超新星遗迹X射线研究

在此介绍我们基于ＡＳＣＡ 和ＲＯＳＡＴ 等Ｘ 射线天文卫星,对３Ｃ３９７ 、Ｇ３２７ ．１１ ．１ 、Ｇ２１ ．５０ ．９ 和ＲＸＪ１７１３ ．７３９４６ 等超新星遗迹的物理特性进行的分析,简要地讨论了３Ｃ３９７ 的非平衡电离双热分量和双极泡结构以及Ｇ３２７ ．１１ ．１ 和Ｇ２１ ．５０ ．９ 中隐匿脉冲星的性质,并提出ＲＸＪ１７１３ ．７３９４６ 和ＡＤ３９３ 客星之间可能的关系。     

超新星遗迹MSH 15-56和CTA 1

对于超新星遗迹MSH 15-56和CTA 1,本文较详细地公布了由爱因斯坦卫星得到的X射线观测资料.根据这些资料,导出其物理特性,推导和预言其射电流量,并与前人的射电观测进行了比较.     

超新星遗迹

展示了近年来国际上由多波段观测发现的不寻常（异常）形态的超新星遗迹，其中有些是独一无二的，如CTB109的半圆形和SS433周围的一连串红红结节，有些是带有一定代表性的，如中心增亮但无点源，以及射电形态上的双瓣和对向等，介绍了作者主持并参与的在超新星异常形态方向较为系统的理论工作，指出其根本成因是由星队介质，星周介质和前身星的多样性引起的，此外，还介绍了Chandra卫星（美国宇航局发射的）在超新星遗迹上取得的最新进展，展示了若干著名遗迹的X射线图像，并作了简单的解释。     

超新星遗迹与银河系旋臂结构

从分子云演化的过程来讨论银河系中可能存在的超新星遗迹数目．对银河系分子云的观测已经得到了许多可靠的数据．如果这一研究结果在分子云方面能使理论值和观测值相匹配,那么由此导得的超新星事件结果也有一定的可靠性．结果表明,在内银河系中,可能存在的超新星遗迹约为（７７５±１２）τ５．旋臂结构并不会提高超新星的诞生率,它仅使超新星遗迹的分布有所变化,即在旋臂区域增加,而在臂间区域减少．     

超新星遗迹CTB109射电半圆形形态解释

倪陈平等利用最新的压力驱动雪耙相超新星遗迹演化公式解释了CTB 109的X射线半圆形形态。东半部激波的射电辐射是由CTB 109从自由相转化到绝热相时的湍动所增大的磁场以及由这湍动和激波加速的相对论电子所产生的。而分子云中激波产生的射电辐射是由星际磁场的激波加速和激波压缩所产生的,这一部分激波产生的射电流量远远小于东半部激波产生的相同频率处的射电辐射,而且也小于Green(1984)所有银河系超新星遗迹在相同频率处的射电流量,因而观测不到,所以CTB 109具有半圆形射电结构。     

宇宙线的超新星遗迹起源

宇宙线的起源是高能天体物理的核心问题之一.一直以来,超新星爆发被认为是能谱膝区以下宇宙线的主要来源.多波段观测表明,超新星遗迹有能力加速带电粒子至亚PeV (10~(15)eV)能量.扩散激波加速被认为是最有效的天体高能粒子加速机制之一,而超新星遗迹的大尺度激波正好为这一机制提供平台.近年来,一系列较高精度的地面和空间实验极大地推动了对宇宙线以及超新星遗迹的研究.新的观测事实挑战着传统的扩散激波加速模型以及其在银河系宇宙线超新星遗迹起源学说上的应用,深化了人们对宇宙高能现象的认识.结合超新星遗迹辐射能谱的时间演化特性,构建的时间依赖的超新星遗迹粒子加速模型,不仅能够解释200 GV附近宇宙线的能谱反常,还自然地形成能谱膝区,甚至可以将超新星遗迹粒子加速对宇宙线能谱的贡献延伸至踝区.该模型预期超新星遗迹中粒子的输运行为表现为湍流扩散,这需要未来的观测以及与粒子输运相关的等离子体数值模拟工作来进一步验证.     

伴有OH 1720 MHz脉泽发射的混合形态超新星遗迹的X射线特征研究

在银河系中，超新星遗迹的射电巡视揭示了19个伴有OH1720MHz脉泽发射的超新星遗迹．在从超新星遗迹膨胀到分子云的激波波面的后面产生了这一类不寻常的脉泽源．这个模型的重要点是从超新星遗迹来的X射线促使产生OH分子．研究伴有OH1720MHz脉泽发射的混合形态超新星遗迹的X射线特征是很重要的．研究了这19个伴有OH1720MHz脉泽发射的混合形态超新星遗迹的X射线特征．得到了这些源的X射线物理参数之间的一些相关关系和反相关关系．X射线电离率ζ与θ、D、r、r^2等物理量均不相关，而与Lx之间存在着正相关关系．另外超新星遗迹的X射线光度与相伴的OH1720MHz脉泽的最弱的束流量密度之间存在着紧密的正相关关系．这些都说明从超新星遗迹来的X射线发射足够在激波波阵面后面分解水分子并产生OH1720MHz脉泽．     

脉冲星与超新星遗迹成协的候选体

从所有已被提出和发现的230多颗超新星遗迹和1300多颗脉冲星中，总结出一个共50对脉冲星与超新星遗迹成协候选体的样本．其中至少20对因为环绕脉冲星的脉冲星风云已被探测到，其成协性应该是真实的。结合近来的观测结果，对导致这种成协对缺失现象的各种因素进行了讨论，尤其深入地讨论了这个样本中有代表性的3个很可能成协的脉冲星与超新星遗迹对。     

Statistics of Galactic Supernova Remnants

We collected the basic parameters of 231 supernova remnants (SNRs) in our Galaxy, namely, distances (d) from the Sun, linear diameters (D), Galactic heights (Z), estimated ages (t), luminosities (L), surface brightness (∑) and flux densities (S1) at 1-GHz frequency and spectral indices (α). We tried to find possible correlations between these parameters. As expected, the linear diameters were found to increase with ages for the shell-type remnants, and also to have a tendency to increase with the Galactic heights. Both the surface brightness and luminosity of SNRs at 1-GHz tend to decrease with the linear diameter and with age. No other relations between the parameters were found.     

Evolution of the Radio Luminosities of the Tycho and Kepler Supernovae Remnants

Radio emission of the historical supernovae remnants Tycho (SNR1572) and Kepler (SNR1604) and evolution of their luminosity are considered. Measurement data of secular luminosity decrease rate, obtained earlier by the authors, were corrected with account of variation in time of the flux density of the reference sources. As a result, it is found that the SNR1604 luminosity at 1667 MHz is weakening with an annual mean rate equal to (0.2 ± 0.07)%. The corresponding rate for SNR1572 is (0.47 ± 0.05)%. Since the radio luminosity evolution, as well as energy densities of magnetic field and relativistic electrons inside SNR1604 and SNR1572 are essentially different, these remnants should be considered as different types of supernovae. Bandiera classified SN1604 as type SNIb or SNII.     

The Role of Jets in Exploding Supernovae and in Shaping their Remnants

I review studies of core collapse supernovae(CCSNe) and similar transient events that attribute major roles to jets in powering most CCSNe and in shaping their ejecta. I start with reviewing the jittering jets explosion mechanism that I take to power most CCSN explosions. Neutrino heating does play a role in boosting the jets. I compare the morphologies of some CCSN remnants to planetary nebulae to conclude that jets and instabilities are behind the shaping of their ejecta. I then discuss CCSNe ...     

Cosmology with Supernovae: The Road from Galactic Supernovae to the edge of the Universe

This review gives an update of the cosmological use of SNe Ia and the progress made in testing their properties from the local universe to high-z. The cosmological road from high-z supernovae down to Galactic SNe Ia is followed in search of the answer to standing questions on their nature and their validity as cosmological indicators.     

On the Homogeneity of Type Ia Supernovae Light Curves

A self-similar, hydrodynamic model is derived and used to generate SNe light-curves. It is found that the temporal development of the SN light-curve is governed by a ‘dynamic time’ parameter, and that the observed near-identical, normalized light-curves of Type Ia SNe suggest that they have evolved from progenitor stars of the same central density. Fitting the model parameters to observed Type Ia SNe light-curves suggests that the SNe have originated from the same mass progenitors. The model also provides a theoretical basis for the Phillips observation relating the absolute magnitude of the Type Ia SN to its half-width. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

变光天体回光测距之现状

恒星周围的星际尘埃云能反射星光而为观测者所窥见,这一现象称为回光,而对变星回光的观测研究可用于变星距离的绝对测定,包括尺度距离和速度距离。对此类方法的基本原理、迄今所得到的若干测距结果,以及有关问题做了简要的介绍和讨论。     

Supernovae and Gaia

Despite decades of dedicated efforts there are still basic questions to answer with regard to Supernova progenitor systems and explosion mechanisms. In particular, in the last years a number of exceptionally bright objects and extremely faint events have demonstrated an unexpected large Supernova variety.     

中德6cm银道面偏振巡天第2天区以及大尺度超新星遗迹的研究

射电偏振观测是研究星际介质性质的有力工具.一方面偏振巡天可以直接指示大尺度磁场的取向,有助于我们理解银河系的大尺度磁场结构和超新星遗迹的演化及其与星际介质的相互作用.另一方面通过结合其他波段偏振数据可以分析星际介质以及偏振源超新星遗迹里面的法拉第旋转,从而得到里面热电子密度、填充因子、规则磁场强度和扰动磁场的性质.之前的偏振巡天主要是在低频波段进行,受法拉第效应的影响很严重,探测到偏振辐射的距离(偏振视界)很近.在6 cm波段,偏振观测受法拉第效应影响很小,我们能够探测到更远的偏振辐射,更好地研究银河系星际介质整体的性质.通过对天区内法拉第屏的研究,可以揭示银河系同步辐射的空间分布以及这些屏本身的物理性质;另外6 cm波段的总强度数据是研究弥漫结构或者大尺度超新星遗迹(其它的大望远镜很难观测到这样大的超新星遗迹)在高频波段谱偏折行为的重要数据,这可以帮助我们理解银河系相对论电子能量分布、盘和晕的相互作用以及大尺度超新星遗迹晚期的演化.     

Galactic Fountains and Galactic Winds

The development of galactic fountain theories is reviewed with special emphasis on the different approaches and concepts that have been used in the past. In particular the outstanding contribution of Franz Kahn to our physical understanding is appreciated. It is argued that galactic outflows represent an essential phase during galaxy evolution. The dynamics of the outflow imprints its signature on the emission spectra of soft X-rays, which may well be observable with AXAF and XMM. Finally, some remarks about winds in starburst galaxies and AGN are made. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Supernovae and the Ap phenomenon

We put forward evidence that relates the phenomenon of the chemically peculiar stars of the upper main sequence to Supernovae explosions in young clusters. In the Upper Scorpius region we find that a supernova shell has interacted with dense clouds and that the peculiar stars lie close to or along the edges of interaction. We argue that the stars at or near the cloud faces are capable of acquiring this enriched material which is sufficiently slowed down. The magnetic accretion process of Havnes and Conti provides the mechanism of acquisition. This process with the associated magnetic braking accounts for the build-up in abundance anomalies and the slowing down of rotation with age.