渤海地震活动特征

渤海是我国东部陆缘海湾地震活动性最高的地区。研究渤海的地震活动特征,对探讨我国沿海地震的成因、沿海现代地质构造活动性质以及海洋石油开发都有一定意义。本文研究了渤海的历史地震资料,除中国大地震目录已发表的地震外,本文新增补了2次6—61/2级地震和3次5级左右地震。讨论了1969年渤海大地震的震源深度,大地震目录给出的深度为35公里(位于地壳以下)。根据其他作者的最新测定的结果和作者等人重新测定的微震震源深度,认为1969年渤海大地震的震源深度为25公里较合适,渤海地震都位于地壳以内。渤海地震活动的时间分布与华北地震区完全一致,渤海地震是华北地震区的一部分。渤海内部的现代构造运动是以水平构造应力场作用下的走滑运动为主要特征。渤海地震活动与北北东向的郯庐断裂的右旋走滑活动以及与其共轭的北西西断裂的左旋走滑活动有关。     

兰州庄浪河断裂带的新构造变形与地震活动

庄浪河断裂带位于兰州市西固区河口以北的庄浪河谷地西侧，由几条小断裂雁列而成，但地表出露并不清楚．前人曾对该断裂开展过一些零星的研究工作，初步认为该断裂的永登—河口段为晚更新世甚至全新世活动段，并认为公元1440年永登641级地震和苦水521级地震可能就发生在该断裂上，甚至1125年兰州7级地震的发生也跟该断裂有关(国家地震局兰州地震研究所，甘肃省计划委员会，1993；何秀琴等，1997)．1995年7月22日庄浪河西侧又发生了永登5.8级地震(邢成起等，1996；周俊喜，1997)．长期以来，由于所获得的该断裂新活动的证据不充分，导致了认…     

福建漳州盆地岱山岩—珩坑北西向断裂带第四纪活动特征

通过对岱山岩-珩坑北西向断裂两侧第四纪地层的分布、构造地貌的发育等资料的分析，着重研究了该断裂带第四纪的活动特征，并探讨了活动断裂与地震活动的关系，研究结果表明：该断裂带是一条第四纪以来垂直正断兼具左旋水平走滑的活动断裂，在时间上断裂活动具有多期性；在空间上断裂活动具有迁移性；并在断裂的延伸方向存在差异活动而具有分段性，该断裂带第四纪以来宏观活动性和现今垂直形变活动性明显，1445年在该断裂最具活动的地段发生61/4级地震，表明该断裂现今仍在继续活动，今后仍有发生中强破坏性地震的可能。     

黑龙江沿岸（罗北—黑河段）地区新构造活动与地震

在论述区域地震地质概况的基础上,讨论了小兴安岭北坡地带至黑龙江畔的断裂活动、层状地貌特征、第四纪火山活动、黑龙江火山活动、黑龙江断裂的分段性及其特征,认为新构造活动的基本特征是地壳的差异性升降,地震活动的东强西弱与小兴安岭东西段新构造活动差异是一致的。     

兰州兴隆山北缘断裂新活动特征的初步研究

兴隆山北缘断裂是兰州盆地南侧边界断裂,也是兰州地区最重要的活动断裂之一,全长约54 km,呈东段NW走向西段近EW走向的弧形断裂.在加里东和燕山运动期,兰州地区在近NE-SW向主压应力下,断裂主要表现为由南西向北东的逆冲活动性质.新生代以来(喜马拉雅运动期),主压应力方向改变为NNE-SSW方向,断裂活动性质也随之发生改变,东段新活动表现为逆左旋运动,西段表现为正左旋运动.断裂的最新活动时代应为晚更新世早～中期,可能与兰州黄河Ⅲ级阶地的形成年代相对应.     

2011年盈江5.8级地震构造及地震活动特点分析

在介绍盈江及邻近区域地震构造背景、新构造运动及区域构造应力场等的基础上,从2011年盈江5.8级地震烈度等震线、地震序列、地表形变带和震源机制解等方面,初步分析了本次地震的构造活动特征.结果显示,盈江5.8级主震与北东向大盈江断裂左旋走滑活动密切相关,前震和主震序列则反映出北东向大盈江断裂与近南北向苏典—盈江断裂共轭破裂活动的特征.通过区域历史地震概况和5.8级主震前后的地震活动情况,初步探讨了盈江地区的地震活动特点,认为群震是盈江地区地震活动的一大特点,5.8级地震的发生则是2011年年初4级群震继续增强活动的结果.     

地表弱活动断裂6～7级地震中长期预测技术要点与案例解析

6～7级地震地表位错量往往很小甚至不断错地表,其发震断裂很容易被误判为非全新世活动断裂而导致其未来强震危险性被忽视.对此,文中特提出未来可能发生6～7级地震的地表弱活动断裂类型.甄别地表弱活动断裂是6～7级地震中长期预测技术的关键,技术要点是:在目标断裂所属构造系统的发震能力判定基础上,构建起目标断裂与同一构造背景中具历史地震记载或古地震地质记录的活动断裂之间的某种联系.实际案例解析结果表明,同一级次相似构造、同一构造系统不同孕震构造单元,以及特定构造过程中不同阶段构造级次的类比,是地表弱活动断裂6～7级地震中长期预测较为有效的技术方法.昆明市普渡河-西山断裂、龙门山断裂带北段汉中盆地活动构造系和南段大川-双石断裂为地表弱活动断裂,潜在震级6.5～7.0,陇县-宝鸡断裂带的桃园-龟川寺、固关-虢镇以及陇县-岐山-马召断裂潜在震级依次为6.0 ～6.5、6.5 ～7.0、7.5级左右.     

川滇块体东边界活动断裂的大地震活动特征分析

活动断裂的活动习性是认识活动断裂应变加载及释放随时间、空间变化的关键所在，也是研究区域运动学、动力学和科学评价地震危险性的重要基础。安宁河断裂、大凉山断裂与鲜水河断裂呈倒“Y”字形交于石棉一带，共同协调了鲜水河断裂向SE的应变传递，2022年鲜水河断裂磨西段发生了泸定M_S6.8地震后，安宁河断裂和大凉山断裂的地震危险性再次引起了人们的关注。本文通过梳理分析这3条断裂相关的古地震和历史大地震资料，得出以下认识：(1)安宁河断裂和鲜水河断裂磨西段近4 000 a来的大地震平均复发间隔约为700 a，大凉山断裂则为524 a；(2)鲜水河断裂磨西段和安宁河断裂的古地震活动表现为丛集特征，大凉山断裂的古地震活动则表现为准周期特征；(3)近4 000 a来三条断裂在200 a时间窗内的大地震活动表现出准同步性，在时空上有相互影响的特征。     

5·12汶川地震前后鲜水河断裂运动状况的变化——基于跨断裂连续GPS观测的认识

鲜水河断裂作为青藏高原东南部现今运动最为强烈的活动构造,因历史上一系列大震(如1786年康定7级地震、1816年炉霍7级地震和1973年炉霍7.6级地震等)的发生而一向备受关注。本文基于跨越鲜水河断裂道孚段和干宁段的两条密集型GPS剖面自2005年以来的高精度地壳运动观测资料(其中4站为连续GPS观测,23站为每年一期的非连续GPS观测),揭示出鲜水河断裂在汶川8.0级地震之前,一直保持着强烈而稳定的左旋(~10.4±1.0mm/a)兼轻微拉张(~0.3±1.2mm/a)运动。汶川地震的发生,使鲜水河断裂干宁段和道孚段近断层两侧分别发生了量值达13mm和4mm的侧向拉伸,并使干宁—道孚段发生了量值达2.5~10mm的右旋位错,因此,对其现今的左旋运动方式施加了短暂的反向抑制,但汶川地震后,鲜水河断裂的运动状况很快恢复了以往的态势。我们的研究结果表明,汶川地震的发生,使鲜水河断裂的应变积累有所消减,故在一定程度上降低了该断裂未来的地震危险性水平。另外,青藏高原东南部的GPS速度场和鲜水河断裂两侧的应变分析显示,鲜水河断裂所表现的强烈左旋差异运动是由其南侧"流滑带"的东南向逃逸远大于北侧松潘地块的轻微东南向运动所致。     

灵丘盆地主要活动断裂和1626灵丘地震发震构造

灵丘盆地位于山西地堑系的东北部,曾于1626年发生7级地震.文中通过解译SPOT5影像、分析SRTM3数据和野外调查,对该盆地进行宏观的构造地貌分析和对比,结合探槽以及地质剖面确定主要活动断层的几何分布和最新活动特征,进而探讨灵丘地震的发震构造.结果显示:太白维山山前断裂大部分段落最新活动时代限于晚更新世晚期.NE向的水涧-落水河断裂灵丘县城以西段造成同级地貌面高差约6m,其中最新活动在地表残留高约1m的断层陡坎,县城及以东段无明显地貌表现;NW向的华山河断裂具有枢纽断层特征,在盆地北部断裂向西倾并造成华山河Ⅰ级阶地两侧约10m的高差,在盆地南部断裂向东倾,剖面和相关地貌揭示该断裂在南段为一条高角度的活动正走滑断裂;据此认为,1626年灵丘地震为水涧-落水河断裂西段和NW向的华山河断裂共轭作用的结果.     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。