太平洋海温异常对其上空环流影响的分析及数值试验

本文首先用《逐月全球气候资料》中的实测风资料对80年代的两次El Nino。事件(1982—1983年和1986—1987年)太平洋地区上空环流的变化情况进行了分析研究,然后用一个九层原始方程模式对其进行数值模拟试验. 观测资料分析及数值模拟结果皆表明,赤道东太平洋的这两次海温异常都使其上空的环流发生明显的变化,但由于两次海温异常的强度、范围和延续时间有所不同,对环流的影响也不相同.本文将简要地介绍这两次El Nio期间太平洋上空环流的演变特征及数值试验的结果.     

我国中部地区夏季干旱的多时间尺度特征及其环流、海温异常

基于CRU逐月降水和NCEP/NCAR再分析等资料,利用集合经验模态分解(Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,EEMD)方法,分析1948—2016年中国中部地区夏季降水变化的多时间尺度特征及其对应的环流、海温异常,进而解释不同时期影响干旱发生的背景场有何不同。结果表明,中部地区夏季降水以年际变化为主,周期长度为3.8 a和6.9 a,年代际和多年代际变化的方差贡献不足20%。然而,各时间尺度降水变化对不同时期干旱事件的贡献存在较大差异,1960s、1970s,降水年际变化偏弱,相反地,多年代际变化正处于负位相的极小值期;1980s、1990s,多年代际变化位相转正;2000s初,年际变化明显增强。此外,通过分析不同时间尺度降水变化对应的环流、海温背景场,发现热带印度洋海温异常及其引起的西北太平洋副热带高压的变化、大西洋北部海温异常激发的纬向波列以及贝加尔湖地区的阻塞活动、1970s末PDO位相转变伴随的东亚夏季风突变是分别解释降水年际、年代际和多年代际变化的主要原因,进而揭示影响中部地区夏季干旱发生的关键因子及其相对重要性。     

中国东北地区冬季气温变化特征及其大气环流异常的关系

利用1957-2010年冬季中国东北地区90站气温资料,应用REOF和聚类分析方法将东北划分为南、北两个冬季气温变化子区,分析讨论其冬季气温的变化趋势和冷暖异常特征,及其与主要环流指数之间的同期和滞后关系。使用向后去除变量选择法,选取最优预测因子,并建立了全区和各子区的回归统计模型。结果表明：东北冬季增温较明显,平均上升速率达到0. 45 ℃/ 10 a,北部略高;与同期欧亚纬向环流指数之间存在着较显著相关;前期8月东太平洋副热带高压面积指数、前期10月亚洲区极涡面积指数和前期8月北半球极涡面积指数与东北冬季气温存在着显著相关,复相关系数达到0.70,并且是回归方程最关键预测因子。在对冷、暖冬预测时,可以把选定时段和区域副热带高压和极涡面积指数作为重要的影响因素,且误报率较低。     

江淮夏季降水异常与西印度洋地区大气环流异常的关系

运用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国气候中心整编的160站月平均降水资料应用经验正交函数、线性相关分析等,分析了江淮地区夏季降水异常特征及其与西印度洋区域大气环流年际异常关系的变化及其可能的机理。结果表明:当500 hPa中纬度低槽活动偏多(少),西太平洋副热带高压偏强(弱),东亚夏季风偏强(弱)时,江淮地区降水偏多(少)。进一步分析还发现西印度洋上空的垂直环流与江淮夏季降水存在较好的关系,但这种年际异常之间的联系受到背景场的影响明显:1979—1993年西印度洋垂直上升运动与江淮夏季降水的变化趋势基本相反,两者线性相关系数为-0.43;1994—2010年两者的变化趋势基本一致,相关系数达0.71。即当西印度洋地区存在环流异常下沉(上升)时,西太平洋副热带高压通常异常减弱东退(增强西伸),副热带季风减弱(增强),有利于雨带偏南(北)。因此,在西太平洋副热带高压和副热带季风年代际偏强(弱)阶段,西印度洋环流与江淮夏季降水呈负(正)相关。     

中国南方地区盛夏高温类型及其对应的大尺度环流和海温异常

利用中国2374个站点的日最高气温资料、NCEP/NCAR大气环流资料以及NOAA海表温度资料,分析了中国南方盛夏高温的主要类型,比较了各类型高温对应的大尺度环流以及与海表温度异常信号的联系。结果表明:中国南方地区年高温日数有明显的增多趋势,利用聚类分析将中国南方盛夏高温分为江淮型、华南型和华中型3类。江淮型高温中心区域位于江淮地区,该类型高温空间范围大、发生频次高,典型的环流系统为高、低空呈现异常反气旋,西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)偏强偏西,南北位置略偏北。该类型高温是西太副高直接控制下的高温类型,与前冬到夏季中部型厄尔尼诺衰减和春季赤道大西洋地区海温偏高有关。华南型高温中心区域在江南南部到华南地区,典型的环流系统是东亚副热带急流的位置偏南,西太副高偏强、偏西和脊线偏南,华南型高温也是西太副高直接控制下的高温,且伴随着西南季风的减弱,干热特征明显,该类型高温与东部型厄尔尼诺衰减及其与之相联系的印度洋"电容器"效应密切相关。华中型高温主要位于湖北和湖南两省,对应的环流型为西太副高偏弱、偏东,在中高纬度与北大西洋-欧亚遥相关型类似,是大陆高压控制下的高温,使得水汽条件比另两类高温好。北...     

Sensitivity of Arctic warming to sea surface temperature distribution over melted sea-ice region in atmospheric general circulation model experiments

Substantial reduction in Arctic sea ice in recent decades has intensified air-sea interaction over the Arctic Ocean and has altered atmospheric states in the Arctic and surrounding high-latitude regions. This study has found that the atmospheric responses related to Arctic sea-ice melt in the cold season (October–March) depend on sea-ice fraction and are very sensitive to in situ sea surface temperature (SST) from a series of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations in which multiple combinations of SSTs and sea-ice concentrations are prescribed in the Arctic Ocean. It has been found that the amplitude of surface warming over the melted sea-ice region is controlled by concurrent in situ SST even if these simulations are forced by the same sea-ice concentration. Much of the sensitivity of surface warming to in situ SST are related with large changes in surface heat fluxes such as the outgoing long-wave flux in early winter (October–December) and the sensible and latent heat fluxes for the entire cold season. Vertical extension of surface warming and moistening is sensitive to these changes as well; the associated condensational heating modulates a static stability in the lower troposphere. This study also indicates that changes in SST fields in AGCM simulations must be implemented with extra care, especially in the melted sea-ice region in the Arctic. The statistical method introduced in this study for adjusting SSTs in conjunction with a given sea-ice change can help to model the atmospheric response to sea-ice loss more accurately.     

Sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation in coupled oceanic GCM — atmospheric EBM experiments

We analyze the sensitivity of the oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC) regarding perturbations in fresh water flux for a range of coupled oceanic general circulation — atmospheric energy balance models. The energy balance model (EBM) predicts surface air temperature and fresh water flux and contains the feedbacks due to meridional transports of sensible and latent heat. In the coupled system we examine a negative perturbation in run-off into the southern ocean and analyze the role of changed atmospheric heat transports and fresh water flux. With mixed boundary conditions (fixed air temperature and fixed surface fresh water fluxes) the response is characterized by a completely different oceanic heat transport than in the reference case. On the other hand, the surface heat flux remains roughly constant when the air temperature can adjust in a model where no anomalous atmospheric transports are allowed. This gives an artificially stable system with nearly unchanged oceanic heat transport. However, if meridional heat transports in the atmosphere are included, the sensitivity of the system lies between the two extreme cases. We find that changes in fresh water flux are unimportant for the THC in the coupled system.     

ENSO与北半球冬季大气环流异常年代际关系的数值模拟

利用NCAR/CCM3大气环流模式,模拟不同海温背景场强迫下,北半球冬季大气环流对ENSO事件的响应。结果表明,模式能够模拟出不同海温背景场下,北半球冬季大气环流对ENSO事件的不同响应,模拟结果与诊断结果基本一致。在20世纪70年代末之后的平均海温背景场强迫下,El Nio对阿留申低压的加强作用比70年代末之前更明显,而ENSO暖位相对蒙古高压的作用则由70年代末之前的轻微减弱变为明显加强。虽然70年代末以后ENSO事件的强度比70年代末之前有所增大,但ENSO对东亚大槽和东亚冬季风的减弱作用反而不再那么明显;同时在高空风场中,由ENSO激发出的PNA型异常环流在70年代末以后明显加强。     

湖南雨凇与大气环流和海温因子的相关分析

雨凇是冬季影响湖南的一种主要气象灾害。对湖南雨凇与大气环流特征量、海温异常的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：亚洲区极涡面积和东亚槽位置对中国湖南雨凇天气影响极为重要。当欧亚纬向环流为低指数时,有利于中国湖南雨凇的形成;当东大西洋欧洲区阻塞高压面积指数为低指数和乌拉尔山区阻塞高压面积指数为高指数时,湖南多雨凇天气发生。冬季西太平洋副热带高压面积偏大、强度偏强、西脊点偏西不利于中国湖南雨凇发展。拉尼娜事件结束年同时为厄尔尼诺开始年的年份湖南雨凇最为严重,厄尔尼诺事件起始年湖南雨凇强度最轻。     

湖北省电线积冰日数气候特征与大气环境异常的关系研究

利用1980—2014年湖北省11个气象台站电线积冰观测资料以及Hadley海温资料、NCEP再分析资料,分析湖北省冬季(11—3月)电线积冰日数的气候变化特征;在此基础上,分析积冰异常年秋冬海气场变化。结果表明,湖北省电线积冰集中在钟祥、荆州、襄樊、仙桃和随州等5站,占11站电线积冰总日数的73%。电线积冰在当年11月至次年3月均有出现,积冰日数在1990年代初出现显著减少趋势。湖北省电线积冰异常偏多年,9—11月热带中东太平洋出现El Nino型异常海温分布,同期冬季孟加拉湾和南海的水汽向北输送至湖北,湖北水汽偏多,同时湖北受贝加尔湖异常反气旋东南侧东北气流和中国东部沿海异常反气旋西北侧偏南气流共同作用,有利于降水发生和积冰出现。     

辽宁电线覆冰日数气候特征与大气环流异常的关系

利用1980—2019年辽宁地区11个有电线覆冰观测项目的气象站资料、NCEP再分析资料和Hadley海温资料,分析辽宁电线覆冰日的气候特征以及利于覆冰发生的环流特征和影响因素。结果表明：辽宁电线覆冰现象出现次数存在三个高值地区,分别为辽宁北部地区、辽东山区和辽宁中西部沿海地区。辽宁电线覆冰主要发生在10月至翌年4月,1980—2019年辽宁电线覆冰日数呈显著减少趋势。电线覆冰日数具有显著的年际变化周期,主要的年际变化周期为5—7 a,近40 a年际振荡能量经历了3次增强—减弱的变化。辽宁覆冰高指数年与低指数年秋季9—11月SST距平之差表现为El Nino型分布。覆冰日数异常偏多年,太平洋海温呈现El Nino型,西北太平洋海表温度整体偏冷,日本海区海表温度存在明显负异常;同时大陆上贝加尔湖上空存在高压中心,北半球亚洲地区纬向为“北高南低”的形式,冬季风偏强,冷空气南下频繁。辽宁受到贝加尔湖异常反气旋环流东南侧东北气流控制,鄂霍茨克海上空存在弱反气旋环流,导致日本海上空有异常东风,当南下冷空气与东侧日本海输送的偏冷水汽交汇,容易导致温度较冷的大雾,引发雾凇现象,过冷水汽在电线上凝结,导致电线覆冰现象的发生。     

海温强迫下的东亚夏季大气环流潜在可预报性特征

利用大气环流模式NCARCAM3,进行22a（1979—2000年）、每年8个初值的集合试验,并采用方差分析方法,研究了观测海温强迫下东亚夏季大气环流的潜在可预报性。结果表明,夏季东亚地区海平面气压场的潜在可预报性总体偏低,在中国区域呈东南高、西北低的分布特征;850hPa纬向风场、对流层500～200hPa平均温度场和500hPa位势高度场在低纬度地区的潜在可预报性明显高于中高纬度地区。500hPa位势高度场的潜在可预报性较高,东亚大部分地区大于0.5,尤其华南地区大于0.7。夏季东亚500hPa位势高度场的潜在可预报性具有明显的年际变化特征,并与夏季南海海温异常关系密切。与正常年份相比,在夏季南海海温偏暖或者偏冷年,东亚500hPa位势高度场的潜在可预报性较高     

The seasonal cycle of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature in a coupled GCM

 The mechanisms responsible for the seasonal cycle in the tropical central and eastern Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated using a coupled general circulation model. We find that the annual westward propagation of SST anomalies along the equator is explained by a two-stage process. The first stage sets the phase of the variation at the eastern boundary. The strengthening of the local Hadley Circulation in boreal summer leads to a strengthening of the northward winds that blow across the equator. These stronger winds drive enhanced evaporation and entrainment cooling of the oceanic mixed layer. The resulting change in SST is greatest in the east because the mixed layer is at its shallowest there. As the east Pacific SST cools the zonal SST gradient in the central Pacific becomes more negative. This development signals the onset of the second stage in the seasonal variation of equatorial SST. In response to the anomalous SST gradient the local westward wind stress increases. This increase drives cooling of the oceanic mixed layer in which no single mechanism dominates: enhanced evaporation, wind-driven entrainment, and westward advection all contribute. We discuss the role that equatorial upwelling plays in modulating mixed layer depth and hence the entrainment cooling, and we highlight the importance of seasonal variations in mixed layer depth. In sum these processes act to propagate the SST anomaly westward. Received: 22 February 1999 / Accepted: 20 March 2000     

A link between winter precipitation in Europe and the Arctic Sea ice,sea surface temperature,and atmospheric circulation

The spatial and temporal pattern of the link between the winter precipitation variability and variations in the North Atlantic sea surface temperature, the Arctic sea ice concentration, and 500 hPa geopotential height in the Northern Hemisphere is analyzed for the period of 1952-2012. The analysis reveals two principal modes of covariability in the analyzed characteristics. The first mode which explains the most part of covariability, is related to the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The second mode indicates the significant contribution of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation associated with winter precipitation anomalies of the same sign in Europe with the maxima on the East European Plain and in the Balkan region during the positive phase of AMO.     

关键海区海温异常的变化与中国区域降水和气温的关系

利用 １９５１年到 １９９８年的月平均海温资料及同时期中国 １６０个测站的降水和气温的月平均资料,选用海温异常的变化趋势一变温,讨论了关键海区海温异常的变化与我国降水和气温的关系,旨在探讨变温因子与我国降水和气温的关系与海温距平与降水和气温的关系有什么不同,用变温因子能否降低降水预报的不确定性。结果表明：降水异常对海温异常两种变化趋势的响应不完全相同,说明分别讨论同一种海温异常态的两种变化趋势对降水的影响比单独讨论海温距平对降水的影响更有效一些,有助于降低预报的不确定性;除西太平洋海区外,气温异常对各海区海温异常两种变化趋势的响应较一致。降水异常对变温的响应与对海温异常的响应,有一致之处,也有不同之处。     

欧亚大陆夏季地表温度的气候特征及与大气环流的联系

采用1960—2010年NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,利用经验正交函数(EOF)展开方法等,分析了欧亚大陆夏季地表温度变化特征及其与大气环流的关系。结果表明:欧亚大陆夏季地表温度的均方差在高纬度地区大于在低纬度地区。欧亚大陆夏季地表温度最主要的特征是全区一致变化,除了青藏高原东侧为降温趋势外,其他地区为变暖趋势,其中40~65°N增温明显;其次,高纬度地区表现出"-+-"变化特征。西风环流指数的变化与地表温度的增温密切相关,而EU指数与中高纬度地区地表温度异常的分布类型密切相关。根据欧亚大陆夏季地表温度的气候特征和时空变化特征,确定了5个关键区。各关键区指数都有增温趋势,但是变化特征不同。不同关键区指数的异常所对应的环流形势异常均不相同,与不同关键区地表温度密切联系的环流因子也不相同。     

Multidecadal changes in the relationship between extreme temperature events in Uruguay and the general atmospheric circulation

We analyze changes in the relationship between extreme temperature events and the large scale atmospheric circulation before and after the 1976 climate shift. To do so we first constructed a set of two temperature indices that describe the occurrence of warm nights (TN90) and cold nights (TN10) based on a long daily observed minimum temperature database that spans the period 1946?C2005, and then divided the period into two subperiods of 30?years each (1946?C1975 and 1976?C2005). We focus on summer (TN10) and winter (TN90) seasons. During austral summer before 1976 the interannual variability of cold nights was characterized by a negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) with a cyclonic anomaly centered off Uruguay that favoured the entrance of cold air from the south. After 1976 cold nights are associated not with the SAM, but with an isolated vortex at upper levels over South Eastern South America. During austral winter before 1976, the El Ni?o phenomenon dominated the interannual variability of warm nights through an increase in the northerly warm flow into Uruguay. However, after 1976 the El Ni?o connection weakened and the variability of warm nights is dominated by a barotropic anticyclonic anomaly located in the South Atlantic and a low pressure center over South America. This configuration also strengthens the northward flow of warm air into Uruguay. Our results suggest that changes in El Ni?o evolution after 1976 may have played a role in altering the relationship between temperature extreme events in Uruguay and the atmospheric circulation.     

Correlation analyses between sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the world ocean

Based on data from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS), objective analyses of the monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) were prepared at GFDL for each month of the 110-year period 1870–1979. Time series of various indices characterizing the SST anomalies averaged over the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP), the tropical oceans and the world ocean are presented for monthly, yearly and decadal time-averaging periods. Global correlations maps are given for each decade of the 1870–1979 period. They show the spatial connections between the monthly SST anomalies in the EEP and in other parts of the world ocean and how these connections vary for the different decades. On the intermonthly time scale the SST anomalies in the EEP and those in the tropical and world oceans are found to be highly correlated, with maximum correlations values of 0.91 at zero lag for the tropical oceans during the 1950–1959 decade and 0.81 for the world ocean during the 1970–1979 decade. Positive correlation values of r0.36 persist on average from about 4 months before to about 8 months after the EEP anomalies occur. There is a clear tendency for the tropical and world ocean anomalies to lag behind the EEP anomalies. Comparing different oceans, we find the tendency for the tropical SST anomalies in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans to lag behind those in the EEP region by about 1 and 3 months, respectively. On the interannual time scale the EEP anomalies are also well correlated with those in the other regions, having an average correlation of 0.84 for the tropical oceans and of about 0.7 for the world ocean.     

Effects of meridional sea surface temperature changes on stratospheric temperature and circulation

Using a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model,we analyzed the atmospheric responses to increases in sea surface temperature （SST）.The results showed that increases in SST and the SST meridional gradient could intensify the subtropical westerly jets and significantly weaken the northern polar vortex.In the model runs,global uniform SST increases produced a more significant impact on the southern stratosphere than the northern stratosphere,while SST gradient increases produced a more significant impact on the northern stratosphere.The asymmetric responses of the northern and southern polar stratosphere to SST meridional gradient changes were found to be mainly due to different wave properties and transmissions in the northern and southern atmosphere.Although SST increases may give rise to stronger waves,the results showed that the effect of SST increases on the vertical propagation of tropospheric waves into the stratosphere will vary with height and latitude and be sensitive to SST meridional gradient changes.Both uniform and non-uniform SST increases accelerated the large-scale Brewer-Dobson circulation （BDC）,but the gradient increases of SST between 60°S and 60°N resulted in younger mean age-of-air in the stratosphere and a larger increase in tropical upwelling,with a much higher tropopause than from a global uniform 1.0 K SST increase.