循环应力下饱和黏土剪切变形特性试验研究

针对饱和重塑黏土,利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,在不固结不排水(UU)条件下进行了应力控制式循环扭剪和竖向-扭转耦合试验,通过对试验结果的对比分析探讨了初始预剪应力和应力反向对应力-应变关系特性的影响,并阐述了不同加荷模式下孔隙水压力发展特性。以此为基础,综合考虑剪切变形和正向偏差变形的共同效应,同时为了能够反映平均残余变形和循环变形的影响,建议了一个综合应变破坏标准的算式。进而通过利用试验数据与目前常用的应变标准比较,表明这种破坏标准具有普遍适用性和较好的稳定性,适用于判定各种应力条件下黏土试样破坏及其强度。     

饱和黏土的循环剪切变形特性

利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪，针对饱和黏土，在不固结不排水（uu）条件下进行了应力控制式循环扭剪和竖向-扭转耦合试验，通过对试验结果的对比分析探讨了初始预剪应力和应力反向对应力-应变关系特性的影响。并阐述了不同循环应力模式下孔隙水压力发展特性。试验结果表明初始预剪应力对循环应力-应变关系的模式有明显的影响，当初始预剪应力较大且没有应力反向发生时，变形以累积效应为主，当初始剪应力为0时，变形以循环效应为主；不固结不排水条件下的循环孔隙水压力总是在围压附近波动，孔压的波动范围似乎随循环应力的增大而增大，但不具有孔压累积升高的特点。综合考虑剪切变形和正向偏差变形的共同效应，同时为了能够反映平均残余变形和循环变形的影响，建议了一个综合应变破坏标准的算式。进而通过利用试验数据与目前常用的应变标准比较，表明这种破坏标准具有普遍适用性和较好的稳定性，适用于判定各种应力条件下黏土试样破坏及其强度。     

椭圆形主应力轴旋转路径下饱和密砂动强度特性试验研究

针对海床在波浪荷载作用下的应力状态,利用大连理工大学的"土工静力-动力液压-三轴扭转多功能剪切仪",针对相对密实度为70%的福建标准砂进行了一系列应力控制式轴向一扭转双向耦合的不排水循环剪切试验试。通过分别控制轴向与扭转应力幅值,研究了椭圆形主应力轴旋转应力路径下两个剪切分量对饱和砂土的动强度及其剪切特性的影响。结合所得试验结论,说明了目前广泛用于动强度分析的循环剪应力表达式无法正确反映椭圆形主应力轴旋转应力路径下的动强度,并提出了一个新的动应力表达式用于分析复杂应力路径的动强度特性。     

浅基础地基荷载-变形特性的分析研究

在土体主应力方向的旋转过程中,主应力方向与塑性主应变增量方向之间存在着非共轴现象,非共轴现象对应力-应变关系具有显著的影响。通过有限元二次开发,将角点结构非共轴理论应用到有限元程序ABAQUS中;对密砂单剪试验进行数值模拟,研究了非共轴现象及其对应力-应变关系的影响;采用离心模型试验方法,对圆形浅基础作用下饱和密砂地基荷载-变形特性进行试验研究;对离心模型试验进行数值模拟,将试验结果与数值计算结果进行对比,对非共轴模型的计算结果的合理性进行验证。研究结果表明:非共轴现象对浅基础地基荷载-变形特性具有显著的影响;当选取合理的非共轴塑性模量时,非共轴模型的计算结果与离心模型试验结果比较接近。     

未胶结钙质砂静力和循环强度的单剪试验研究

通过等体积的单调和循环单剪试验研究南海未胶结钙质砂的静、动力反应,讨论应力水平和相对密实度对钙质砂静、动力强度的影响,并与典型的石英砂性质进行比较。在单调单剪试验中,中密和密实钙质砂在100～400 k Pa范围的初始竖向应力下都表现出应变硬化的性质,有效内摩擦角随剪应变增大。在循环单剪试验中,钙质砂的反应与相对密实度和初始竖向应力密切相关,但中密和密实钙质砂中的等效孔压都能达到初始竖向应力的85%～90%,此时剪应变突增,试样发生破坏。与相近密实度的石英砂相比,钙质砂抵抗液化的能力更强。提出了南海钙质砂动强度的归一化表达式,建立了不排水静强度、不排水动强度和循环次数之间的关系。     

含水合物粉细砂的三轴试验及模拟

利用水饱和法制备含天然气水合物试样,进行等向压缩试验和不排水三轴试验.采用天然气水合物临界状态(M HCS)模型同时预测排水条件和不排水条件下的三轴试验,并进行变动参数分析.不排水条件下,密实纯砂发生应变硬化,而相近密实度的含水合物试样出现应变软化,峰值偏应力随水合物饱和度和围压增大.通过与排水和不排水三轴试验结果的对...     

低围压水平下砂的排水行为(英文)

采用干样沉降法制备样品 ,选用静三轴仪对松砂和密砂样在 10 k Pa至 10 0 k Pa的低围压下的排水行为进行了实验研究 ,并对实验结果作了橡皮膜校正 ,在围压为 10 k Pa的密砂实验中 ,轴向应力的校正值可达到 12 %。实验研究表明低围压下松砂的剪胀性非常明显 ,且存在剪应力极值 ;围压越低 ,松砂和密砂的剪应力极值越小 ,达到最大剪应力所对应的剪应变越小。同时还表明低围压范围内相对密度不同 ,砂的应力应变特性不同 ;此外 ,低围压下砂的内摩擦角高于高围压下的值 ,从而在工程上应重视低围压水平下砂土工程参数的合理选取     

基于大直径三轴试验的钙质砂相对破碎率公式修正

钙质砂因特殊的成因,具有不规则形状和复杂孔隙等特征,容易发生颗粒破碎。本文对南海某岛礁天然钙质砂进行等向压缩试验和大直径三轴排水试验,同时测量颗粒相对破碎率,结果表明：钙质砂强度随轴向应变逐渐增大,达到峰值后明显软化,且峰值偏应力随围压增大而增大;颗粒破碎随着剪切逐渐发生,且围压越大破碎程度越大。采用描述颗粒破碎的SIMSAND模型预测排水条件下的三轴剪切试验,通过试验与预测结果的对比,揭示了模型对钙质砂预测的局限性。本文改进了SIMSAND模型,提出了围压不超过1 MPa时的颗粒相对破碎率公式,优化后的公式能更合理地预测峰值应力对应的轴向应变和颗粒破碎程度的演化。     

不同制样方式下含水合物粉细砂静力学特性研究

利用高压低温三轴仪对含水合物粉细砂进行剪切试验。分别用气饱和法与水饱和法制样,实现不同水合物饱和度和围压条件的三轴剪切,并分析含水合物砂的胶结作用对剪切特性的影响。试验结果表明：低饱和度时,气饱和与水饱和试样的偏应力差别不大;高饱和度时,制样方式对偏应力的影响较显著;水饱和试样的剪胀性大于气饱和试样,剪胀性随饱和度的升高和围压的降低而增大。峰值偏应力和稳态偏应力由黏聚力和摩擦力两部分组成,水合物的存在对稳态内摩擦角影响不大。     

海洋含黏粒砂土共振柱试验研究

本文利用英国GDS公司生产的RCA共振柱系统测试海洋含黏粒砂土动剪切模量,同时对比纯砂样的动剪切模量,系统研究固结应力、初始密实度、黏粒含量等因素对砂土最大动剪切模量的影响。试验结果表明:最大动剪切模量随有效固结应力增大而增大;随初始密实度增大而增大;随黏粒含量的增加而降低。     

Stress Analysis of Spatial Non-Concurrent Tubular Joints

The formulations of analytic-numerical method for the stress analysis of non-concurrent spatial tubular joints are introduced in the paper. The spatial DT joints with different eccentricity in the vertical diametrical plane of chord are computed. Finally the influence of eccentricity on the stress at possible hot spots is discussed.     

风应力测量技术研究

本文介绍了推动海水运动的基本原动力－风应力的传统测量方法,指出其误差较大的缺点,提出一种新的测量风应力的方法,并在实验中加以比较验证,证明了此种方法的可行性,其精度更高,且具有操作方便,容易观测的特点,是实验室研究风应力的好方法。     

环境胁迫对鱼类生理机能的影响

综述了环境胁迫的类型以及胁迫条件下鱼类的生理状态及其变化规律,认为鱼类对胁迫的适应反应从神经内分泌活动变化开始,激素含量变化是鱼类应激的敏感指标,血液指标在鱼类应激检测中有较高的应用价值。     

渤海海峡地应力场研究及地质条件评价

查明渤海海峡处现今地应力状态及断层活动状况,可为渤海海峡跨海通道建设提供科学依据。在通道中轴线上布设6个浅钻钻孔,进行了7个测点的空芯包体地应力测量工作。对测量数据分析后,认为海峡区最大水平主应力、最小水平主应力与垂直主应力均随深度的增加而线性增大;最大水平主应力大于垂直应力,区域内构造力处于主导地位;各测点处均有两个主应力位于近水平方向,其与水平面的夹角平均为7.8°;研究区内地应力各分量值之间相差不大,远远小于区内断层活动应力值的下限,研究区目前处于稳定状态。区域横向上看,海峡区南部地壳浅部的应力状态为σHσhσv,有利于逆断层活动,北部的应力状态为σHσvσh,有利于走滑断层活动;垂向上看,70m以上的各点应力值受地形影响较大,-70~-130m处的各点处于挤压应力状态中。整个区域处于NE-NEE向的挤压应力场中,在区域应力场的作用下,郯庐断裂带运动状态为右旋压扭,蓬莱-威海断裂带为左旋压扭,黄河口-庙西北断裂带处于拉张走滑运动状态中。     

一种深海系留平台有限元应力分析

深海系留平台是"深海潜标总体关键技术"中最重要的系统组件,是支撑系统的核心,要求有承载深水压力、提供系统浮力和装载仪器设备的能力。针对要求,通过有限元分析软件对深海系留平台的耐压强度进行了深入、细致地分析计算,并经优化完善最终得出深海系留平台可行性分析结论。     

Fractures and Breakouts Analysis from Borehole Image Logs: Preliminary Results for Interpretation of Stress History and In Situ Stress State

Fractures and borehole breakouts from image data acquired from Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) were identified and analyzed using GMI Imager software. Conductive (e.g., dark-colored images) and resistive fractures (e.g., light-colored images) were identified on the images. Breakouts occurring along the borehole wall in the direction of the minimum horizontal stress were also investigated. For fracture analysis, we investigated dip and direction of fractures on the resistivity images acquired from two sites in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea. Dip angles at two sites are 42° and 62.5° on average, respectively. Dip direction shows preferred orientation northerly. From fracture analysis, the maximum horizontal stress direction may be the NW-SE direction. This pattern likely reflects regional stress regime of this area. We also analyzed borehole breakouts on the LWD image data (borehole radius and density data) acquired from Site U1378, IODP Exp. 334 off Costa Rica. We estimated present-day in situ stress orientation from borehole breakouts. Breakout orientation of slope sediments at Site U1378 indicates that maximum horizontal principal stress direction is oriented northwest-southeast. This direction is probably related to plate motion in this area. This study presents preliminary results in order to interpret not only stress history of the Ulleung Basin but also in situ stress state of continental slope off Costa Rica in near future.     

Nonlinear Static Finite Element Stress Analysis of Pipe-in-Pipe Risers

Owing to the complexity of the pipe-in-pipe (PIP) riser system in structure, load and restraint, many problems arise in the structural analysis of the system. This paper presents a new method for nonlinear static finite element stress analysis of the PIP riser system. The finite element (FE) model of the PIP riser system is built via software AutoPIPE 6.1. According to the specialties of a variety of components in the PIP riser system, different elements are used so as to model the system accurately. Allowing for the complication in modeling the effects of seabed restraint, a technique based on the bilinear spring concept is developed to calculate the soil properties. Then, based on a pipeline project, the entire procedure of stress analysis is discussed in detail, including creation of an FE model, processing of input data and analysis of results. A wide range of loading schemes is investigated to ascertain that the stresses remain within the acceptable range of the pipe material strength. Finally, the effects of the location of flanges, the thermal expansion of submarine pipelines and the seabed restraint on stress distribution in the riser and expansion loop are studied, which are valuable for pipeline designers.     

海底双层管单层连接管道结构受力分析

粘性高的海洋石油通常需要通过海底保温管道加温输送.温度变化会引起管道变形,并在管壁内产生较大的温度应力.同时,管道正常运营期间还受到管道内压、外压、管内流体粘滞力和土体摩擦力等环境荷载的作用.复杂的环境可能导致海底管道轴向应力过大发生破坏.为了提高铺管效率,提出了双层管单层连接管道这一特殊管道形式,并从理论上分析温度变化和环境荷载对该管道的影响,计算正常运行时管道不同位置处横截面内最大Von-Mises应力.最后得到了Von-Mises应力沿管道轴线分布情况,发现内管和单层连接管的应力一般比外管大,变径管和内管的焊缝处是Von-Mises应力最大的地方.     

The Stress Concentration of Multiplanar Tubular Joints of Offshore Structure

- The formulation for the stress concentration matrix of multiplanar tubular joint with braces subjected to combined load is established in this paper. The formulations for SCF values of multiplanar tubular joints are compared with those by Wordsworth and Efthymiou. The stiffening effect and load-interaction effect are discussed. A spatial offshore jacket with braces subjected to combined load is computed as a numerical example. The maximum stress of each multiplanar tubular joint and its location are found through SCF matrix. Finally, the difference between the maximum stresses of multiplanar tubular joints and their corresponding uniplanar tubular joints are discussed.     

New Interpretation of Dependence of Wind Stress on Wave State

Based on observations from buoys, it is found that the wave age is well correlated with the nondimensional wave height, and this correlation is best described by a 3/5-power law. This similarity law is valid in the cases of wind waves as well as swells under natural sea states. On the basis of the 3/5-power law combined with the well-known 3/2-power law, it is shown that the wave-induced wind stress increases rapidly with wave age, indicating that the traditional observations or analytic techniques have only given the turbulent Reynolds stress induced by short wind waves, but excluded the long-wave-induced wind stress. The latter constitutes a small fraction to the total wind stress when the wave age is smaller than 1.0. The increase of sea-surface roughness with wave age can be attributed to wave breaking.