长白山天池火山最近一次大喷发年代研究及其意义

对采自长白山天池火山最近一次大喷发的浮岩空降堆积物中的一棵大炭化木,自边缘至中心作了系统的~(14)C年代测定,并与高精度树轮校正曲线匹配拟会,获得大喷发的年代为AD(1215土15)a.讨论了这次大喷发对全球气候的影响,指出这次大喷发最有可能对应于GISP2格陵兰冰芯中的AD(1229±2)a的SO_4~2-峰.     

五大连池火山群最新喷发时间的热释光(TL)年代学证据

首次利用ＴＬ测年技术,测定了五大连池火山群中两座最新喷发的火山熔岩中的烘烤捕虏体的年代。测定结果（（２６４±１９）ａＢ．Ｐ．,（２７３±１９）ａＢ．Ｐ．）在误差范围内与喷发的历史记载（１７１９～１７２１年）一致,表明这两座火山是同期喷发的产物,同时也表明利用ＴＬ测年技术能比较准确地测定年轻火山活动的年代,它为恢复火山最新喷发历史的研究提供了一种比较可靠的年代测定途径     

镜泊湖全新世火山空降碎屑剖面和喷发历史

镜泊湖全新世火山群 10余座火山分成 5个小的喷发中心位居西南和东北两区 ,每个喷发中心由 2～ 4个火山组成。西南区包括“火山口森林”、“大干泡”、“五道沟”和“迷魂阵”等 4个喷发中心 ,东北区仅“蛤蟆塘”1个喷发中心。火山喷发的产物主要包括熔岩流、溅落堆积和空降堆积 ,火口的锥体主要由溅落堆积的火山渣、火山弹、熔岩饼和薄层熔岩流组成。在“大干泡”和“蛤蟆塘”两处的空降碎屑堆积可达数米厚。镜泊湖全新世火山岩分布面积近 5 0 0km2 ,岩浆主要源自“火山口森林”的1号和 4号火口。文中通过“火山口森林”4号火口空降碎屑实测剖面及其碳化木14 C定年 ,纠正了以往的14 C定年资料 ,认为镜泊湖全新世火山的喷发活动主要在距今 5 2 0 0～ 5 5 0 0a,相继由多次喷发形成 10余座火山。研究认为 ,镜泊湖地区全新世期间不存在以千年计的 3期火山喷发活动     

火山碎屑沉积岩储层评价方法综述

火山碎屑沉积岩储层普遍含有凝灰质,而凝灰质的测井响应十分复杂,为储层的测井评价带来了很大难度.本文介绍了多种国内外的含有凝灰质的火山碎屑沉积岩的测井评价方法,尤其是凝灰质含量的计算方法.我国学者提出的最优化测井解释方法、相对指示法和统计法等可以解决火山碎屑沉积岩储层模型中的成分含量问题;阿根廷的Alberto Khatchikian和Pedro Lesta等人利用声波、密度和中子曲线求取泥质和凝灰质含量的解释方法,通过标准化砂-泥岩的方法得出含水饱和度和孔隙度,并且已投入使用;TOSHINOBU ITOH利用阳离子交换量(CEC)对火山凝灰岩进行测井解释.这些方法对进一步评价火山碎屑沉积岩储层奠定了基础.     

大兴安岭焰山、高山火山——一种新的火山喷发型式

在野外地质资料基础上,利用火山形态学方法,探讨了大兴安岭焰山、高山火山的喷发型式。结果表明,大兴安岭哈拉哈河-绰尔河火山群中的焰山和高山火山不同于斯通博利式喷发形成的火山,其早期爆破喷发的火山碎屑形成火山渣锥、空降火山碎屑席和小型火山碎屑流,晚期溢出大量熔岩。两火山具有较高大的锥体(标高200～300m以上),在结构上,松散火山砾、火山弹等构成下部的降落锥,熔结集块岩构成上部的溅落锥。由火山砾和火山灰组成的空降火山碎屑席分布在火山锥体周围。两火山溢出的熔岩经历了从结壳熔岩→翻花石→渣状熔岩的演变。根据喷发产物可推断焰山和高山火山具有以下喷发特征:爆破喷发形成持续的喷发柱→斯通博利式喷发→熔岩喷泉喷溢,其中以持续时间较长的喷发柱区别于典型的斯通博利式喷发。类似焰山、高山火山的喷发特征,在龙岗第四纪火山群、镜泊湖全新世火山群中也都有个例,这是中国大陆火山作用中一种新的喷发型式。     

长白山千年大喷发泉阳泥炭沉积物记录

长白山千年大喷发火山灰覆盖面积极广,广泛分布于日本海及日本半岛等地,在9 000km以外的格陵兰地区也有这层火山灰的产出,是1个非常重要的等时标志层。文中在长白山NW约45km泉阳泥炭沉积物(64cm)中发现一火山灰层,放射性14C定年结果为886—1013cal AD(95. 4%),火山玻璃主量元素的地球化学特征显示其为碱流质,与长白山千年大喷发火山灰碱流质端元十分吻合,确定为长白山千年大喷发的产物。文中的研究结果说明,这次火山喷发产生的火山灰向NW向已经飘散至约45km以外的泉阳地区,另外,鉴于火山灰中浮岩颗粒粒径可达0. 3cm,说明此次火山喷发产生的火山灰可能向W飘散至更远的地区,从而在更广大的区域上形成等时标志层。千年大喷发泉阳泥炭火山灰与四海龙湾、日本等地以及格陵兰冰芯中的火山灰具有不完全一致的火山玻璃主量元素组成,泉阳泥炭中的火山物质在成分上与典型的空降浮岩有所不同,而是与此次火山喷发的松散火山碎屑流更为接近。     

利用气孔大小分布和玻璃地球化学研究约束墨西哥波波卡特佩特火山脱气过程

波波卡特佩特火山爆炸式喷发活动是对周围人口稠密地区的一个严重威胁,因此在短时间内认识喷发类型(从爆炸式到熔岩盾形成)指标的变化是非常重要的。本次研究,我们给出来自波波卡特佩特火山5次主要普林尼式喷发(大约23~1.2ka)、2001年部分熔岩盾坍塌时的小喷发和1997年4次喷发(5月11日、6月14日、15日和30日)产生的原生碎屑中气孔大小分布(VSD)和基质玻璃成分分析的结果。对基质玻璃主元素的分析(WDS-EPMA)可以估计出喷发的岩浆进入不平衡(晶体和岩浆之间)的深度,通过利用Blundy和Cashman(2001)的石英-钠长石-正长石三元系计算平衡压力来获得。利用CSD软件通过气孔大小分布分析定量解释原生碎屑(浮岩或火山渣)结构来建立岩浆上升时的物理变化和喷发条件之间的关系。原生碎屑内气泡化的程度和类型也与喷发的类型和持续时间有关,特别是可用来识别气孔结构的变化,这种变化代表了从爆炸式到熔岩盾喷发的转变(Mangan and Sisson,2000;Adams et al,2006)。本次研究给出了波波卡特佩特火山比早期认为的更为复杂的岩浆存储历史,这对该火山目前的研究是一个重要的贡献。     

长白山天池火山气象站期喷发类型研究

全面系统地了解一座活火山的喷发特征与历史,对于预测其未来喷发形式及灾害性具有重要意义.长白山天池火山晚更新世或全新世以来存在3期大规模的喷发活动,天文峰期喷发与千年大喷发皆为典型的大规模的布里尼式爆炸喷发,而气象站期喷发方式却在爆炸式或溢流式的喷发类型上存在着激烈的争论.气象站期喷发物在遥感影像上表现为以气象站为寄生火口,向北流动长约5.4km,形貌上似一条熔岩流,但文中研究认为是小规模的脉冲式爆炸喷发而形成的岩层形态.主要依据为:1)岩石成分为高黏度的酸性岩浆;2)野外露头与剖面的薄层状堆积特征;3)晶屑的棱角状破碎形态;4)岩石的颗粒支撑结构.研究结果表明,气象站期的堆积物是爆炸喷发产生的碎屑物沿山坡以火山灰流的形式快速流动,在高温与高流速的剪切力作用下,火山灰流形成1套薄层状的熔结凝灰岩.因此,长白山天池火山晚更新世或全新世以来3期喷发活动均为爆炸式喷发,而非以前认为的爆炸-溢流-爆炸式喷发.     

Toba火山喷发在南海沉积物中的记录——ODP1143站钻孔火山玻璃的证据

ODP 1143站最上部的3层火山灰深度(mcd)分别为5.55 m(本文称之为A层)、42.66 m(B层)、48.25 m(C层), 其厚度均为-2 cm. 微古生物资料初步限定它们的年龄分别为-0.07 Ma、-0.80 Ma和-1.0 Ma. 这些火山灰层主要由70-150 μm的火山玻璃碎屑组成. 电子探针分析结果的对比表明, 这3层火山灰分别与Toba第四纪3次火山喷发物(YTT, OTT及HDT)相对应. Toba火山喷发物在南海的发现暗示其喷发作用多发生在为南海夏季风期间, 喷发强度可能要比原先估计的更强.     

长白山天池火山一次近代喷发物的特征

长白山天池火山是中国最具有潜在灾害性喷发危险的活动火山。在开展长白山天池火山近代喷发历史的研究中,通过野外考察、粒度分析、岩石化学研究,识别出了一套新的火山喷发物。这套喷发物分布于天池水面东北侧,为一套灰色多层火山碎屑堆积,厚约9.2m。下伏公元1668年的火山空降堆积。粒度分析表明,天池火山最近一次喷发物以空降堆积为主,夹一层薄层涌浪堆积,火山喷发类型为射气岩浆型。涌浪堆积碎屑物的分数维值为2.71。空降堆积的分数维值小于涌浪堆积,综合投点求出的分数维值为2.36。显微镜下可观察到鸡骨架状玻屑,无黏土矿物,为原生火山爆发堆积。火山碎屑堆积物中的浮岩岩石化学分析结果表明岩浆成分为粗面质。根据历史记录、地层层序关系、堆积物特征的综合分析,推测堆积物的形成时间为公元1903年     

五大连池火山新史料及对火山喷发过程的讨论

本文叙述了新发现的有关五大连池老黑山,火烧山两座近代火山喷发过程的清化清文料档案的主要内容。在此基础上讨论了火山发过程及有关问题,同时评议了这些史料的学术价值．     

New insights into Late Pleistocene explosive volcanic activity and caldera formation on Ischia (southern Italy)

A new pyroclastic stratigraphy is presented for the island of Ischia, Italy, for the period ∼75–50 ka BP. The data indicate that this period bore witness to the largest eruptions recorded on the island and that it was considerably more volcanically active than previously thought. Numerous vents were probably active during this period. The deposits of at least 10 explosive phonolite to basaltic-trachyandesite eruptions are described and interpreted. They record a diverse range of explosive volcanic activity including voluminous fountain-fed ignimbrite eruptions, fallout from sustained eruption columns, block-and-ash flows, and phreatomagmatic eruptions. Previously unknown eruptions have been recognised for the first time on the island. Several of the eruptions produced pyroclastic density currents that covered the whole island as well as the neighbouring island of Procida and parts of the mainland. The morphology of Ischia was significantly different to that seen today, with edifices to the south and west and a submerged depression in the centre. The largest volcanic event, the Monte Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT) resulted in caldera collapse across all or part of the island. It is shown to comprise at least two thick intracaldera ignimbrite flow-units, separated by volcaniclastic sediments that were deposited during a pause in the eruption. Extracaldera deposits of the MEGT include a pumice fall deposit emplaced during the opening phases of the eruption, a widespread lithic lag breccia outcropping across much of Ischia and Procida, and a distal ignimbrite in south-west Campi Flegrei. During this period the style and magnitude of volcanism was dictated by the dynamics of a large differentiated magma chamber, which was partially destroyed during the MEGT eruption. This contrasts with the small-volume Holocene and historical effusive and explosive activity on Ischia, the timing and distribution of which has been controlled by the resurgence of the Monte Epomeo block. The new data contribute to a clearer understanding of the long-term volcanic and magmatic evolution of Ischia.     

THE HISTORICAL RECORDS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN THE KOREAN PENINSULA

The historical document record is of vital significance to determine the volcanic eruption history age in the volcanology research and it cannot be replaced by ¹⁴C dating and other methods. The volcanoes are widely distributed in the northeast area of China, but there is lack of relevant historical records. However, there are the records of the volcanic eruption in the historical documents of Goryeo Dynasty(AD918-1392)and Joseon Dynasty(AD1391-1910)in the Korean Peninsula which is separated by a river with China only. Some of the records have been widely used as important information to the research of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano eruption history by researchers both at home and abroad, but they have different opinions. On the basis of the historical documents in the Korean Peninsula, that is, the History of Goryeo Dynasty and the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty so on, the phenomena of volcanic eruptions, including the intuitive eruptive events and the doubtful volcanic eruption phenomenon such as "the ash fall", "the white hair fall", "the sky fire", "the dust fall" are investigated and put in order systematically in this paper. The results are as follows:1)The intuitive eruptive events are the 1002AD eruption of Mt. Halla volcano on Jeju Island, Korea Peninsula, and the 1007AD volcanic eruption offshore to the west of Jeju Island, Korea Peninsula, as well as the 1597AD eruption of Mt. Wangtian'e volcano in Changbai County, Jilin Province, China; 2)"The ash fall" is airborne volcanic ash, and those "ash falls" happening in 1265, 1401-1405, 1668, 1673 and 1702AD are possibly the tephra of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano; 3)"The white hair fall" is Pele's hair and it is speculated that the "white hair fall "happening in 1737AD is related to Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic eruption; 4)If regarding "the sky fire" as the volcanic eruption phenomenon, "the sky fire" happening in 1533AD is possibly the Changbaishan volcanic eruption event, and "the sky fire" in 1601-1609AD may be the eruptive event of the Longgang volcano in Jilin Province, China or Changbaishan Tianchi volcano; 5)"The dust fall" is recorded in many historical documents. However, "the dust fall" is not the volcanic ash fall but the phenomenon of loess fall. So, it is improper to determine the eruptive events of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano on the basis of "the dust fall".     

Towards real-time eruption forecasting in the Auckland Volcanic Field: application of BET_EF during the New Zealand National Disaster Exercise ‘Ruaumoko’

The Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF) is a young basaltic field that lies beneath the urban area of Auckland, New Zealand’s largest city. Over the past 250,000 years the AVF has produced at least 49 basaltic centers; the last eruption was only 600 years ago. In recognition of the high risk associated with a possible future eruption in Auckland, the New Zealand government ran Exercise Ruaumoko in March 2008, a test of New Zealand’s nation-wide preparedness for responding to a major disaster resulting from a volcanic eruption in Auckland City. The exercise scenario was developed in secret, and covered the period of precursory activity up until the eruption. During Exercise Ruaumoko we adapted a recently developed statistical code for eruption forecasting, namely BET_EF (Bayesian Event Tree for Eruption Forecasting), to independently track the unrest evolution and to forecast the most likely onset time, location and style of the initial phase of the simulated eruption. The code was set up before the start of the exercise by entering reliable information on the past history of the AVF as well as the monitoring signals expected in the event of magmatic unrest and an impending eruption. The average probabilities calculated by BET_EF during Exercise Ruaumoko corresponded well to the probabilities subjectively (and independently) estimated by the advising scientists (differences of few percentage units), and provided a sound forecast of the timing (before the event, the eruption probability reached 90%) and location of the eruption. This application of BET_EF to a volcanic field that has experienced no historical activity and for which otherwise limited prior information is available shows its versatility and potential usefulness as a tool to aid decision-making for a wide range of volcano types. Our near real-time application of BET_EF during Exercise Ruaumoko highlighted its potential to clarify and possibly optimize decision-making procedures in a future AVF eruption crisis, and as a rational starting point for discussions in a scientific advisory group. It also stimulated valuable scientific discussion around how a future AVF eruption might progress, and highlighted areas of future volcanological research that would reduce epistemic uncertainties through the development of better input models.     

Petrology of lavas from episodes 2–47 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii: Evaluation of magmatic processes

The Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii is one of its largest and most compositionally varied historical eruptions. The mineral and whole-rock compositions of the Puu Oo lavas indicate that there were three compositionally distinct magmas involved in the eruption. Two of these magmas were differentiated (<6.8 wt% MgO) and were apparently stored in the rift zone prior to the eruption. A third, more mafic magma (9–10 wt% MgO) was probably intruded as a dike from Kilauea's summit reservoir just before the start of the eruption. Its intrusion forced the other two magmas to mix, forming a hybrid that erupted during the first three eruptive episodes from a fissure system of vents. A new hybrid was erupted during episode 3 from the vent where Puu Oo later formed. The composition of the lava erupted from this vent became progressively more mafic over the next 21 months, although significant compositional variation occurred within some eruptive episodes. The intra-episode compositional variation was probably due to crystal fractionation in the shallow (0.0–2.9 km), dike-shaped (i.e. high surface area/volume ratio) and open-topped Puu Oo magma reservoir. The long-term compositional variation was controlled largely by mixing the early hybrid with the later, more mafic magma. The percentage of mafic magma in the erupted lava increased progressively to 100% by episode 30 (about two years after the eruption started). Three separate magma reservoirs were involved in the Puu Oo eruption. The two deeper reservoirs (3–4 km) recharged the shallow (0.4–2.9 km) Puu Oo reservoir. Recharge of the shallow reservoir occurred rapidly during an eruption indicating that these reservoirs were well connected. The connection with the early hybrid magma body was cut off before episode 30. Subsequently, only mafic magma from the summit reservoir has recharged the Puu Oo reservoir.     

Relationship between earthquake and volcanic eruption inferred from historical records

Introduction From the records of Wudalianchi volcanic group eruption in 1720~1721 obtained from the Man ethnic group files of Heilongjiang General Yamen in Qing Dynasty (WU, 1998; CHEN, WU, 2003), we have discovered the eruption time, state, material and scale of Laoheishan and Hu-oshaoshan volcanoes, as well as numerous seismic records. These historical materials are discov-ered for the first time although the study on Wudalianchi volcanic group has a long history. These earthquakes co…     

Bayesian event tree for eruption forecasting (BET_EF) at Vesuvius,Italy: a retrospective forward application to the 1631 eruption

Reliable forecasting of the next eruption at Vesuvius is the main scientific factor in defining effective strategies to reduce volcanic risk in one of the most dangerous volcanic areas of the world. In this paper, we apply a recently developed probabilistic code for eruption forecasting to new and independent historical data related to the pre-eruptive phase of the 1631 eruption. The results obtained point out three main issues: (1) the importance of “cold” historical data (according to Guidoboni 2008) related to pre-eruptive phases for evaluating forecasting tools and possibly refining them; (2) the BET_EF code implemented for Vesuvius would have forecasted the 1631 eruption satisfactorily, marking different stages of the pre-eruptive phase; (3) the code shows that pre-eruptive signals that significantly increase the probability of eruption were likely detected more than 2 months before the event.     

Satellite and ground observations of the June 2009 eruption of Sarychev Peak volcano, Matua Island, Central Kuriles

After 33 years of repose, one of the most active volcanoes of the Kurile island arc—Sarychev Peak on Matua Island in the Central Kuriles—erupted violently on June 11, 2009. The eruption lasted 9 days and stands among the largest of recent historical eruptions in the Kurile Island chain. Satellite monitoring of the eruption, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Meteorological Agency Multifunctional Transport Satellite, and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data, indicated at least 23 separate explosions between 11 and 16 June 2009. Eruptive clouds reached altitudes of generally 8–16 km above sea level (ASL) and in some cases up to 21 km asl. Clouds of volcanic ash and gas stretched to the north and northwest up to 1,500 km and to the southeast for more than 3,000 km. For the first time in recorded history, ash fall occurred on Sakhalin Island and in the northeast sector of the Khabarovsky Region, Russia. Based on satellite image analysis and reconnaissance field studies in the summer of 2009, the eruption produced explosive tephra deposits with an estimated bulk volume of 0.4 km³. The eruption is considered to have a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4. Because the volcano is remote, there was minimal risk to people or infrastructure on the ground. Aviation transport, however, was significantly disrupted because of the proximity of air routes to the volcano.     

长白山天池火山潜在喷发危险性讨论

根据吉林省新生代以来火山喷溢活动的时空演化历史，特别是全新世以来火山活动频民强度变化特征，以及现代喷发活动史记资料，结合１０多年火山动态观测数据，讨论了长白山天池潜在喷发的危险程度，认为其灾害性潜在喷发危险的时间尺度仍属于地质范畴。     

First historical evidence of a significant Mt. Etna eruption in 1224

The 1224 Mt. Etna eruption is a significant event both in terms of the mass of erupted materials and because it involved the lower eastern slope of the volcano, reaching down to the sea. Nevertheless, it is unknown to current historical catalogues. According to the historical sources, only two other lava flows actually reached as far as the sea: in 396 BC, just north of the present-day inhabited area of Acireale, according to the geological data alone, and in 1669, when the lava covered the south-eastern flank of Mt. Etna and damaged Catania. We present and discuss the two medieval sources that attest to the eruption of 1224 and make available the original texts. Furthermore, through the close analysis of the historical and topographic context of the Etna area, taking account of the roads and ports in the early 13th century, we have tried to single out the possible area of the lava's outlet into the sea in 1224 on historical grounds. A repeat of an eruption similar to that of 1224 would have a serious impact today as the coast is densely populated.