柴达本盆地沙下盐湖的卤水化学及矿物沉积特征——以察尔汗盐湖区北部外围地带为例

对柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖区外围沙下盐湖的卤水及沉积进行了综合研究。沙下盐湖卤水化学组成与地表径流和开放性盐湖卤水之间存在明显的差异性,具有高Na⁺+Cl^-、低Mg²⁺+Ca²⁺+SO₄^2-、贫K⁺+CO₃^2-+HCO₃^-等特征。沙下盐湖析盐层位含有新生矿物并夹带碎屑矿物,其盐类矿物组合为:石盐+羟氯镁铝石+光卤石。25℃等温蒸发相图表明,其卤水演化方向往光卤石析出区迁移,在穿越上覆盖层通道中卤水发生的物理化学反应与独特的沉积特征,可以作为继续寻找沙下盐湖的指导。     

柴达木盆地沙下盐湖的卤水化学及矿物沉积特征：以察尔汗盐湖区北部外围地？

对柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖区外围沙下盐湖的卤水及沉积进行了综合研究。沙下盐湖卤水化学组成与地表径流和开放性盐湖卤水之间存在明显的差异性，具有高Ｎａ＾＋＋Ｃｌ＾－、低Ｍｇ＾２＋＋Ｃａ＾２＋＋ＳＯ４＾２－、贫Ｋ＾＋＋ＣＯ３＾２－＋ＨＣＯ３＾－等特征。沙下盐湖析盐层位含有新生矿物并夹带碎屑矿物，其盐类矿物组合为：石盐＋羟氯镁铝石＋光卤石。２５℃等温蒸发相图表明，其卤水演化方向往光卤石析出区迁移，在穿越上覆盖     

腾格里沙漠盐湖氯同位素地球化学特征

δ~(37)Cl值可以用来指示盐湖演化过程中卤水的蒸发浓缩程度、可能的补给来源和控制因素,本文对腾格里沙漠地区12个代表性盐湖卤水样品开展了氯同位素组成研究.结果表明,研究区内沙漠盐湖卤水的δ~(37)Cl值变化范围为-0.10‰~1.36‰,平均值为0.55‰;其中,硫酸钠亚型卤水的δ~(37)Cl值范围为-0.10‰~1.36‰(平均值为0.56‰),硫酸镁亚型卤水的δ~(37)Cl值范围为0.14‰~0.82‰(平均值为0.48‰).对比柴达木盆地现代盐湖分析数据,发现区内沙漠盐湖的δ~(37)Cl平均值明显大于柴达木盆地盐湖的δ~(37)Cl平均值,并且,硫酸钠亚型卤水δ~(37)Cl最高,硫酸镁亚型卤水次之,氯化物型卤水最小.基于不同盐湖地下水咸化程度以及盐湖卤水中δ~(37)Cl值与Br/Cl系数关系的研究,揭示了研究区东部和东北部盐湖可能受到第三系地层咸水的补给,而其他盐湖主要受蒸发浓缩作用影响.δ~(37)Cl值分布特征则显示,腾格里沙漠地区部分盐湖在形成过程中可能受到区域构造活动诱发的第三系深部水补给及水-岩作用等多重因素的影响.     

青藏高原盐湖资源的开发利用

本文首先介绍了青藏高原盐湖的基本概况,分布特征;重点叙述了该区盐湖自然资源的类型、盐类沉积矿物组合,卤水的水化学成分,盐湖资源的规模和开发利用现状;提出了今后开发利用盐湖资源的方向和途径。     

青藏高原盐湖资源的开发利用

本文首先介绍了青藏高原盐湖的基本概况,分布特征;重点叙述了该区盐湖自然资源的类型、盐类沉积矿物组合,卤水的水化学成分,盐湖资源的规模和开发利用现状;提出了今后开发利用盐湖资源的方向和途径。     

天山北缘新近系沉积物岩石磁学研究

岩石磁学研究表明, 天山北缘塔西河剖面新近系可划分为湖相沉积型、河流相沉积型和冲积扇沉积型三种类型, 分别对应于剖面的底部(沙湾组和塔西河组中下部)、中部(塔西河组顶部和独山子组中下部)和上部(独山子组顶部和西域组), 其中湖相沉积岩石磁学性质复杂, 除与沉积物物源密切相关外, 还可能受风化作用、原地磁性矿物自生或成岩作用以及生物活动的影响, 天然剩磁强度为10^-3~10^-2 A/m, 主要磁性矿物为磁铁矿, 高矫顽力磁性矿物可能为针铁矿. 磁性矿物颗粒由假单畴和单畴(PSD+SD)或单畴和超顺磁混合组成(SD+SP); 河流相沉积天然剩磁强度为10^-2~10^-1 A/m, 主要磁性矿物为磁铁矿和赤铁矿, 磁性矿物颗粒为假单畴(PSD), 450~580℃可获得稳定的特征剩磁方向, 特征剩磁载磁矿物为磁铁矿; 冲积扇沉积天然剩磁强度介于湖相和河流相沉积之间, 主要磁性矿物也为磁铁矿和赤铁矿, 580~680℃获得稳定特征剩磁方向, 特征剩磁载磁矿物为赤铁矿, 磁性矿物颗粒为假单畴(PSD).     

青藏高原盐湖类沉积及盐湖矿物

上新世盐类沉积仅分布于柴达木盆地两部、昆仑山和唐古拉山北坡;晚更新世-全新世盐类沉积广布于羌塘和柴达木盆地。盐湖沉积只有蒸发岩和碎屑沉积物互层特点, 系干湿交替的内陆气候和动荡浅水环境下的湖相沉积。迄今已发现62种盐类矿物, 其析出具有阶段性特征, 青藏更新世-全新世盐湖自析阶段的起始时间分别为¹⁴C 24000和9000a B.P., 钾盐和硼酸盐各有两种典型的矿物共生组合。丰富的盐湖矿物资源是该区走向繁荣的物质基础之一。     

柴达木盆地四盐湖卤水锂资源形成的水文地球化学条件

柴达木盆地盐湖锂资源占我国卤水锂资源总量的80%,主要集中分布在别勒滩、一里平、东台吉乃尔和西台吉乃尔等四个盐湖.1980s之前对其形成的认识见解各异.针对研究现状,侧重区内卤水锂矿床成因的研究结果显示:所有地表卤水中Li+含量的高低受控于汇入河水的Li+含量,同时又与相关地下卤水的Li+含量全部呈正相关.这充分说明卤水锂矿床的形成与否受河源主控由来已久.按实测洪水河-那陵格勒河水径流量及其Li+含量推算,经蒸发浓集作用形成别勒滩等四盐湖已探明的锂资源量只需数千年.洪水河流域的热泉水与新生代火山活动及昆南深断裂有关,很可能是盐湖卤水锂矿床的主要物质来源.水系下游河道的变迁决定了锂资源量在四盐湖中的比例分配.     

应用核磁共振技术分析干盐湖地区地下卤水空间分布特征——以昆特依干盐湖为例

昆特依干盐湖位于柴达木盆地西北部,为特大型综合盐类矿床.大盐滩是昆特依干盐湖内最大的盐滩,地下赋存有一定量的卤水矿床,但该矿床的水文地质条件差,主要卤水矿层含水性弱,开采难度大.核磁共振找水方法作为当今世界上唯一的直接找水地球物理新方法,具有高分辨力、高效率、信息量丰富和解的唯一性等优点,本文运用该方法对昆特依干盐滩地区地下卤水空间分布特征进行研究,通过对核磁共振数据进行处理与反演,结合已有的地质与钻井资料,对测点进行综合地质-地球物理解释,获得以下认识:1)大盐滩0~130 m深度范围内,共存在3个卤水含水层,主要呈扁平状或漏斗状、近似层状展布,W1为晶间潜卤水层,渗透系数较大,颗粒较粗,单位体积含水量为0.4%~2.7%,W2和W3为晶间承压卤水层,渗透系数较小,颗粒较粗,单位体积含水量分别为0.2%~1.1%和0.1%~0.8%;2)大盐滩地区存在两个卤水富集区,分别为研究区西南部沉积盆地中心的Ⅰ号富卤区和盆地东北部的Ⅱ号富卤区;3)根据区域内卤水富集分布以及构造情况,划定大盐滩向斜沉积中心、大盐滩北侧F1~F8及遥F6断裂发育区和冷湖构造带为区域内主要的找矿找水远景区;4)GMR核磁共振系统在干盐滩地区理论探测深度为130 m,该系统不仅可以有效地探测自由水,而且可以依据束缚水的分布解译地下各类含水盐类矿物和含水黏土矿物的存在与分布.     

青藏高原盐湖卤水中溴的分布特征及来源初探

溴是完备工业体系的关键必备元素。盐湖卤水是溴的重要来源。青藏高原盐湖众多,富含钾、锂、硼等资源元素,开发潜力巨大。然而,目前针对青藏高原盐湖溴浓度、分布特征及其物源的研究仍然薄弱。本次研究采集了26个青藏高原盐湖表卤水样品并分析其溴浓度,进一步总结其他64个已报道盐湖数据,系统分析了青藏高原盐湖溴浓度分布特征,并进一步探讨了溴的可能物源。结果表明:青藏高原盐湖表卤水溴分布在0.5～246.8 mg/L之间,平均为41.1 mg/L,其中,碳酸盐型盐湖卤水平均溴浓度最高(47.0 mg/L),且集中分布在高原南部,而氯化物型盐湖平均溴浓度最低(30.1mg/L),盐湖溴浓度呈现自南向北降低的趋势;青藏高原盐湖中溴有多种来源,高原南部富溴盐湖溴的来源可能主要与热泉补给有关,而柴达木盆地盐湖高溴来源可能主要与深部地层水(如油田水、背斜构造裂隙孔隙水、砂砾孔隙卤水、气田水等)补给有关。     

PATTERNS—WITH A PINCH OF SALT *

The time-honoured method of attenuating coherent noise in the seismic record is by the use of source and geophone arrays. In theory, and using methods familiar in the synthesis of digital frequency filters, arrays can be designed having virtually any desired response in the wavenumber spectrum. In practice, arrays cannot be implemented with the same precision that is applied in design. The response actually achieved must be compromized by a number of factors. These include inaccuracies in the effectiveness or positioning of individual array elements, variations in ground coupling, and the effect of local heterogenities in the environment of the array. We have no reliable way of knowing how well a particular array will perform from one location to the next. Statistical modelling methods have been applied to examine the effects of implementation errors. Experimental results, supported by statistical theory, show that errors are expected to impose a limit upon the rejection capabilities of an array. The expected limiting value of attenuation due to errors in element weights is inversely proportional to the standard deviation of errors and directly proportional to the square root of the number of array elements. Position errors exert a limiting influence which is wavenumber dependent such that attenuation decreases with increasing wavenumber. For arrays of common dimensions, Gaussian random errors of 10% standard deviation in element weights and positions result in an expected attenuation limit of about 30 dB. It follows that the more ambitious array designs are less tolerant of errors, and must be implemented with greater care and precision in the field. The present work enables us to specify tolerances for any particular array design. Ultimately, the degree of pattern refinement which may be effectively employed in any area is determined by errors which are associated with the array environment. Complex arrays are expensive to operate. In order to avoid over-design it would be useful to establish the magnitude of errors to be expected under different terrain conditions.     

EXPLORING THE INTERIOR OF SALT DOMES FROM BOREHOLES*

Presently, salt deposits are used for storage of energy from liquid or gaseous carrier materials. Another application being considered is the storage of radioactive material. In order to avoid possible future environmental risk, extremely high security has to be guaranteed in advance for a long period. Therefore, a very precise exploration is absolutely necessary. Exploration methods already known—which are applicable during and after drilling of test holes—help in the recognition of structures in the salt only in the close vicinity of the holes. Radiowave electromagnetic methods developed for routine measurements in salt mines provide a penetration of some hundred meters. Appropriate well-logging equipment has been designed here for measurements from surface boreholes. Discontinuities around one borehole in the salt can be detected through the electromagnetic reflection method. When measuring between two boreholes, additional reflecting zones can be detected, and attenuation of directly pathed waves can point out material with greater absorption properties between the holes. Additional attempts to use acoustic waves of nearly the same wavelength proved that it is possible to recognize the direction of signals arriving at the receiver and allow separation of P- and S-waves. Instrumentation as well as recent results are reported.     

Digging for SALT

Mark Bailey reports from South Africa on the ground-breaking ceremony for the Southern African Large Telescope on 1 September 2000.     

盐用做高温高压实验传压介质一种新方法

固体传压高温高压岩石三轴实验中，固体传压介质是影响实验结果的重要因素，ＮａＣｌ介质以它流动性好，围压均匀等特点，八十年代以来越来越受到人们青睐。本文用ＮａＣｌ介质在〈３ＧＰａ固体传压三轴流变仪〉上进行了高温高压岩石流变特性的实验研究，并达到了较高的压力（〉２ＧＰａ）和温度（〉１２００℃）；本文同时利用ＮａＣｌ介质对样品装样方式及温度、压力等相关测定方面进行了研究。     

乐山市盐气资源开发中应重视的一些问题

总结乐山市开发利用威西岩盐矿和犍为县麻柳场天然气出现诱发地震活动的特点,分析其形成原因,提出在威西岩盐矿和天然气开发区建立高质量的地震监测台网,为科学研究提供更多系统可靠的基础观测资料,深入开展盐气资源开发与诱发地震活动关系的研究,为制定科学合理的开发规划提供依据;开展跨行业科学研究,搞好盐气资源综合开发利用;切实抓好重大建设项目的抗震设防管理和各类设备的抗震安全,提高抗震防灾能力,加强领导与协调,共同做好盐气资源的开发利用。     

DELINEATION OF SHALLOW SALT DOMES AND SURFACE FAULTS BY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS AT A DEPTH OF APPROXIMATELY 2 METRES*

The feasibility of using temperature measurements at a depth of about 2 m for locating and delineating salt domes and faults has been investigated both theoretically and in experimental field surveys. It is shown that measurable temperature anomalies in the soil are to be expected over shallow salt domes. In a field survey over a salt-dome area bordering the Groningen gas field, a large number of temperature measurements were made in small holes (2 m deep, 3 cm in diameter) within a relatively short time (some weeks). The results clearly indicate several temperature anomalies with differential temperatures of about 1°C. Comparison of our thermal contour map with interpretations of available seismic or gravity data, or with direct evidence from wells, showed an excellent correlation. Seismic data even support the shape of the thermal contours. Results in similar agreement with gravity or well data were obtained over salt ridges in a tropical area. Experiments showed that the technique worked as well in lakes and marshes as on dry land. In addition, some experimental evidence collected so far over shallow and surface faults is presented. In several cases, strong thermal anomalies coincided with known surface faults. A thermal model for a surface-fault zone is suggested which accounts satisfactorily for the observed thermal data. It suggests some diagnostic value for the fault's geometry. For shallow faults, however, lack of knowledge of subsurface detail prevented any unambiguous correlation with observed thermal anomalies. Accordingly any geological use of thermal analysis over shallow faults remains debatable. The field technique is simple, needs little correction and can, where useful, easily be included in routine gravity work to provide additional local information.     

罗城地区的地质构造与注水采盐诱发地震

四川省犍为县罗城地区(北纬29°17''-29°27'',东经103°55''-104°10'')位于威西盐矿厚度带上,历史上没有地震记载。四川省五通桥盐厂分别于1967年和1976年在罗城地区上了第一、二期基本建设工程,运用钻井注水采盐工艺对威西盐矿的岩盐进行开发利用。     

RADAR PROPAGATION IN ROCK SALT *

Four radar systems at three different frequencies are described which are useful in probing into salt for finding information of interest to miners. Ranges in salt to (a) the edge of a salt dome, (b) the top of the salt dome, (c) boreholes in salt, or (d) faults or hazards ahead of mining can be determined using one or more of these radar systems. Radar wave velocities in salt are determined by radar probing through pillars of known length, and then used to determine ranges in salt to timed radar reflections. Radar probing results are shown obtained in different salt mines probing upwards and downwards. Enclosed areas in the mine are the best radar station locations to probe into salt as air reverberation of radar energy is shortened.     

察尔汗盐湖强夯施工对附近建筑物影响的测试及鉴定

通过对青海省察尔汗盐湖强夯施工场地的振动测试,得到强夯时产生的振动速度随距离的增加而衰减的规律,从而确定强夯施工对附近建筑物所产生的影响。     

A STUDY OF SALT WATER ENCROACHMENT IN THE COASTAL AQUIFER AT DIGHA,MIDNAPORE DISTRICT,WEST BENGAL,INDIA

Synopsis

Between 1963 and 1965, sinking of anger boreholes and testing of quality of groundwater at different depths along Digha coast provided the principal basis for defining the distribution and movement of the saline and fresh groundwater within a phreatic aquifer (7–9 metres in thickness) consisting of fine to coarse grained sand with occasional soft clay lenses of Recent age. The auger holes were sunk along 10 selected lines in an area of about 25 sq.km. extending from 3 km east of Digha on the east to the confluence of the Subarnarekha river with the Bay of Bengal on the west.

The results of the study revealed the existence of a fresh water wedge (chloride content varying from 20 to 300 ppm) separated by two saline water zones, one near the top and the other at the bottom of the aquifer. Isochlor of 500 ppm and 2.3 chloride-bicarbonate ratio delineated the saline groundwater body. The 300 and 500 ppm isochlors defined the zone of diffusion which had a variable shape and thickness depending on several factors.

Minor movements of the interface occur due to tidal and groundwater recharge variations. The interface was found to occur at much shallower depth than that calculated on the basis of the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. The reasons for such deviation have been discussed.