太平洋淡水池的季节变化。研究发现: 热带东太平洋淡水池具有显著的季节变化, 由海表强迫(蒸发与降水)、水平平流和次表层过程共同控制。淡水池的季节变化主要分为扩张与收缩两个阶段。4月至11月为扩张阶段, 淡水池向西扩张, 最大体积和面积比最小时扩大将近一倍, 分别达到2.83×10 ⁵km ³和8.94×10 ⁶km ²。热带辐合带向北移动带来的强降水是淡水池扩张的主要原因, 海表强迫决定了混合层盐度降低。12月至3月为淡水池收缩阶段, 海表淡水通量的减弱、水平平流和次表层过程的增强导致混合层盐度升高, 淡水池向东收缩。     

The North Sea regime shift: Evidence, causes, mechanisms and consequences

This paper focuses on the ecosystem regime shift in the North Sea that occurred during the period 1982–1988. The evidence for the change is seen from individual species to key ecosystem parameters such as diversity and from phytoplankton to fish. Although many biological/ecosystem parameters and individual species exhibited a stepwise change during the period 1983–1988, some indicators show no evidence of change. The cause of the regime shift is likely to be related to pronounced changes in large-scale hydro-meteorological forcing. This involved activating of complex intermediate physical mechanisms which explains why the exact timing of the shift can vary from 1982 to 1988 (centred around two periods: 1982–1985 and 1987–1988) according to the species or taxonomic group. Increased sea surface temperature and possibly change in wind intensity and direction at the end of the 1970s in the west European basin triggered a change in the location of an oceanic biogeographical boundary along the European continental shelf. This affected both the stable and substrate biotope components of North Sea marine ecosystems (i.e. components related to the water masses and components which are geographically stable) circa 1984. Large-scale hydro-climatic forcing also modified local hydro-meteorological parameters around the North Sea after 1987 affecting the stable biotope components of North Sea ecosystems. Problems related to the detection and quantification of an ecosystem regime shift are discussed.     

夏季长江冲淡水转向机制的数值试验

利用普林斯顿海洋环流模式(POM)，通过一系列的理想试验，探讨了夏季长江冲淡水的扩展机制。结果表明：(1)倾斜底形是夏季长江冲淡水向东北偏转的一个必要条件；夏季冲淡水向东北偏转是南风、斜压效应和底形的共同作用的结果，其中风应力和底形的相互作用占主导地位；单纯的底形东倾不能使冲淡水向北偏转。平底时，南风和淡水浮力强迫都不能使冲淡水向北偏转。(2)无风时，人海淡水可以在河口附近强迫出一个反气旋涡旋和贴岸南下的狭窄的沿岸流，反气旋涡旋与淡水浮力强迫(斜压效应)有关，南下沿岸流则与质量输入有关；平底时，反气旋涡旋位于河口正东，倾斜底形时，反气旋涡旋向北拉伸，冲淡水的一部分沿岸向北扩展；人海淡水在河口附近强迫出一个闭合的垂直环流圈：上层为离岸流，淡水向外海扩展，约在离岸30—45km处有下降流；低层有高盐水沿海底流向河口，约在离河口。lOkm处与向海的径流相遇，引起上升流。     

The relation of surface forcing of the Bering Sea to large-scale climate patterns

Climate fluctuations, or modes, are largely manifested in terms of coherent, large-scale (3000 km) patterns of anomalous sea-level pressure or geopotential height at various altitudes. It is worthwhile to investigate how these modes relate to the specific processes associated with atmospheric forcing of the ocean, in this case for the southeast Bering Sea. This approach has been termed “downscaling.” Climate-scale patterns in this study are derived from covariance-based empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of low-pass filtered (10-day cut-off) 700-mb geopotential height fields for 1958–1999. By design, this EOF analysis elicits sets of patterns for characterizing the variability in the large-scale atmospheric circulation centered on the Bering Sea. Four modes are considered for each of three periods, January–March, April–May, and June–July. These modes are compared with atmospheric circulation patterns formed by compositing 700-mb height anomalies based on the individual elements constituting the local forcing, i.e. the surface heat and momentum fluxes.In general, different aspects of local forcing are associated with different climate modes. In winter, the modes dominating the forcing of sea-ice include considerable interannual variability, but no discernible long-term trends. A prominent shift did occur around 1977 in the sign of a winter mode resembling the Pacific North American pattern; this mode is most significantly related to the local wind-stress curl. In spring, forcing of currents and stratification are related to the two leading climate modes, one resembling the North Pacific (NP) pattern and one reflecting the strength of the Aleutian low; both exhibit long-term trends with implications for the Bering Sea. In summer, an NP-like mode and a mode featuring a center over the Bering Sea include long-term trends with impacts on surface heating and wind mixing, respectively. Rare events, such as a persistent period of strong high pressure or a major storm, also can dominate the summer Bering Sea forcing in particular years.     

Detecting regime shifts in the ocean: Data considerations

We review observational data sets that have been used to detect regime shifts in the ocean. Through exploration of data time series we develop a definition of a regime shift from a pragmatic perspective, in which a shift is considered as an abrupt change from a quantifiable ecosystem state. We conclude that such changes represent a restructuring of the ecosystem state in some substantial sense that persists for long enough that a new quasi-equilibrium state can be observed. The abruptness of the shift is relative to the life-scale or the reproductive time-scale of the higher predators that are influenced by the shift. In general, the event-forcing is external to the biological ecosystem, usually the physical climate system, but we also identify shifts that can be ascribed to anthropogenic forcing, in our examples fishing. This pragmatic definition allows for several different types of regime shift ranging from simple biogeographic shifts to non-linear state changes. In practice it is quite difficult to determine whether observed changes in an oceanic ecosystem are primarily spatial or temporally regulated. The determination of ecosystem state remains an unresolved, and imprecise, oceanographic problem.We review observations and interpretation from several different oceanic regions as examples to illustrate this pragmatic definition of a regime shift: the Northeast Pacific, the Northwest and Northeast Atlantic, and Eastern Boundary Currents. For each region, different types of data (biological and physical) are available for differing periods of time, and we conclude, with varying degrees of certainty, whether a regime shift is in fact detectable in the data.     

Regime shifts in upwelling ecosystems: observed changes and possible mechanisms in the northern and southern Benguela

A regime shift is considered to be a sudden shift in structure and functioning of a marine ecosystem, affecting several living components and resulting in an alternate state. According to this definition, regime shifts differ from species replacement or alternation of species at similar trophic levels, whereby the ecosystem is not necessarily significantly altered in terms of its structure and function; only its species composition changes. This paper provides an overview of regime shifts, species replacements and alternations that have been observed in the northern and southern Benguela ecosystems over the past few decades. Bottom-up control, initiating and sustaining regime shifts or species replacements via environmental forcing, is documented for both the southern and the northern Benguela ecosystems. Fishing (a case of top-down control) appears to have played an important role in regime shift processes in the Namibian ecosystem. Very low biomass levels of exploited fish stocks associated with less efficient energy transfer in the northern Benguela are indicative of a regime shift. Very high biomass levels have been reached in the southern Benguela in the 2000s. However the alternation between sardine and anchovy that has been observed in the southern Benguela over the last two decades appears not to have had major effects on the overall functioning of the ecosystem. The consequences of regime shifts for exploitation are highlighted, suggesting that fisheries managers should move towards a more effective ecosystem approach to fisheries.     

热带环境场与副热带高压活动的遥相关分析

论证了夏季南海及热带西太平洋地区的积云对流活动与东亚上空副热带高压活动之间遥相关关系。结果表明，这种遥相关作用是通过上述热带地区积云对流活动激发出的天气尺度以上的准定常波列向东亚副热带上空的传播过程来实现的。通过这种机制，上述热带地区的热力强迫和环流构型等环境场因子的变化将导致东亚上空副热带高压强度和位置的差异。