地幔柱假说及其发展

Ｍｏｒｇａｎ提出的地幔柱假说之后，基于流体力学基本方程组的定常地幔柱模式研究，认为地幔柱是地幔对流的一个组合部分。组分差异驱动的地幔柱模拟实验结果，限制了地幔柱在地球动力学中的应用。热浮力驱动的模拟实验结果得到了新的动态地幔柱模式。     

地幔羽构造论：板块构造后理论发展的新范例

通过地震波层析成像所揭示的地幔构造和板块下插历史的对比研究，揭开了探索地球动力学的新局面。地球的构造是由地幔深部上升的直径约数千公里的火柱状热地幔羽（ｐｌｕｍｅｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｓ）和沉入到６７０ｋｍ深并暂处于滞留状态的板块的崩落而引起的冷地幔羽，这两个基本因素所造成的卷入整个地幔的对流所支配着。     

地幔物质的性质,状态与演化及相变动力学研究进展

近年来，借助于高温高压实验技术，地球科学家们发现构成地幔的许多矿物随着压力的增加会发生矿物结构的改变，由此可以推断出深地幔矿物存在形。这些相变地幔主不连续面的形成有关，因而对相变的热力学及其相变动力学的研究可以为地幔对流及其热演化提供约束条件。     

大地水准面异常地震层析和地慢热动力模型

当人们使用长波长的地震层析数据利用地震波速和密度的实验关系外推而直接计算地球大地水准面异常时惊奇地发现，计算大地水准面异常和观测大地水准面异常无论在异常型态或者异常幅度上均相差甚远。因而不能将地幔看做“刚性”地幔，而真实的地幔应当是一“动力”的地幔，它的内部，甚至被看做固体地幔内部也存在物质流动，否则无法解释上述两种水准面的差异。地幔，特别是下地幔远比人们设想的要活跃得多。地幔内部存在一个复杂的热动力系统。全球规模的大尺度对流、上地幔范围的二级对流、层状对流、核－幔边界上部Ｄ″层内很小尺度对流以及地幔热柱形式的对流可能同时存在于地幔之中，它们相互独立又相互影响，而形成多层次、多形态的运动格局。为了进一步完善、丰富人类对其赖以生存的地球的认识，除了需要建立更为合理的非线性的地幔热动力学模型之外，更加精细的、更加精确的大地测量、地球物理和地球动力学观测资料是必需的。     

地幔对流研究的一些新进展

地震学，地球动力学研究倾向于全地幔对流模型；地球化学研究则支持分层地幔对流。无论是简单的全地幔对流模型或分层地幔对流模型，都不能完全解释全部观测事实，为了协调二者的矛盾，人们提出了一些其它混合类模型，其中最有影响的是最近的拉瓦灯（Lava lamp)模型，这类模型目前尚缺乏有力的直接观测支持，因此，还需要随着高精度观测资料的积累和综合分析的深入，进一步完善和改进。     

地幔动力系统与演化最新进展评述

评述了９０年代以来地幔动力学研究的一些最新的观测和理论模拟的进展,探讨该领域的几个主要热点问题,包括地幔内部转换带和核幔边界的物理化学性质与演化,俯冲板片热结构及其与地幔的相互作用,热点物理化学性质与地幔柱动力学模拟,地幔对流系统及其对表层地质过程的影响等。这些结果是在多学科交叉研究的背景下取得的。地震层析的结果超越了８０年代取得的大尺度地幔结构,得到了越来越精细的结构,如俯冲板片的结构,６６０ｋｍ间断面的起伏,ＣＭＢ的超低速层和各向异性等。俯冲板片在某些区域平躺在上地幔底部,造成６６０ｋｍ间断面的凹陷。已有明显的迹象表明,俯冲板片至少在某些区域达到了地幔底部,说明下地幔是驱动地表板块运动的地幔对流不可分隔的一部分。全地幔对流模式对地幔中存在不同的地幔地球化学源区的看法提出重大挑战,计算机模拟三维球坐标地幔对流已经成为现实,新的研究正试图把地表板块加入到对流的模拟之中,并再造板块运动的动力学演化史。最后,对这些领域的最新进展提出自己的分析和看法,认为地球动力系统演化研究所面临的难题是地球内部动力状态演变的历史记录问题。而这样的记录,尤其是早期记录,只能从地球表面的造山带和盆地记录中去寻找。认为建立地质记录与?     

地幔对流及其对地壳表层拉张盆地的影响

回顾近十年来在地幔对流方面的最新研究进展,阐述了板块俯冲后在地幔中的演化特征,以及地幔上升流即地幔柱的驱动机制和地质效应。特别介绍了地幔柱对地壳表层拉张盆地形成和充填过程的影响。进一步探讨了地幔柱活动在济阳坳陷的地质表现及其引发的火山岩浆活动、碎屑充填特征。认为盆地演化的阶段性间接反映了地幔对流的阶段性。     

地幔中水的赋存状态的研究进展

地幔水不仅对地球物理场的性质有重要影响，而且对地球化学动力学，地幔横向不均一性、地幔对流、低速层、板块俯冲、相平衡、熔融行为、深部地质灾害以及成矿作用等都具有重要意义，因此，地幔水的研究早已引起人们的重视。为了探讨水在地幔过程中的作用，必须搞清楚水的赋存状态。研究表明，地幔中水的储存形式主要有三种：以ＯＨ形式储存的矿物中，以自由相形式存在以及溶解在熔体中，本文对地幔中水的赋存状态研究进展作了综述，     

非主题来搞选登

笔者建立了基于地震层析成像的热地幔对流模型,并分别计算了有、无地表板块运动约束下的中国大陆岩石圈底部的地幔对流速度场和水平剪切应力场。结果表明,欧亚板块运动速度对中国大陆地幔浅部的对流速度场影响较大,而对对流应力场的影响较小。在岩石圈底部(约100km深度),对流速度方向差异基本上达到了50%,幅度差异达到了80%以上,而地幔对流应力场的差异在方向上基本上小于10%、幅度上基本上小于20%。因此,如果仅研究岩石圈底部地幔对流应力场,则可以采用无板块速度约束的热对流模型。但如果要研究地幔浅部的对流状态和格局,则需要考虑板块运动速度。     

热地幔是否粘度大

在被认为适用于下地幔的扩散蠕变情况下,岩石的粘度取决于颗粒大小。一般认为在地幔对流模式中,颗粒粒度是恒定的。然而,它受多相转化动力学和相变后颗粒生长的控制,故而可发生实质性变化。简单的比例分析证明了流变、对流和动力相互作用的一个特征现象：地幔是与温度相关的粘性流体,相对于粘性,其视活化焓极度异常。视活化焓可以取包括负数在内的几乎任意值,故较热地区地幔具有更大的粘度或者其平均粘度在地球长期冷却过程中     

Influence of supercontinents on deep mantle flow

The assembly of supercontinents should impact mantle flow fields significantly, affecting the distribution of subduction, upwelling plumes, lower mantle chemical heterogeneities, and thus plausibly contributing to voluminous volcanism that is often associated with their breakup. Alternative explanations for this volcanism include insulation by the continent and thus elevated subcontinental mantle temperatures. Here we model the thermal and dynamic impact of supercontinents on Earth-like mobile-lid convecting systems. We confirm that insulating supercontinents (over 3000 km extent) can impact mantle temperatures, but show the scale of temperature anomaly is significantly less for systems with strongly temperature-dependent viscosities and mobile continents. Additionally, for continents over 8000 km, mantle temperatures are modulated by the development of small-scale convecting systems under the continent, which arise due to inefficient lateral convection of heat at these scales. We demonstrate a statistically robust association between rising plumes supercontinental interiors for a variety of continental configurations, driven largely by the tendency of subducting slabs to lock onto continental margins. The distribution of slabs also affects the spatial positioning of deep mantle thermochemical anomalies, which demonstrate stable configurations in either the sub-supercontinent or intraoceanic domains. We find externally forced rifting scenarios unable to generate significant melt rates, and thus the ultimate cause of supercontinent breakup related volcanism is probably related to dynamic continental rifting in response to mantle reconfiguration events.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000181

This study investigates the mechanism of formation of convection plumes of mushroom shape in sub-solidus mantle and their prediction.The seismic-tomographic images of columnar structures of several hundreds kilometers in diameter have been reported by several researchers,while the much cherished mushroom-shaped plume heads could only be found in computational geodynamics(CGD) models and simple small-scale laboratory analogue simulations.Our theory of transient instability shows that the formation of conv...     

Apatite in the mantle: implications for metasomatic processes and high heat production in Phanerozoic mantle

The abundance of apatite in Phanerozoic mantle may be greatly underestimated. This study shows that apatite has a widespread occurrence in Phanerozoic lithospheric mantle and can be divided into two geochemically distinct types using halogen content, presence or absence of structural CO₂, Sr and trace element (especially U, Th, and light rare earth) ratios and abundances, and association with either metasomatised mantle wall-rock peridotites (Apatite A) or high-pressure magmatic crystallisation products (Apatite B). Apatite A is inferred to result from metasomatism by CO₂- and H₂O-rich fluids derived from a primitive mantle source region, while Apatite B compositions are consistent with crystallisation from magmas within the carbonate–silicate compositional spectrum.

The presence of significant apatite in the lithospheric mantle is important not only for the geochemical budget but also for assessing heat production and heat flow in the mantle. The measured U and Th contents of mantle apatite average 60 and 200 ppm, respectively and 0.5% apatite would dominate heat production. Metasomatised mantle may also contain amphibole and mica with K₂O and clinopyroxene with detectable U and Th. In lithospheric mantle with a thickness of 70 km, this abundance of apatite would result in mantle heat flow contribution of about 12 mW/m², a significant proportion of the total “normal” mantle heat flow of about 18 mW/m².     

地幔柱的识别和演化研究述评

地幔柱的研究已逐渐成为人类认识地球深部动力学机制的重要手段，其诞生-演化与LIPs形成、超大陆裂解以及生物大灭绝事件密切相关。近几十年来，对地幔柱的研究和探索取得了重要进展，尤其是动态地幔柱模式（t ime-dependent）的提出将这一研究热点推向了新的台阶。综合了近些年在地幔柱识别和演化方面的研究资料对前人工作进行总结，归结为以下几个主要方面：地幔柱的时空尺度及其与热点、溢流玄武岩、地壳抬升间的联系；地幔柱的热和物质起源；地幔柱上升和演化的动力学基础。目前仍存在的问题包括：地幔柱是主动还是被动上涌？地幔柱起源于上-下地幔还是核-幔边界？OIB是否代表原始地幔柱的熔融岩浆？无疑这些问题的深入探索将拓宽人类对核幔耦合、地幔对流及浅部物质-能量响应等动力学机制的认识。     

Mantle convection modeling of the supercontinent cycle： Introversion,extroversion, or a combination？

The periodic assembly and dispersal of continental fragments,referred to as the supercontinent cycle,bear close relation to the evolution of mantle convection and plate tectonics.Supercontinent formation involves complex processes of"introversion"(closure of interior oceans),"extroversion"(closure of exterior oceans),or a combination of these processes in uniting dispersed continental fragments.Recent developments in numerical modeling and advancements in computation techniques enable us to simulate Earth’s mantle convection with drifting continents under realistic convection vigor and rheology in Earth-like geometry(i.e.,3D spherical-shell).We report a numerical simulation of 3D mantle convection,incorporating drifting deformable continents,to evaluate supercontinent processes in a realistic mantle convection regime.Our results show that supercontinents are assembled by a combination of introversion and extroversion processes.Small-scale thermal heterogeneity dominates deep mantle convection during the supercontinent cycle,although large-scale upwelling plumes intermittently originate under the drifting continents and/or the supercontinent.     

地幔柱和地幔流体作用与深部找矿应用研究

地球是一个复杂的系统,自形成以来,一直处于不停地运动、分异和演化过程;它不仅存在着圈层结构,而且伴随其自转和公转的离心力,以及核幔间的温度差、压力差、密度差、粘度差、速度差和放射性蜕变热等动热机制,同时存在着以地幔柱和地幔流体作用方式的物质垂向运动;这一过程,不仅直接向地壳带入核幔成矿物质,而且通过流体自身的超临界性质,将沿途活化已有初步富集的成矿物质转移至地壳适宜部位集中成矿。因此,大多与深大断裂有关的矿床,其成矿作用多与成矿物质的垂向运动密切相关,进而可能具备深部成矿的条件。研究从地幔柱和地幔流体作用入手,探讨了大型和超大型矿床形成的地球化学背景,揭示了开展深部找矿应用的前景。     

Production and recycling of oceanic crust in the early Earth

Because of the strongly different conditions in the mantle of the early Earth regarding temperature and viscosity, present-day geodynamics cannot simply be extrapolated back to the early history of the Earth. We use numerical thermochemical convection models including partial melting and a simple mechanism for melt segregation and oceanic crust production to investigate an alternative suite of dynamics which may have been in operation in the early Earth. Our modelling results show three processes that may have played an important role in the production and recycling of oceanic crust: (1) Small-scale (x×100 km) convection involving the lower crust and shallow upper mantle. Partial melting and thus crustal production takes place in the upwelling limb and delamination of the eclogitic lower crust in the downwelling limb. (2) Large-scale resurfacing events in which (nearly) the complete crust sinks into the (eventually lower) mantle, thereby forming a stable reservoir enriched in incompatible elements in the deep mantle. New crust is simultaneously formed at the surface from segregating melt. (3) Intrusion of lower mantle diapirs with a high excess temperature (about 250 K) into the upper mantle, causing massive melting and crustal growth. This allows for plumes in the Archean upper mantle with a much higher excess temperature than previously expected from theoretical considerations.     

制约中国东部新生代上地幔物质组成的因素探讨

探讨了制约中国东部新生代上地幔物质组成不均一性和复杂多阶段演化史的主要因素。中国东部新生代上地幔物质组成特征主要为地幔部分熔融，地幔交代和软流圈底辟等作用所决定。这些深部地质过程与中新生低以来中国东部受相邻板块俯冲并导致岩石圈伸展，减薄等过程密切相关。