关于k-传递阵的若干结果

k-传递阵是传递阵的推广 ,文献已给出了多方面的研究。本文是这 1工作的继续 ,重点讨论了 k-传递阵的某些性质和应用 ,所得结果在模糊矩阵的基本理论研究方面有实际意义。     

海道测量基准面传递的空间结构及数学模型

基于平均海面的频谱结构和两验潮站潮位之间的关系模型,本文对基准面传递的空间结构及方法原理进行了理论研究。给出了水准联测法的假设条件;发现了同步改正传递法的异步效应和回归分析传递法的时移效应,导出了更精确的传递数学模型;并对几种主要方法进行了理论和实例对比分析。研究还表明:平均海面的回归分析传递法和深度基准面的潮差比传递法均是最小二乘潮位拟合传递法的特殊形式。最小二乘潮位拟合传递法,由于采用了更真实的潮位比较数模而具有更高的传递精度。建议在海道测量工作中广泛使用。     

基于Visvalingam-Whyatt改进算法的线要素化简

线要素化简对空间数据存储、传输和表达具有重要意义。现有方法的化简效率和空间关系维护是一个矛盾体,为提高化简效率的同时解决化简结果中线要素自相交问题,提出基于Visvalingam-Whyatt改进算法的线要素化简方法。以排序列表键值对的形式记录有效面积和节点标识,再利用给定的保留节点数重新构建线要素,在重构过程中逐点进行自相交判断,并通过前插或移除节点的方式解决自相交问题。以1∶100万比例尺的海南岛海岸线为研究对象进行化简实验,结果表明本文所提算法能够解决线要素自相交问题,且具有较高的化简效率。该方法可为其他线要素化简算法提供自相交解决思路。     

基于蛇模型的等深线化简质量定量调控方法

针对当前等深线的化简过程未考虑化简后等深线质量的问题,以基于蛇模型的等深线化简方法为基础,引入航海图等深线化简质量的定量评估方法,对化简后等深线的质量进行定量评估,并将评估结果作为蛇模型算法的总能量,实现了等深线化简过程的定量调控,提出了基于蛇模型的等深线化简质量定量调控方法。实验结果表明:该方法能够根据等深线的化简质量定量调控等深线的化简过程,不仅能够提高航海图等深线的化简质量,而且为后续等深线化简算法的研究提供了新的思路。     

同步改正法平均海面传递应用于海南岛礁测绘的探讨

同步改正法因其特点和优势被广泛应用于平均海面传递,文中从平均海面的理论定义和实际计算两方面出发,对同步改正平均海面传递法原理进行了论述。利用海南岛周边的长期验潮站数据,按单站传递和多站组网传递分别分析了同步改正平均海面传递的规律。结果表明,单站传递同步观测10 d能满足岛礁测绘对垂直基准面精度的要求,采用多站组网传递能较明显地减少同步时长较短时的极限误差。当采用多站组网平均海面传递同步观测5 d,其极限误差可达10 cm以内,建议在同步观测时间有限时采用该方法。结合海南岛验潮站和岛礁分布情况,同步改正平均海面传递法应用于海南岛礁测绘是可行的。     

不分明闭包、不分明内部、不分明半闭包及不分明半内部的性质

本文在不分明的意义下，对闭包、内部、半闭包及半内部进行研究，得到一些反映它们之间关系的性质定理，此外，当我们将闭包、内部、半闭包及半内部看作四种不同的运算作用到一个不分明集上，可以构造多少种不同的不分明集．对此，本文用若干定理给出了详细的回答．     

基于参数优化的建筑物多边形化简研究

针对建筑物多边形化简当前存在的问题,将参数优化的方法引入化简的全过程,在渐进式图形化简的基础上,通过把建筑物多边形的几何特征、结构特征和化简所遵循的一系列约束规则参数化、变量化表示,建立了建筑物多边形化简的数学模型,通过对模型的求解,来达到化简建筑物多边形的目的。 成果已经应用于数字地图的生产,实践证明该算法的化简效果好,普适性较高,符合应用需求。     

跨海高程传递方法与实践

阐述了跨海高程传递的基本原理和方法,介绍了跨海高程传递数据采集及处理系统.跨距约10.5km的高程传递试验表明:基于三角高程的高程传递方法在跨距10km左右能够达到三等水准精度,严格的同步对向观测能够有效消除大气折光差的影响.     

多值置信的格值闭包算子及Galois联络

在多值逻辑的环境下,为进一步完善格值闭包理论的置信化问题,提出多值置信滤子的概念和实例。以多值置信滤子为工具界定了置信格值闭包算子和置信格值Galois联络的概念,并得到它们的等价刻画条件。结果表明:多值置信滤子是十分有用的置信推理工具,其不但可以解决格值闭包算子的置信化问题,而且可以描述置信格值Galois联络现象。     

铜在海洋食物链中的积累与传递规律的研究

在实验室条件下，研究铜在海水及以扁藻、轮虫、对虾等生物组成的食物链中的积累与传递规律。结果表明，各种海洋生物都能直接从海水中吸收铜，铜可沿着海水→扁藻→轮虫→仔虾传递。文章还探讨了本食物链各环节积累铜的主要途径以及影响生物个体铜的累积量的诸因素。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.