On an anisotropic attenuation law of the macroseismic intensity

An anisotropic attenuation law of the macroseismic intensity has been deduced, congruent with an anisotropic modelling of macroseismic fields. The results, obtained by analysing a set of earthquakes in Eastern Sicily and Southern Calabria, show a greater adaptability to the observed data as compared with those deduced using isotropic attenuation laws modified to take the anisotropy into account.     

Preliminary results of seismic hazard assessment in the Sannio-Matese area of Southern Italy

The seismic hazard in the Sannio-Matese area has been worked out by a modification of the McGuire (1976) computing programme, taking into account the influence of nine potential seismic source zones.The method uses truncated-quadratic intensity-frequency distribution and azimuth-dependent intensity attenuation derived from isoseismal maps for each of the seismogenetic sources. A new modification has been introduced to take into account different decay of the intensity in the near (to VIII degree) and far (from VIII degree) field.Different assumptions about maximum possible intensities and truncation of intensity-frequency laws are used to evaluate the effects of the uncertainties on the computed hazard at high intensities. Intensities associated with different level of annual probability are computed for five test sites in the considered area. Maps displaying the expected intensity for a mean return period of 500 years (pa 0.002) are presented and compared with observed intensities.Presented at the XXIst General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission, Symposium on Methods of Seismic Hazard Assessment in Europe, Sofia, 23–27 August 1988.     

Anisotropic characterization of macroseismic fields

A methodology for the anisotropic characterization of macroseismic fields is proposed, in order to evaluate seismic hazard, based on the real geometry of the isoseismals of the field. The proposed methodology, independent of the macroseismic intensity attenuation law, allows both for a single field and for several fields in the same source zone, the determination of minimum and maximum attenuation values and of the relative directions.     

On macroseismic attenuation parameters in the comparison of theoretical seismic hazard maps for Southern Calabria and Eastern Sicily (Southern Italy)

For two different zonations of the Calabro-Sicilian region the macroseismic intensity attenuation parameters are computed using the Grandori model.Some modifications to this relation are proposed here in order to allow its applicability also to those cases in which the data set available for each source zone does not present three successive epicentral intensity levels (I ₀) as required for its application.Maps of theoretical distribution of maximum expected intensities were plotted for both zonations adopted, in order to test the reliability, also using other attenuation models.The results of the analysis show how the proposed modifications to the Grandori relation allow the macroseismic intensity attenuation modelling even in cases in which only one intensity level is available.Finally, the comparison of theoretical maximum expected intensity distribution maps, computed for different attenuation models and seismogenic zonations, shows that the maps plotted using the Grandori model and the zonation adopted by G.N.D.T. (Gruppo Nazionale Difesa dai Terremoti - C.N.R. Italy) are more reliable.     

Polarisations of quasi-waves in a general anisotropic porous solid saturated with viscous fluid

Wave propagation is studied in a general anisotropic poroelastic solid saturated with a viscous fluid flowing through its pores of anisotropic permeability. The extended version of Biot’s theory is used to derive a system of modified Christoffel equations for the propagation of plane harmonic waves in such media. The non-trivial solution of this system is ensured by a biquadratic equation whose roots represent the complex velocities of four attenuating quasi-waves in the medium. These complex velocities define phase velocity and attenuation of each quasi-wave propagating along a given phase direction in three-dimensional space. The solution itself defines the polarisations of the quasi-waves along with phase shift. The variations of polarisations of quasi-waves with their phase direction, are computed for a realistic numerical model.     

Macroseismic intensity attenuation for crustal sources on romanian territory and adjacent areas

The macroseismic intensity attenuation (m.i.a.) laws for the main seismic provinces with crustal foci of the Romanian territory and adjacent areas were established. The input data consist of MSK-64 intensities of 18 earthquakes with epicentral/maximum intensity in the range V to X degrees (MSK scale), whose isoseismal maps were available.The attenuation was analyzed as a function of distance and azimuth and from the three main attenuation formulas (logarithmic, exponential, and power-law) (the last one was preferred, as it best fits the observed data) and, consequently, were used for each seismogenic region. The bulk of derived equations is intended to be further used in the assessment of the seismic hazards of Romania.     

Influence of attenuation models in seismic hazard evaluation for the North-Eastern Sicily area

From the influence already revealed by attenuation models on the values of expected intensity for North-Eastern Sicily, the necessity arises to quantify the weight of these models and of their respective coefficients on the projection of intensity.A first evaluation is presented in this paper using the Sponheuer, Blake, and Grandori models.A comparison of the expected intensity maps allows a first critical estimate, showing the greater adaptability of the Grandori model to describe the attenuation of intensity for the investigated area.     

Seismic attenuation in Jati area,Lower Indus Basin,Pakistan

Reduced amplitude and distorted dispersion of seismic waves caused by attenuation, especially strong attenuation, always degrade the resolution of migrated images. To improve seismic imaging, attenuation must be compensated. This study addresses the factors causing seismic attenuation in Jati Block. Jati Block lies in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan, approximately 25 mi north of the offshore Indus. Method used for Q factor is empirical equation method. Q factor correlation indicates that there are three major zones of attenuation in Jati block, i.e., zone I (surface to top Khadro), zone II (Upper Goru Formation), and zone III (Lower Goru Formation). Lowest Q value is in zone I, followed by zone II and zone III, respectively. Commonly, Khadro Formation (Basalt) of Paleocene and saucer-shaped igneous intrusion is considered as sources of attenuation. However, surprisingly, Khadro Formation of Paleocene and saucer-shaped igneous intrusion is zone of minimum attenuation and causes minimal transmission loss. Anisotropy analysis is performed to determine cause of attenuation within these zones. Thomson anisotropic parameters are computed for vertical wells using Backus averaging algorithm. These parameters are calibrated using sonic scanner data available for one well. Correlation of Q factor curve with mud log suggests that loose, unconsolidated sands and sand-shale layering are sources of attenuation within zone I. Attenuation in this zone is mostly due to fluid motion relative to the framework of loosely packed grains. Major lithology of Upper Goru Formation is marl. It is a slow formation, and in this formation, P wave loses energy to the formation in what is known as leaky P mode (sonic logging) and is dispersive (seismic). Epsilon (?) value is greater than almost 0.02 throughout Lower Goru Formations, indicating that this formation is strongly anisotropic. Fluctuation of epsilon (?) in Lower Goru Formation also suggests that this formation is causing layer-induced anisotropy. This layer-induced anisotropy in Lower Goru Formation added by dispersive and slow nature of Upper Goru Formation causes rapid attenuation.     

饱和钙质砂爆炸响应动力特性试验研究

钙质砂是一种特殊的海洋沉积物,开展钙质砂在爆炸作用下动力响应特性研究具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。通过室内小型爆炸试验,研究饱和钙质砂在爆炸作用下土压力、孔隙水压力和质点振动加速度等参数的变化规律。结果表明：饱和钙质砂中爆炸应力波随距离增大而衰减,但随爆心距增大衰减速度呈减小趋势;随试样相对密度增大爆炸应力波的衰减速度趋缓;爆炸引起的超孔隙水压力在10～30 ms内到达峰值,在前3 min内快速消散,消散幅度达90％以上;双发雷管微差起爆相对于单发起爆,最大单段起爆药量相同,但微差起爆由于爆炸应力波的叠加,使得钙质砂动力响应加剧。与相同试验条件下石英砂爆炸响应对比表明,相同测点处钙质砂动力响应弱于石英砂,应力波在钙质砂中衰减速度远比石英砂快,说明饱和钙质砂对爆炸应力波有着极强的吸收和衰减作用;爆炸近区钙质砂颗粒大量破碎,形成爆炸破碎和压缩区,形成这几个区域所耗损的爆炸冲击能量大约占总能量的25％左右。     

Different approaches to the seismic hazard of Sannio-Matese (Southern Italy)

The seismic hazard of Sannio-Matese is calculated using a new seismogenetic zoning of southern Italy of seven areas and different, azimuth-dependent, attenuation laws. Various approaches (Gumbel's first and third asymptotic distribution, Cornell) lead to similar results for the different exposure times considered (100 and 200 years) and probability levels (37 and 68%). The present seismic regulation proposed in 1980 by the Italian National Council for Researches, and based on a different approach, is, in general, confirmed by the results.     

Seismic intensity zoning and earthquake risk mapping in Iraq

The recently published Iraqi earthquake data file over the period 1905–1984 is used to derive a local I _o -M _s formula. This is then combined with a local intensity attenuation relationship to compile the observed I _o (MM) zoning map for Iraq. Earthquake risk is calculated using the log N (M _s )relation for selected design magnitudes and periods and is mapped as the (%) probability of occurrence using a 0.5 deg latitude/longitude grid system. It is observed that the intensity zones and contour distributions are highly influenced by the presence of large magnitude shocks while risk maps reveal the Tauros seismogenic zone as having a greater risk of occurrence than the Zagros zone. The compiled zoning maps are intended for the use of local practising engineers for earthquake-resistant design procedures that are currently being adopted in the country.     

弯道出流横向流速的衰减长度

为研究弯道出流横向流速的衰减规律,通过量纲分析建立了量纲一衰减长度的经验公式,采用系列数值试验的结果率定了该经验公式,分析了各因素影响程度以及衰减长度分布规律,并与理论公式进行了对比。试验发现雷诺数Re和弗劳德数Fr对衰减长度影响极小;衰减长度,横向上凹岸区最大,中间次之,凸岸区最小;垂向上近底区最大,近水面区次之,最小值位于中间。典型理论公式计算的衰减长度的垂向分布,与试验结果定性一致,但由于忽略横比降的影响,导致其在近底区偏小。结果表明:该经验公式考虑因素较理论公式更为全面;衰减长度在不同区域不同;采用相似模型研究弯道出流的环流衰减长度时,需要保证阻力相似,但一定条件下,可以放弃Fr和Re相似。     

Spatial and temporal variations in the incidence of dust events over Iran

Large near-field tsunamis pose a significant threat to the Canadian West Coast due to its proximity to the circum-Pacific belt where a significant tsunami-inducing earthquake event from the Cascadia subduction zone is expected. This study investigated the risks associated with such an event in terms of pedestrian evacuation needs and plans for the Town of Tofino, a small community located on the West Coast of Vancouver Island. The population-at-risk within the hazard zone and its ability to evacuate to safety is evaluated using anisotropic path-distance modelling. Mitigation measures, such as vertical evacuation buildings, are quantitatively evaluated. Site-specific inundation modelling was not performed as part of this study; tsunami hazard and safe zones were computed using a range of run-ups varying between 3 and 25 m. It was established that up to 80% of the population is within the maximum hazard zone considered. This evacuation modelling exercise indicates that a maximum of 13% of the population would have insufficient time to reach safety when using a mobility-impaired ambulatory speed. The use of three vertical evacuation buildings can reduce the risk of losing population in this category by 99%. Although some conservative assumptions were used (vertical datum at higher high water, reductions in safe zones by generalization process and mobility-impaired evacuation speeds), the evacuation potential is likely overestimated due to the coarseness of the topographic data used in the evacuation modelling and from an overestimated first wave arrival time. This is the first Canadian study which used anisotropic evacuation modelling to evaluate the vulnerability of a Canadian community to tsunami inundation.

     

随钻电磁波测井数据处理新方法

在有限元素法分析的基础上,根据图版中数据对(地层视电阻率,介电常数)和(幅度衰减,相位差)之间的对应关系,给出了一种采用交汇解释图版的方法,可把随钻电磁测量的相位差和幅度衰减同时转换为地层视电阻率和地层介电常数。同时,通过三维数值模拟不同地层模型的仪器响应,系统地分析了地层各向异性、地层倾角和地层厚度等环境因素对随钻电磁测量视电阻率的影响,结果表明,地层倾角越小,地层厚度越大,测量结果也就越准确。同时绘制了相应的校正解释图版。     

Seismotectonics of the Baikal rift zone

High seismicity in the Baikal rift zone is controlled by the development of conjugate rising and subsiding block structures. Many types of seismological phenomena resulting from large earthquakes are manifested in the rift zone and include seismotectonic (regional, zonal and local), gravity-seismotectonic and seismogravitational deformations. Impulsive as distinct from gradual seismogenetic crustal movements play a dominant role in the recent development of the Baikal geomorphology.     

Hazard mapping based on macroseismic data considering the influence of geological conditions

The object of this study is to consider directly the influence of regional geological conditions on the assessment of seismic hazard. It is assumed that macroseismic data at individual locations contain, in an average way, the influence of geological conditions.A Data Base referring to 199 historical (5) and instrumental (194, in the 1947–1993 period) events with macroseismic information in 1195 locations of Portugal was built. For any given seismic event, whenever macroseismic information was available at a location (town, village, etc.), an EMS-92 intensity value was estimated. To each one of those locations a geological unit, representing the most common type of soil, was assigned, based on the Geological Portuguese Map at a scale 1:500 000; the geological units were grouped into three categories: soft, intermediate and hard soils.The Data Base was used to determine the attenuation laws in terms of macroseismic intensity for the three different geological site conditions, using multiple linear regression analysis. The reasonability of the laws was tested by (i) checking residual distributions and (ii) comparing the map of isoseismals of important earthquakes with the isoseismals generated by the attenuation curves derived for each one of the three different soil classes, taking into consideration the soil class of each site. The main results of attenuation modeling are: high dispersion on macroseismic intensity data; all the models predict intensity values, for short hypocentral distances, lower than the ones observed; and for some important analyzed earthquakes and for the observed range of distances, the models confirm the expectancy that macroseismic intensity increases from hard to soft soil.The approach to obtain the hazard assessment at each location consisted in the use of the attenuation law specifically derived for the class of soil of that particular location. This method, which considers the influence of the regional geology, was illustrated with the mapping of hazard for the country for several return periods. Comparison with previous maps not taking into consideration the regional geological conditions emphasizes the importance of this new parameter. It can be concluded that (i) soil segmentation is clearly the cause for hazard increase in the region to the north of Lisbon, especially at sites with soft and intermediate soils as the ones in lower Tagus valley; the maximum increase on hazard is, in any case, less than one degree; (ii) when geological conditions are disregarded in the attenuation regression analysis, hazard pattern is similar to the one obtained for the case of hard soil everywhere.     

Three-dimensional seismic attenuation structure beneath the Taiwan region and its tectonic implication

Three-dimensional (3-D) attenuation structures were determined for Taiwan region by inversion of earthquake intensity data set. The seismic intensity which is assumed to be a measure of the maximum acceleration of the S-wave at the seismic station is used to estimate the attenuation structure. The intensity data set consists of about 5500 intensity readings for 1410 earthquakes reported by the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan from 1987 to 2010. The 3-D attenuation maps consisting of five layers were constructed to a depth of 74 km.The obtained model reveals the following features: first, a high absorption zone exists in the westernmost Okinawa trough. These high-attenuation anomalies seem to extend from upper crust to mantle beneath the Yilan Plain and Kueishantao Island. We interpret the high absorption zone as the presence of the relatively hot lower crust and uppermost mantle in response to the local opening of the Okinawa trough. Second, strong lateral variation of seismic attenuation is observed from the source region of the Chi–Chi earthquake in the central Taiwan. Most aftershocks were occurred beneath the Western Foothills which is characterized by a transition from high attenuation to low attenuation between the Chelungpu fault and Chuchih fault. However, the region east to the Chuchih fault is relatively quiescent. This study suggests that the high Vp/Vs and lateral variation of attenuation features existing beneath the Western Foothills could be associated with porous materials containing fluid which might affect the generation of the Chi–Chi earthquake.     

Analysis of input data and seismic hazard assessment for the low seismicity area ‘Belgium,The Netherlands and NW Germany’

From the earthquake catalogue of the region of interest 2–8°E, 49–52°N, only events with intensity > 3 are considered. The fore/aftershocks and the induced seismicity are removed. The completeness and other properties of the remaining data set are investigated. The seismic data, as well as the geological, tectonic, and other geophysical data of the area are used for the determination of the seismotectonic zones. For each zone, the cumulative intensity-frequency relation (taking into account the completeness of the catalogue), the attenuation depending on the direction, the upper bound of intensity and the average depth are calculated. When the seismic activity is changing within a zone, this zone is divided into subzones with an almost constant activity and a b value equal to the value of the whole zone. When necessary for each subzone, a different attenuation coefficient can be used, to take into account more regional effects. Then the seismic hazard is assessed with the modified McGuire program. Annual probability versus intensity for several sites and hazard intensity and probability maps are calculated. Finally, an error discussion of the whole procedure for one test site is given.     

河北省石家庄市南部污灌区厚层包气带污染物自然衰减的微生物作用潜力评价

本次研究的目的是利用传统的培养技术和现代的磷脂脂肪酸PLFA(Phosphor Lipid Fatty Acid)技术、Biolog技术、16 S rRNA基因变性梯度凝胶电泳DGGE(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis)及测序技术,调查石家庄市南部污灌区厚近30 m包气带微生物含量、分布、活性和多样性,评价污灌区厚层包气带污染物自然衰减的微生物作用潜力。包气带沉积物样品通过岩芯钻探获得,用于物理、化学和微生物分析。结果显示,土壤层(5~20 cm)微生物含量高,活性高,代谢类型多,可培养的异养菌与自养菌、好氧异养菌、兼性厌氧异氧菌和专性厌氧异养菌共存;土壤层下伏包气带微生物含量较低,活性降低,代谢类型减少,可培养的细菌主要是好氧性异养菌、兼性厌氧异养菌和好氧自养菌,而且随岩性而变化,在砂层和重粘土层含量低,活性低,而在亚粘土层含量和活性大。研究结果指示土壤层具有很高的污染物生物自然衰减潜力,而且下伏包气带仍有这种潜力,特别是下部溶解有机碳DOC(Dissolved Organic Carbon)含量高的层位潜力更大。     

Seismic history and consistent seismicity: Evidence from southern Italy

In this paper a method is proposed to evaluate the seismicity level of an area in a given historical period, based on records of seismic events, source characteristics and intensity attenuation with distance. Also considered is the seismic activity recorded in southern Italy during the 10th and 11th centuries, seismic records being obtained from all available sources. To determine the level of seismicity, a key role is played by source characteristics, i.e. recording modalities and activity periods of recording centers. In addition, models of intensity attenuation with distance allow the assessment of the size of the area under investigation. This paper identifies the areas, in the 10th and 11th centuries, where major earthquakes (M 6.5) did not occur during periods of silence of sources, as well as those where such events cannot be excluded. For each area, different levels of probability were determined by applying the Cox linear logistic model to historical seismic data. The completeness analysis, in terms of area and time-span coverage, is a valuable tool to assess seismicity in seismogenetic areas. The reproducibility of the model for lower magnitude earthquakes (M < 6.5) is reliable.