Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au,Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet,China: A review

The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.     

Carbon cycle variability in tropical Atlantic across two Early Eocene hyperthermals

Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr^-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr^-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of late Mesoproterozoic mafic and granitic rocks in the southwestern Yangtze Block

Late Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the SW Yangtze Block are important for understanding the role of it in reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent.In the present study,we report new geochronological,geochemical,and Nd-Hf isotopic data for the Cuoke plagioclase amphibolites and granites in the SW Yangtze Block.Geochronological results show that the plagioclase amphibolites and granites have similar late Mesoproterozoic zircon U-Pb ages of 1168-1162 Ma,constituting a bimodal igneous assemblage.The plagioclase amphibolites have high and variable TiO2 contents(1.15-4.30 wt.%)and Mg#(34-66)values,similar to the tholeiitic series.They are characterized by enrichment in LREEs and LILEs,and have OIB-like affinities with positive Nb and Ta anomalies.The plagioclase amphibolites have positive whole-rockεNd(t)(+3.2 to+4.3)and zirconεHf(t)(+4.3 to+10.7)values,indicating that they were derived from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source.The granites belong to the reduced peralkaline A-type series and have negativeεNd(t)value of-6.0 andεHf(t)values of-5.8 to-13.8,indicating a derivation from the partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust.In combination with the~1.05-1.02 Ga bimodal igneous assemblage in the SW Yangtze Block,we propose that the Cuoke 1168-1162 Ma igneous rocks were likely formed in a continental rift basin and argue against the existance of Grenvillian Orogen in the SW Yangtze Block during the late Mesoproterozoic.     

Analysis of prospecting polymetallic metallogenic belts by comprehensive geophysical method

This paper is based on the analysis and research on the silver-lead-zinc polymetallic ore in New Ballyhoo Banner in southern Manzhouli of Inner Mongolia.Because metal mineralization brings rock formations,the geophysical features such as low resistivity,high polarization rate and uneven distribution of magnetization,the comprehensive geophysical methods are adopted including high-precision magnetic measurement,high-power induced polarization,IP field middle gradient and controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics.In the survey work of multi-metal ore deposits,from surface sweeping to single point measurement,and from single point to section going deeper layer by layer,the resolution of measurement is continuously improved,and various geophysical methods support and complement each other,so explorers can successfully predict the direction,scale and volume of the metallogenic belts in conjunction with geochemical exploration,geological survey and drilling.It has provided a strong basis for completing the exploration task of predicting the reserve volume of ore bodies.The research conclusions of this exploration case have thus a high reference value in the same type of exploration work.     

利用Grapher绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图

在物探扫面工作中,有大量的剖面数据需要绘制成剖面平面图,要求寻找一个高效快速的制图方法.通过对Grapher 自动化功能的分析和实践,编制程序实现了快速绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图的需求,说明利用自动化脚本能够在获得精美图件的同时,可以极大地提高作图效率.     

冷生风化作用对边坡稳定性影响

The experiment shows that considerable influence on density rock properties are subjected by nival weathering conditions. The main parameter defining the rock suitability for solution various engineering and geological problems is its firmness limit on single axis pressing. The firmness properties of sandstone being in absolutely dry condition for Kabakta suite at the beginning of investigation was 64.7 MPa, for Nerungri suite sandstones it was 48. 7 MPa. The investigations showed how much the nival conditions of cryohypergenesis of rock sandstones in Kabakta and Nerungri suites have destructive influence in comparison with aquale and more over aerale conditions. In the aerale conditions sedimentary rock firmness of Kabakta suite decreased to 23.2 MPa, in aquale conditions to 16.5, and in the nivale conditions to 8.9 MPa. In Nerungri suite sandstones are according to 17.7 MPa, 11.1 MPa, and 6 MPa after 300 freezing and thawing cycles. The common sandstone firmness decrease of Kabakta suite was 25 %,of Nerungri suite it was 23.8%. Marlstone samples after 400 FTC decrease to 62% in the nivale conditions and to 33 % in the aerale conditions. After 3～5 years of exploitation marlstone will destruct due to structural and textural inhomogenesis up to gruss, i.e. it will not meet the requirements of durability.Judging by the results of carried out experiment it should be concluded that by cryogenic weathering the sedimentary rocks (sandstones) and rocks with schistose lithogenic texture (marlstone) are subjected to disintegration. The primary rock samples firmness considerably influences on the disintegration rate.     

《同一个地质计划》的进展与对策

《同一个地质计划（OneGeology）》最初由英国地质调查局于2006年2月提出,已得到全球地学组织的支持。到2007年底,国际地球科学联合会等10个全球学术团体与国际地学组织、2个跨国公司、2位知名人士和67个国家的地质调查局参加了该计划。《同一个地质计划》是各个国家的地质调查局贡献给国际行星地球年的、约1：100万比例尺的、可在网络上很容易取得最好世界地质图数据的计划。该计划的目标是：使可用的地质图数据能被更多的人使用,使需要的人受益,促进互操作能力的增强。《同一个地质计划》的实施,可以提升全球、大陆、行星、海洋地球科学图的编制和出版的合作能力。深化对一些地区地质问题的研究,并可作为国际地球行星年一个切实可用的成果,提升国家地质调查局的形象;运用管理地学知识的领导能力和经验,通过教育、科学、文化和交流。能够处理全球污染对社会、经济和环境的影响问题。促进全球环境保护公约的执行,减缓自然灾害,使全球经济可持续发展,人们的居住环境更安全、更繁荣。精神生活更丰富、更快乐。因此,实施该计划不仅有现实意义,更有重要而深远的政治意义。     

Cenozoic Sea‐land Transition and its Petroleum Geological Significance in the Northern South China Sea

The process of Cenozoic sea-land changes in the northern South China Sea(SCS)controlled the sedimentary filling pattern and played an important role in the petroleum geological characteristics of the northern marginal sedimentary basins.Under the control of the opening process of the SCS,the northern SCS Cenozoic transgression generally showed the characteristics of early in the east and late in the west,and early in the south and late in the north.The initial transgression occurred in the Eocene in the Taixinan Basin(TXNB)of the eastern SCS,while the transgression occurred until the Pliocene in the Yinggehai Basin(YGHB)of the western SCS.International Ocean Discovery Program(IODP)expeditions(Expeditions 367/368)revealed that the initial transgression of the SCS basin occurred at approximately 34 Ma,which was the initial opening time of the SCS.The period of drastic changes in the sedimentary environment caused by large-scale transgression corresponded to the opening time of the southwestern subbasin(approximately 23 Ma),which also represented the peak of the spreading of the SCS.The sea-land transition process controls the distribution of alternating continent-marine facies,marine facies source rocks and reservoirs in the basins.The marine facies source rocks of the basins in the northern SCS have a trend of gradually becoming younger from east to west,which is consistent with the regional process of gradual transgression from east to west.Regional sea-level changes were comprehensively influenced by SCS opening and global sea-level changes.These processes led to the early development in the east and south and late development in the west and north for the carbonate platform in the SCS.Carbonate platforms form another type of"selfgenerating and self-accumulating"oil-gas reservoir in the northern SCS.The sea-land transition controlled the depositional filling patterns of different basins and laid the foundation of marine deposits for oil and gas resources.The source-reservoircap assemblage in the northern SCS was controlled horizontally by provenance supply and sedimentary environmental changes caused by sea-land transition and vertically by the tectonic evolution of the SCS and regional sea-level changes.     

Geochemical Characterizations of Source and Depositional Environment of Hydrocarbons in the Lake Albert Rift Basin

Despite the upsurge in hydrocarbon exploration in the Lake Albert Rift Basin(LARB)over the past three decades,systematic characterization of hydrocarbon compositions remains lacking,leading to uncertainties in source rock and oil generation determination.We characterized crude oil compositions and oil sand samples in the northern and southern subbasins of LARB.The relative abundance of normal and branched linear alkanes,hopanes,steranes,and aromatic hydrocarbon suggest that northern and southern hydrocarbons were deposited in anoxic to suboxic lacustrine environments and share similar biological source compositions(i.e.,a mixture of plants and aquatic algae and bacteria).Relative to southern samples,northern samples show more negative δ¹³C values for oils,saturates and aromatics,indicating longer migration paths,and exhibit higher MPI-1,DNR-1 and 4-/1-MDBT ratios,indicating higher maturity.Between the two possible sets of source rocks(upper Miocene and Jurassic strata),the positive δ¹³C values of saturated hydrocarbons(average=-20.5‰)suggest that the upper Miocene lacustrine shale is the most likely candidate.Oleanane index(<5% in our samples)does not exclude either source rock possibility,and C₂₈/C₂₉ regular sterane(average=0.63)may be biased by high terrestrial inputs in a lacustrine setting.Together,our data show that northern and southern oils originate from the same source rocks but different oil kitchens.Given the similar geochemical characteristics of southern and northern oils,previous exploration successes in the northern subbasin likely suggest similar potential in the southern sector,while other elements influencing exploration success must be also evaluated.     

塔中围斜地区碎屑岩储层地震非线性综合预测

针对塔中围斜区总体勘探程度较低、大埋深碎屑岩储层构造欠发育和储层内部的非均质特性,尝试将储层地震非线性综合预测技术首次应用于塔中围斜区碎屑岩储层预测,储层综合预测表明,卡1区东河砂岩和志留系下砂岩段储层的有效性指数值在0.7以上的层段为有利储层段,取得了新的进展和较好的应用效果,对该区的勘探开发具有一定的参考意义,为塔中围斜区储层预测和油气检测探索出一条新的技术途径。     

枣园油田自来屯地区孔一段储层成岩作用及其对开发效果的影响

本文针对枣园油田自来屯地区孔一段油藏开发效果差的实际情况,研究储集层砂岩岩矿特征、成岩作用及其对储集性能的影响、粘土矿物及储层结构模型与储层潜在敏感性及油层损害的关系,提出了油层保护措施。     

三维三相渗流数模在提高非均质油藏注水开发采收率中的应用

强非均质油藏注水开发过程中随着水洗程度的加深．高渗层水淹严重，低渗层无法动用或动用程度较低，油层平面及纵向动用差异日益增大，严重影响注水开发效果．以强非均质油藏板9断块为例，针对油藏本身的流体特性及注水开发特点，从油、气、水三相渗流达西运动方程和物质守恒角度出发，建立了该断块油藏三维三相渗流数学模型．优化设计合理的网格系统以及算法组合对该断块进行了数值模拟研究，准确描述剩余潜力分布．有针对性的提出综合治理措施．使开发效果得到明显改善，为同类断块油藏的开发提供指导和借鉴。     

塔里木盆地北部白垩系卡普沙良群储层特征

白垩系卡普沙良群是塔里木盆地北部重要的油气储集层位之一，包括亚格列木组层、舒善河组和巴西盖组储集层（有称为卡普沙良群中上部储集层）。从储层岩石学、储层物性、储层孔隙结构及储集性控制因素等方面对储层特征进行了系统分析，总结储层的储集特征。研究结果表明，该储层为砂岩储集岩，储层物性及孔隙结构较好，储集性纵横向上分别受沉积韵律与沉积相带展布的控制，同时还受压实作用、溶蚀作用和胶结作用等成岩作用的控制；并认为亚格列木组储集性较好，横向上以跨越阿克库勒－沙雅西的储集砂体为最好，它具有多套砂体叠置发育的特点。     

复合叠合盆地油气成藏特征——以塔里木盆地为例

复合叠合盆地的多旋回演化会形成多个油气系统。每个油气系统中的成藏作用各具特点 ,其共同点是 :烃源和封盖这两个要素是首要前提 ,二者控制着烃类的资源总量、充满度、系统的类型和性质 ,在这两个前提下 ,储层、圈闭、通道等则控制着油气藏的规模、丰度 ;成藏的温压环境则影响着烃类流体性质。塔里木盆地是典型的复合叠合盆地 ,共有 9个油气系统 ,可分为前陆区的腐殖型和克拉通区的腐泥型两类。前者为单旋回富气区 ,有 3种成藏机制 ;后者为多旋回富油区 ,具有 4个成藏期。多种类型的油气系统、多样的成藏机制和多期的成藏作用是复合叠合盆地油气成藏的重要特征     

利用流动单元计算高含水油田渗透率

油田进入高含水期,储层参数发生了变化。用传统的解释方法计算渗透率很难达到理想的精度。作者提出利用储层流体流动单元流动带指标反算渗透率的方法,并应用于辽河油田欢26断块高含水油田储层评价中,取得了良好的应用效果。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部盒8段古含气范围的地球化学特征

鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段气藏为深盆气藏。通过分析鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格庙地区盒8段储集层中有机包裹体的丰度、储集层的热解特征,并结合该区的构造演化和生烃演化等特征,探讨了苏里格庙北部盒8段气层的古含气边界的变化情况及天然气的保存条件。认为盒8段气层的分布范围在早白垩世末期达到最大,后期的构造抬升对气水边界的影响并不大,这是因为构造抬升后,气源岩的压力下降,增加了煤系地层中吸附气的脱附能力,为气藏补充足够的气体,从而使得古气水边界的分布与现今的差别不大。地层倾角的大小能影响天然气的富集和保存,地层倾角相对平缓的斜坡部位利于天然气的聚集,是高产气区。     

川西新场气田蓬莱镇组有利储集砂体展布研究

川西新场气田蓬莱镇组次生气藏为岩性气藏，在蓬莱镇组砂、泥岩中，砂岩为最主要储层。通过对该气藏进行沉积相、储层及气层地震响应等特征的详细研究后，认为控制储层储集性好坏的主要因素是沉积微相。气藏内有利储集砂岩多属三角洲前缘河口砂坝、三角洲平原分流河道砂坝及河流相河道砂坝微相。有利储集砂体展布即与这三种微相展布一致     

阿尔金山南缘吐拉盆地侏罗系砂岩储集性特征

在大量岩石薄片和铸体薄片研究的基础上,运用常规物性、毛细管压力曲线和图象分析等手段,对吐拉盆地侏罗系砂岩的孔渗性及孔隙结构等特征作了详细研究。孔隙类型主要为次生溶孔,偶见剩余原生粒间孔,它们基本上属于低孔低渗储集层,同时孔隙的微观结构较差。强烈的机械压实作用是导致砂岩孔隙结构变差的主要因素;早期碳酸盐胶结作用弱,使得后期的溶解改造作用也较弱;这造成了砂岩的有效储集空间较差的结果。构造作用使得岩石中裂隙发育,提高了岩石孔渗性,极大地改善了岩石的储集性能,在有利部位可以形成较好的储层。     

川中南部地区下二叠统栖霞组白云岩储层成因研究

川中南部地区下二叠统栖霞组在钻探中发现栖二段细—中晶白云岩是良好的储层,并且多口井获得工业气流,展示出一定勘探潜力。为进一步预测川中南部地区白云岩的储层分布特征,加快研究区下一步勘探开发,应用储层岩性特征识别、碳氧同位素、包裹体测温、阴极发光以及稀土元素分析研究白云岩储层成因,结果表明栖霞组白云岩无石膏或其他蒸发盐岩伴生,储集岩以细—中晶白云岩和灰质白云岩为主,主要分布于栖二段;栖霞组白云岩C、O同位素测试δ13C为4.03‰~4.77‰、古盐度为131.74~133.39,包裹体均一温度为110~180℃,阴极发光较弱,基质白云岩发紫红色光,溶洞充填马鞍状白云岩不发光;稀土元素的轻稀土和重稀土分布趋势一致,保持了原岩的稀土配分趋势;综合分析认为栖二段白云岩为埋藏成因,其中裂缝和溶洞充填的马鞍状白云岩为热液成因。