Types of Karst-fractured and Porous Reservoirs in China''''s Carbonates and the Nature of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin

Almost all the oil and gas reservoirs developed in marine sedimentary strata of China have undergone processes of multi-phase reservoir formation and later modification. The irregular reservoirs are classified into three types as the Naxi, Tahe and Renqiu ones, increasing successively in the development degree of karstificated pores and fissures and the connection degree of independent reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the unity in the fluid feature, pressure and oil-gas-water interface also increases successively from the Naxi to the Renqiu type. The main body of Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin is a network pool rather than a stratified, massive, stratigraphically-unconformed or weathering-crust one. The fluid nature of oil, gas and water, the interface positions and the pressures, as well as the dynamic conditions of fluids within the reservoirs during the production are all different from those in stratified or massive oil and gas reservoirs. Carbonates in the Akekule upli     

Types of Karst-fractured and Porous Reservoirs in China＇s Carbonates and the Nature of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin

Almost all the oil and gas reservoirs developed in marine sedimentary strata of China have undergone processes of multi-phase reservoir formation and later modification. The irregular reservoirs are classified into three types as the Naxi, Tahe and Renqiu ones, increasing successively in the development degree of karstificated pores and fissures and the connection degree of independent reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the unity in the fluid feature, pressure and oil-gaswater interface also increases successively from the Naxi to the Renqiu type. The main body of Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin is a network pool rather than a stratified, massive, stratigraphically-unconformed or weathering-crust one. The fluid nature of oil, gas and water, the interface positions and the pressures, as well as the dynamic conditions of fluids within the reservoirs during the production are all different from those in stratified or massive oil and gas reservoirs. Carbonates in the Akekule uplift and the Tahe Oilfield are assemblages of various types of reservoirs, which have an overall oH-bearing potential and obvious uneven distribution. Testing and producing tests are the major means to evaluate this type of reservoirs and acid fracturing improvement is a key link in petroleum exploration and development.     

Hydrocarbon Inclusion Characteristics in the Cambrian-Ordovician Carbonates of the TS2 Well: Implication for Deep Hydrocarbon Exploration in the Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Going deep has been the strategy for the sustainable development of the Tahe Oilfield.Following the TS1 well in block 1,which revealed excellent combinations of hydrocarbon generation,migration and accumulation in the deeper parts of the Tarim Basin,the TS2 well was drilled to learn more about the prospectivity in the deeper parts of the main blocks of the Tahe Oilfield.Seventeen core samples were collected to perform fluid inclusion studies,including petrography,fluorescence microspectrometry,and microthermometry.The results show that the deeper parts of the Tahe Oilfield have a good hydrocarbon potential.The Cambrian source rocks can supply sufficient oil for not only the Cambrian reservoirs,but also for the Lower Ordovician reservoirs.The CambrianOrdovician carbonates reservoirs experienced at least three oil charging events and one late gas charging event.Oil accumulations formed in the early stage of basin evolution were likely destroyed in the late stage with deep burial,tectonic movements,or invasion of hydrothermal fluids.Therefore,the deep hydrocarbon exploration of the Tahe Oilfield,even the whole Tarim Basin,should focus on gas accumulations,although oil accumulations,especially in Cambrian reservoirs,cannot be neglected.     

塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏的特征及缝洞单元划分

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏的主要特征表现为油气藏高度远大于残丘圈闭幅度,油气分布受储集体发育程度控制,纵向上不连续,储集体主要为岩溶-构造作用所形成的缝洞,单个缝洞储集体为独立的油水系统等。运用油藏压力降落法、类干扰试井法和流体性质变化法等方法将塔河油田主体开发区划分出10个连通储渗单元和20个孤立或相对定容封闭体,对这些缝洞单元的特点作了描述。塔河油田整体上不具统一的底水;各油气藏流体性质变化较大。     

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏溶洞发育规律

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层为该区最重要的油气生产层段.依据地质岩心(屑)、录井、钻井、测井、地震等多种资料,运用由点到线再到面的方法,探讨了塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏的溶洞发育规律.由区内溶洞充填砂泥岩的伊利石K-Ar同位素定年,得出其形成时间在369.33～451.90Ma,古溶洞的形成时间应该早于该时段或与该...     

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞储层油气成藏动力学与油田水体类型

塔河油田是大型的碳酸盐岩不整合—古岩溶缝洞型奥陶系油气藏。由塔河油田主体往南,油气驱替程度逐渐降低,缝洞系统中含水量逐渐增加。油水界面分布总体上由潜山顶部向周围斜坡波动中降低。塔河油田的区域构造背景、储层缝洞系统以及成藏动力学过程导致了流体分布的非均质性。根据储层孔隙结构特征、油气驱替过程、开发过程中产出水的化学—动力学响应,塔河奥陶系缝洞油藏的水体类型可以区分出三种:洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水、储层下部层间水。不同水体类型的出水时间、水体能量、含水率、水化学性质等会呈现出不同的变化规律。     

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏岩溶成因类型

塔河油田位于塔里木盆地北部沙雅隆起中段的阿克库勒凸起上。该凸起自加里东中晚期到海西早期的多次构造抬升运动使奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层长期出露于地表,受到强烈的大气淡水淋滤溶蚀作用。该地区还经历了加里东中期海侵和石炭纪海侵以及二叠纪火山作用。以塔河油田主体区内11口井的33份砂泥质充填物为基础样本,作了硼、矾、镓、铷等微量元素和包裹体分析等地球化学的研究,证实研究区内以大气淡水岩溶作用为主,存在后期的淡水-海水混合岩溶作用和热水岩溶(溶蚀)作用。大气淡水岩溶纵向上主要分为三个带,溶洞充填物的伊利石K—Ar同位素定年揭示其呈上老下新的时序性。海水入侵所改造的为浅层第一、二个岩溶带,热水岩溶(溶蚀)改造的为深部第三个岩溶带。     

Types, Petrophysical Properties and Pore Evolution of Late Ediacaran Microbial Carbonates, Tarim Basin, NW China

The Upper Ediacaran microbial carbonates of the Tarim Basin are potential reservoir geobodies for future hydrocarbon exploration with rising interest in exploration for deeply-buried reserves. However, little knowledge has been acquired on the types of microbial carbonates that are present, the properties of the reservoir and the pore evolution, hampering predictions of high-quality reservoirs in these carbonates. Integrated with petrography and in-situ U-Pb dating geochronology analyses, this study aims to clarify the types of microbial carbonates present and to reconstruct the pore evolution processes of the potential reservoir rocks. The Upper Ediacaran microbial carbonates of the Tarim Basin can be divided into four types, based on their features in terms of different scales (macro- to micro-): microbial laminite, stromatolite, spongiomicrobialite and microbial-peloidal wackestone/mudstone. Petrophysical properties show that all these microbial carbonates have low porosity and very low permeability with poor connectivity. These carbonates were subject to long-term and complex diagenetic processes, mainly consisting of dissolution, compaction, pervasive dolomitization, cementation and fracturing. The most important reservoir spaces are contributed by vugs and dissolution-enlarged pores, which are likely to have been associated with the widespread uplift of the Aksu area in the terminal Ediacaran. In contrast, the cementation of the fine-to-medium crystalline dolomite greatly reduced the pre-existing pores. Pore types are closely related to different microbial fabrics, which played an important role in the pore evolution of the microbial carbonates.     

塔河油田十二区奥陶系油气分布规律及控制因素

塔河油田十二区奥陶系油藏为碳酸盐岩岩溶缝洞型油藏,油气水分布规律复杂。对原油的物理性质、平面及纵向上的分布特征、油水界面等的分析表明,区内主要为高黏度、含蜡、高含硫的超重质原油。平面上密度分布呈西部和东部低、中部高的特点;纵向上原油密度与深度关系不大。高产油区多沿主断裂带分布。油水界面不统一,但从东向西随中奥陶统顶面的降低而降低。认为该区油气分布不受现今构造位置高低的控制,而是受区域构造背景、断裂带的分布、储集层的发育程度、成藏演化过程以及不整合面等因素综合控制。     

塔里木盆地塔河油田原油与源岩对比研究

塔河油田是我国迄今为止在古生界海相碳酸盐岩层系中发现的最大的油气田,但是原油的油源目前仍然是一个有争异的问题。对塔河油田原油和寒武系、奥陶系烃源岩进行了地球化学分析,研究了生物标志化合物组成和分布特征,进行了油源对比。原油和烃源岩中正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、甾烷和萜烷组成及分布特征,显示了塔河油田原油与寒武系、奥陶系烃源岩具有亲缘关系,这与塔河油田长期成藏和多期成藏,从而允许寒武系、奥陶系烃源岩持续供油的地质事实相符合。研究认为,塔河油田原油与寒武系、奥陶系烃源岩中一些生物标志化合物组成的差异,可能与它们起源于有机质不同演化阶段有关,这一点应在研究具有高演化有机质特征的油源对比时予以重视。     

中国海相油气田勘探实例之四 塔里木盆地塔河油田的发现与勘探

塔河油田位于塔里木盆地沙雅隆起阿克库勒凸起西部,目前井控含油气面积约1800km2。它发现于1990年,是我国发现的第一个陆上古生代海相大油田。2004年探明石油储量为5.3×108t,原油年产量为358×104t。油田的主要产层为奥陶系浅海台地—斜坡相碳酸盐岩,其盖层为下石炭统区域性泥岩和膏盐岩,油源为寒武系—下奥陶统碳酸盐岩烃源岩。岩溶储集体发育,油气藏圈闭类型多样。论述了油田的发现和勘探开发历程、油藏的地质特征、油气分布规律,以及寻找海相碳酸盐岩油气田的启示。     

Burial Dissolution of Ordovician Granule Limestone in the Tahe Oilfield of the Tarim Basin, NW China, and Its Geological Significance

With a comprehensive study on the petrology, geology and geochemistry of some Ordovician granule limestone samples in the Tahe Oiifieid of the Tarim Basin, two stages of burial dissolution were put forward as an in-source dissolution and out-source dissolution based on macro-microcosmic petrology and geochemistry features. The main differences in the two stages are in the origin and moving pass of acid fluids. Geochemical evidence indicates that burial dissolution fluids might be ingredients of organic acids, CO2 and H2S associated with organic matter maturation and hydrocarbon decomposition, and the in-source fluid came from organic matter in the granule limestone itself, but the out-source was mainly from other argillaceous carbonate rocks far away. So, the forming of a burial dissolution reservoir resulted from both in-source and the out-source dissolutions. The granule limestone firstly formed unattached pinholes under in-source dissolution in situ, and afterwards suffered wider dissolution with out-source fluids moving along unconformities, seams, faults and associate fissures. The second stage was much more important, and the mineral composition in the stratum and heat convection of the fluid were also important in forming favorable reservoirs.     

塔河油田四区奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线研究

塔里木盆地是我国的重要油气勘探区和产区,但是到目前为止,对塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞系统还认识不足,因而严重地影响了塔河油田的勘探开发。通过研究发现,塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的裂缝系统非常复杂,主要有两类裂缝:一种是构造裂缝;另一种是缝合线。前人认为前者重要,而忽略后者;而笔者等认为后者比前者更加重要。塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线非常发育,其频度是与石油成藏有一定关系的非构造裂缝所能及。根据缝合线与层面的关系,可以将塔河油田的奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线分为三种:顺层缝合线、倾斜缝合线和竖直缝合线。这三种缝合线彼此交织成复杂的网络系统,构成了储层内部油气运移的最初级良好通道,同时与裂缝一起构成了有效的油气运移通道和压裂的弱结构面,为油气成藏和后期的开发创造了良好的条件。     

塔里木盆地轮古西地区奥陶系古岩溶储层发育特征研究

在区域地质背景研究及大量文献调研的基础上,结合地质地震资料,通过单井分析及连井对比研究,探讨了研究区古岩溶的形成机理和控制因素、储层的空间发育及岩溶洞穴的充填特征。认为轮古西地区经历多期地壳抬升,奥陶系古潜山发育两期岩溶旋回,纵向上形成了四套与洞穴有关的古岩溶储层,其中第Ⅱ岩溶层主要分布在岩溶斜坡区,洞穴广泛发育,充填程度低且位于构造高部位,是最有利的油气聚集层段。     

塔里木盆地塔河油田主体区海西早期岩溶台面划分及洞穴层对比*

在现代岩溶地质考察中,岩溶区因多期次幕式构造抬升运动而形成多级岩溶台面,每级岩溶台面的排泄基准面(潜水面)控制一期洞穴发育。塔河油田海西早期形成了复杂的碳酸盐岩岩溶洞穴系统,纵向上呈现多层性特征,是油气勘探的重点。因此,为了深入认识和阐述洞穴层发育机制,以现代岩溶理论为指导,基于三维地震资料,采用水系汇流点法、侵蚀阶地法、上超终止法并结合地貌特征,对塔河油田主体区海西早期岩溶台面进行划分,并在岩溶台面约束下进行洞穴层对比。研究结果表明:(1)塔河油田主体区发育4级岩溶台面。岩溶台面1形成时代最早,台面3面积最大。(2)主要发育3套洞穴层,具有明显的层状分布特征,台面3的洞穴层规模最大。3套洞穴层在垂向上并不构成大范围重叠,仅台面3控制的洞穴溯源侵蚀穿越台面向上游发育,说明洞穴层形成时的构造稳定期长。其他台面洞穴层并未穿跨台面发育,说明洞穴层形成时的构造稳定期短,潜水面控制下洞穴溯源侵蚀范围比较有限。     

塔河油田奥陶系油气藏形成的控制因素

对塔河油田各类成果资料的分析研究认为,塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气藏形成的控制因素主要是:阿克库勒凸起的长期发育控制着油气的富集,不整合面的存在控制着油气分布,断裂控制着油气的范围和规模,良好的时空配置关系控制着油气成藏,孔洞缝储集系统的改善控制着油气的聚集。     

塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系数字岩心图像中生物扰动的定量表征*

生物扰动对塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩“基质储集体”储集性能的改造效应具有重要影响。以塔河油田奥陶系岩心为研究对象,利用Adobe^® Photoshop^® CS6软件提供的生物扰动数字图像分析软件包,对岩心数字图像中生物扰动区域进行了识别和定量表征。结果表明: (1)在生物扰动数字图像分析软件包提供的方法中,“相似像素选择法”和“魔棒法”是对生物扰动识别与定量表征最为有效的方法,但二者适用范围不同;(2)“相似像素选择法”适用于生物扰动程度较大,单个形体相对较小且离散度相对较高的情况:当生物扰动充填物和围岩基质边界对比度较大时,应用“选取相似”操作效果最好;而当生物扰动充填物和围岩基质边界对比度较小时,应用“色彩范围”操作识别效果最好;这2种操作都仅能执行1次;(3)“魔棒法”对于识别生物扰动区域形体大而分布连续,且充填物颜色不同的情况具有独到优势;该方法可以通过多次重复操作以及调整“容差”来提高生物扰动区域与围岩基质的识别度。该研究对从生物成因角度解释碳酸盐岩“基质储集体”的非均质性与分布规律、实现增强储集性能生物扰动属性表征、丰富海相碳酸盐岩储集层地质学理论、指导该类油气藏远景勘探和储量计算以及选择合理的开发方案等具有重要意义。     

碳酸盐岩岩溶缝洞型油气藏勘探开发关键技术——以塔河油田为例

碳酸盐岩岩溶缝洞型油气藏是受构造—岩溶旋回作用控制、由多个缝洞单元在空间上叠合形成的复合油气藏,勘探开发难度比较大。塔河油田是我国第一个以奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶缝洞型油气藏为主的古生界海相大油气田,勘探开发有其特殊性和复杂性。目前已初步形成了一套勘探与开发的思想和方法体系,具体介绍了已经形成的七个主要技术系列,包括碳酸盐岩岩溶缝洞型油藏评价技术、超深碳酸盐岩储层预测技术等。应用这些技术系列,在塔河油田取得了良好效果,提高了油藏采收率及开发井的建产率,增加了油气藏的可采储量。     

塔里木盆地塔河油田原油中生物标志化合物成熟度指标特征与石油运移

塔河油田是我国迄今为止在古生界海相碳酸盐岩层系中发现的最大的油气田,研究其中油气的运移是了解这种油气藏形成规律的重要环节。对塔河油田近几年开采的油井原油样品进行系统采集后,分析了原油中生物标志化合物,选取Ts/(Ts Tm)、三环萜烷/17α(H)-藿烷和重排甾烷/规则甾烷比值作为油气运移指标,研究了塔河油田原油的运移特征。结果表明,这些指标反映了塔河油田奥陶系原油运移有两个方向,一个是由东向西,另一个是由南向北;9区和三叠系、石炭系原油成熟度较高,说明它们成藏期较晚。     

塔里木盆地下古生界岩溶型储层类型及特征

塔里木盆地下古生界岩溶型储层可划分为同生岩溶、风化壳岩溶和埋藏岩溶等三种类型。同生岩溶型储层主要为礁滩体受三级或四级相对海平面下降导致的短暂暴露和淡水淋溶的产物。风化壳岩溶型储层包括层间岩溶和潜山岩溶两个亚类:层间岩溶为碳酸盐岩中—短期抬升剥蚀和淡水淋溶的产物,地形起伏平缓,与上覆碳酸盐岩呈平行不整合接触;潜山岩溶为碳酸盐岩长期抬升剥蚀和淡水淋溶的产物,地形起伏强烈,与上覆石炭系、侏罗系—白垩系碎屑岩呈角度不整合接触,包括石灰岩潜山和白云岩潜山。埋藏岩溶型储层又可分为原源埋藏岩溶和异源埋藏岩溶两个亚类,前者为有机酸、盆地热卤水、TSR成因的硫化氢等成岩流体作用的产物,后者为深源热液作用的产物。认为塔里木盆地岩溶型储层是多期次岩溶作用叠加改造的结果。