基于改进的线性调频Z变换的高精度地震波速干涉测量

地震波信号走时差的精确估计是了解地壳介质性质变化及其过程的关键,鉴于互相关的时延检测方法受相关窗口长度和信号信噪比影响较大,将改进的线性调频Z变换谱细化和相关峰精确插值引入到陆地大容量气枪主动源观测中的波速干涉测量中,介绍了一种能够获得高精度走时差的短时窗时延估计方法。模拟实验和实际数据分析表明:本文方法可以获得高精度的信号时延估计值,提高地震信号波速变化计算的精度。     

基于多重互相关函数计算地探信号到时差

论文介绍了一种提高地震等地探信号到时差精度的新方法-多重互相关函数法. 从理论上推导出了多重互相关函数的公式,且通过实验验证了用此函数不仅能提高信号的信噪比,还能提取出相似信号所共有的频率信号,进而精确地识别出它们的到时差.探讨了此原理在场地、地震剪切波速信号到时差提取中的应用,分析结果显示:相比互相关函数,多重互相关函数能更准确地求取两相似信号的初至时刻差.     

观测坐标系下各向异性页岩岩石物理模型的建立及应用（英文）

针对目前观测坐标系下页岩岩石物理模型缺乏的现状,本文开展了页岩各向异性波速测试,优选了页岩各向异性波速表征方法,建立了观测坐标系下的各向异性页岩岩石物理模型,并将该模型在四川盆地泸州区块B1井进行了应用和验证。通过本文研究,得出了以下主要结论：对于同一组岩心,三个方向的纵波波速满足VP11>VP45>VP33,横波波速VS11最大,VS33和VS45互有大小;精确的各向异性波速解最适合用来表征本工区的各向异性波速。本文构建的观测坐标系下各向异性页岩岩石物理模型精度较高,在B1井中岩石物理模型预测的纵波时差和测井测量的纵波时差相对误差绝对值介于0-5.05%,预测的横波时差和测井测量的横波时差相对误差绝对值介于0-6.05%;B1井观测坐标系下和本构坐标系下的声波时差差异较大,其中纵波差异百分比介于6.76-30.84%,横波差异百分比介于7.00-23.44%,斜井及水平井段等观测坐标系下测量到的声波时差必须经过岩石物理建模并转换到本构坐标系下才能用于后续的工程应用;本文构建的观测坐标系下页岩岩石物理模型,可为后续斜井、水平井地层的孔隙压力预测、地质力学建模、压裂优化设计等...     

双通道跨孔雷达CT原理与应用

单通道雷达只记录接收信号，无法消除发射功率变化对幅值的影响，导致衰减CT的结果不可靠.雷达走时读取存在系统误差，波速CT结果也不准确；针对上述问题开发出双通道跨孔雷达，同时记录发射信号和接收信号.通过两个信号的走时差计算波速CT,通过两个信号的幅值比计算衰减CT,为CT结果的准确性提供了技术保障.选定40 MHz作为工作频率，对岩体的含水性具有较高的敏感度.应用双通道雷达在贵州地铁岩溶场地进行了跨孔CT勘查试验，并与地震波CT进行了对比.理论和实践证明，双通道雷达跨孔CT的结果更为可靠，在工程与资源勘查中具有广泛的应用前景.     

气枪震源信号波速变化计算中的水位影响及消除

气枪震源是一种重复性很高的人工震源.受激发条件改变影响,气枪信号一致性会有所下降.反褶积方法可以去除气枪信号中激发压力、沉放深度、位置移动等的影响,但信号中水位变化的影响难以通过反褶积消除.地震信号波速变化反映了介质应力及物理状态的变化.利用气枪信号计算的波速变化受水位变化影响不能完全反应真正的介质变化,对研究结果及后续分析和应用产生较大干扰.为消除气枪信号波速变化中水位变化的干扰,本文提出了一种消除水位影响的方法:(1)水位以△h =0.2 m为间隔分段,将各个水位区间内激发的所有气枪信号叠加;(2)计算所有水位区间内气枪信号的波速变化,得到波速变化与水位变化的关系;(3)进行最小二乘拟合得到水位变化与波速变化的关系式,并计算水位变化引起的波速变化;(4)初始波速变化减去水位变化引起的波速变化,得到消除水位后的介质波速变化.研究结果表明:大银甸水库水位变化引起的气枪信号波速变化率最大可迭10-2,波速变化与水位变化呈线性正相关,水位影响随震中距的增大而减小,相同震中距气枪信号受水位变化的影响大小与气枪信号穿过水体的多少有关.运用本文提出的去除水位影响的方法可较好地消除波速变化中的水位变化信息.     

多层介质中利用sPn与Pn到时差确定震源深度的研究

为利用sPn与Pn波的走时差测定震源深度,进一步提高地震震源深度的测定精度,推导多层介质下sPn与Pn波的走时差与震源深度的关系,发现走时差与震中距无关,只与震源深度及区域地壳速度模型有关。震源在同一层中,走时差曲线的斜率不变,而当震源位于不同层中时,sPn-Pn走时差曲线的斜率不同,并呈分段直线的走时差曲线形态。地壳速度结构纵向越不均匀,多层和单层介质下利用sPn-Pn走时差计算的震源深度误差就越大,走时曲线的各分段直线斜率相差越大;探讨地壳中sPn与Pn波传播路径相同但波速不同的单层地壳速度模型,发现单层介质下波速越大,测定的震源深度越大;对于同一地区相同的地壳分层结构,测得的震源深度随着泊松比的增大而减小。基于前人给出的中国五个典型块体多层平均地壳模型,给出sPn-Pn走时差与震源深度计算公式速查表。     

Loran-C信号中直达波与反射波的提取方法研究

Loran-C信号中直达波和反射波到时差的提取是利用其进行测距的关键所在。通过分析Loran-C信号实测波形与理论波形的特征,认为两者所包含的直达波信号一致。基于此特征,通过波形相减的方法从实测Loran-C信号中剔除理论直达波信号,并结合互相关方法求解出直达波和反射波的到时差。     

基于反卷积干涉法的土层地震反应特性研究

美国阿拉斯加安克雷奇德兰尼公园的土层地震反应观测台阵建有6个井下观测点和1个地表观测点, 每个观测点设置一个三分量加速度传感器, 该台阵建成后记录了多次地震事件. 本文通过反卷积地震干涉法对这些地震记录进行土层反应分析, 根据该分析结果提取土层结构的等效剪切波速和阻尼比. 所有层位的地震记录对地表记录的反卷积波形均反映出在土层中传播的上、 下行波, 其上行与下行至每一层的时间差别明显. 根据每一层的到时差, 确定土层中的等效剪切波速和分层等效剪切波速, 该结果与现场土层等效剪切波速测试结果吻合较好; 根据等效剪切波速计算出的土层卓越频率, 其一致性亦较好; 根据上、 下行波的峰值分析确定该场地土层的等效阻尼比, 也与软土的阻尼比经验值相当. 这些参数为后续的土层反应模拟和土结相互作用研究奠定了良好的数据基础. 结果表明, 反卷积干涉法能够用于土层反应分析和土层地震反应特性的提取.      

单震相微地震事件识别与反演

为了对单震相微地震事件进行识别,同时将识别出来的微地震事件进行定位.根据单一震相任意两道到时差与微地震事件、检波器空间位置及震相速度关系的特征规律,研究了单震相微地震事件识别方法.首先分析到时差与以上各变量的内在变化规律,建立起到时差与各变量之间的定量计算关系,然后就相邻道到时差和检波器排列的首尾两道到时差,研究了具体...     

利用重复地震探究重庆荣昌地区地壳介质波速变化

选取2010年1月至2022年4月重庆地震台网记录的荣昌地区92次M_L≥2.5地震观测资料,采用射线追踪方法,对荣昌地区重复地震震源位置做归一化处理,分别计算4个方位上所选台站记录的地震P波走时差,结果显示:研究区域NE、SE和SW方位台站记录的地震P波走时差负异常持续时间较长(其绝对值较大),表明地壳介质波速有明显升高现象。     

用单台四震相法讨论唐山大震的波速异常

本文提出一个用单台相对时间测定地震波速度比的简单方法--四震相法,它是利用地方震记录上经常出现的莫霍界面反射波与直达波到时差求得的。 利用该方法测定了1976年7月28日唐山7.8级大震前后的波速比,发现震前经历了波速低值-恢复和高值-二次下降三个阶段;根据波速变化的时、空特征,结合地质背景与地震活动,对唐山大震的孕育过程作了初步探讨。     

基于小波分析的场地波速测量方法

在场地波速测量中,由于噪声等因素的影响很难准确识别P、S波的初至时刻,致使波速结果存在很大的误差。本文给出了一种基于小波变换的波速测量的新方法。该方法利用波动信号的小波变换与弹性波群速度的关系准确识别弹性波初至时刻。弹性波小波变换的峰值时刻代表着以群速度传播的弹性波的初至时刻,使P波、S波的初至时刻的确定具有明确的物理意义,波速的结果准确、可靠、稳定。此外,波动信号的小波多尺度分析还可以确定地层中传播的弹性波的频散特性。最后,该方法在场地波速测量的实测信号的应用表明该方法可准确确定P、S波速。     

Seismogram Analysis and Fitting of Three Earthquakes,West Papua,Recorded at Stations ENH and KMI,China

The S wave velocity structure of the earth below Eastern Southeast Asia has been investigated by analyzing the seismogram from surface wave to multiple depth waves in the time domain and three Cartesian components simultaneously. The wave passes across the front area of subduction zone between the Philippine plate and the Asian plate. The main data are waveform comparisons, instead of the arrival times. The synthetic seismogram is calculated using the GEMINI method. The synthetic seismogram constructed by PREMAN global earth model deviates greatly from the measured one. To solve this problem, corrections are needed for the β speed structure. Corrections cover the gradient change of βh, which turns from negative to positive in upper mantle layers as in the PREMAN, change of earth crust depth and change of zero order coefficients of β velocity function in all earth mantle layers. So, the fitting is obtained, as well as the arrival time or the waveform of Love and Rayleigh surface waves, the S wave and the repetitive depth waves ScS2 and ScS3. This result reveals that the Southeast Asia, being stretched due to tectonic release, has a mantle in some parts with negative anomaly of S wave velocity and vertical anisotropy in all earth mantle layers.     

芦山震区地壳三维P波速度精细结构及地震重定位研究

联合芦山地震序列5285个地震的50711条P波初至绝对到时数据及7294691条高质量的相对到时数据,利用双差地震层析成像方法联合反演了芦山震源区高分辨率的三维P波速度精细结构及5115个地震震源参数.反演结果表明,芦山主震震中为30.28°N,103.98°E,震源深度为16.38km,主震南西段余震扩展长度约23km,余震前缘倾角较和缓,主震北东段余震扩展长度约12km,余震前缘呈铲形,倾角较陡.芦山震源区P波三维速度结构表现出明显的横向不均匀性,近地表处的P波速度异常与地形起伏及地质构造密切相关:宝兴杂岩对应明显的高速异常,此异常由地表延伸到地下15km深度附近,而中新生代岩石表现为低速异常;大兴附近区域亦显示出小范围的大幅度高速异常,宝兴高速异常与大兴高速异常在10km深度附近相连,进而增加了芦山震源区的高低速异常对比幅度.在芦山主震的南西、北东两段速度结构存在着较大差异,芦山主震在水平向位于宝兴及大兴高速异常所包围的低速异常的前缘.主震南西段余震主要发生在倾向北西的高低速异常转换带上并靠近低速一侧,其下盘为低速异常,上盘为高速异常.而芦山主震北东段的余震主要分布在宝兴高速体与大兴高速体之间,主发震层向北西倾斜,主发震层上方的宝兴高速异常下边界出现一条南东倾向的反冲地震带,两地震带呈"y"型分布.     

数字化地震记录震相自动识别的方法研究

针对目前震相自动识别方法不能自动给出震相识别区间,以及不能确定识别出震相名称的问题,运用震相的运动学特征,由平均速度模型和J-B走时表数据,自动计算近震、远震和极远震的震相走时及震中距。对多尺度小波分解进行单支重构作为识别不同震相的分析信号。先求出初至震相和最大面波到时,估算出震中距,然后找到S波或PP波到时,求出准确的震中距,即可自动给出各震相的识别区间,采用线性偏振法在给定区间中识别出震相的初至时刻。由于该方法采用的是先明确要找什么震相,再由该震相的走时确定寻找区间,所以找出的初至就是要寻找的震相,自然解决了识别出震相的名称问题,从而实现了对震相的全程自动识别。     

Experimental study on the performance of an azimuthal acoustic receiver sonde for a downhole tool

A new azimuthal acoustic receiver sonde with a body and corresponding circuits was designed for a downhole tool. The 64‐sensor receiver sonde holds eight receiver stations that can be combined into at least 64 three‐sensor receiver subarrays. As a result, the receiver sonde can use different sensor combinations instead of different transducer types to produce multiple modes, including a phased azimuthal reception mode and conventional monopole, dipole, and quadruple modes. Laboratory measurements were conducted to study the performance of the azimuthal acoustic receiver sonde for a downhole tool, and the experimental results indicate that the receiver sonde provides a consistent reception performance. Individual sensors receive similar time‐domain waveforms, and their corresponding frequency bands and sensitivities are consistent within the measurement errors of around 5%. The direction of the reception main lobe is approximately parallel to its exterior normal direction. In addition, a receiver subarray with three sensors receives waveforms that have higher energy and narrower beamwidths. For individual sensors, the angular width of the dominant reception lobe is 191.3^° on average, whereas that of the individual receiver subarrays is approximately 52.1^° on average. The amplitude of the first arrival received by the receiver subarray centred at the primary sensor directly pointing to the source is approximately 2.2 times the average amplitude of the first arrivals received by the other receiver subarrays in the same receiver station. Thus, the maximum amplitude of the waveforms received by the receiver subarrays can be used to determine the direction of the incident waves. This approach represents a promising method for determining the reflector azimuth for acoustic reflection logging and three‐dimensional acoustic logging.     

Locating microseismic events using borehole data

Constraining microseismic hypocentres in and around hydrocarbon reservoirs and their overburdens is essential for the monitoring of deformation related to hydraulic fracturing, production and injection and the assessment of reservoir security for CO₂ and wastewater storage. Microseismic monitoring in hydrocarbon reservoirs can be achieved via a variety of surface and subsurface acquisition geometries. In this study we use data from a single, subsurface, vertical array of sensors. We test an existing technique that uses a 1D velocity model to constrain locations by minimizing differential S‐to‐P arrival times for individual sensors. We show that small errors in either arrival time picks or the velocity model can lead to large errors in depth, especially near velocity model discontinuities where events tend to cluster. To address this issue we develop two methods that use all available arrival times simultaneously in the inversion, thus maximizing the number of potential constraints from to N, where N is the number of phase picks. The first approach minimizes all available arrival time pairs whilst the second approach, the equal distance time (EDT) method defines the hypocentre as the point where the maximum number of arrival time surfaces intersect. We test and compare the new location procedures with locations using differential S‐to‐P times at each individual sensor on a microseismic data set recorded by a vertical array of sensors at the Ekofisk reservoir in the North Sea. Specifically, we test each procedure's sensitivity to perturbations in measured arrival times and the velocity model using Monte Carlo analysis. In general, location uncertainties increase with increasing raypath length. We show that errors in velocity model estimates are the most significant source of uncertainty in source location with these experiments. Our tests show that hypocentres determined by the new procedures are less sensitive to erroneous measurements and velocity model uncertainties thus reducing the potential for misinterpretation of the results.     

Tomographic imaging of P- and S-wave velocity structure beneath Costa Rica

45287 P-wave and 26813 S-wave arrival times from the data base of the Costa Rica network have been tomographically inverted to image the structure beneath Costa Rica. A regularized recursive least squares inverse method was used to produce the high resolution and minimum variance model parameter estimates. The first arrival times are calculated using a finite difference technique, which allows for flexible parameterization of the velocity model and easy inclusion of topography and source-receiver geometry. The P wave velocity structure and hypocenters are determined simultaneously, while the S wave velocity structure is determined using the relocated seismicity and an initial model derived from the P wave model assuming an average P to S wave velocity ratio of 1.78. The most prominent features in the inverted model are a low velocity structure under the volcanic chain in the center of the country, which is related to the hot material connected with the active volcanoes; and a high velocity zone in the mantle, which is related to the Cocos plate subducted under Costa Rica.     

汶川地震余震区波速比与强余震的关系

利用2008年5月12日汶川地震余震的P波和S波到时数据,对龙门山地区波速比进行了计算。结果表明,该地区的强余震全部发生在波速比相对较高的地区,这应该是地下介质的破碎原因造成的。     

云南普洱糯扎渡水库蓄水前后P波速度结构变化特征

基于云南省糯扎渡水库台网17个台站所记录到的2009年11月至2014年9月期间的5 247次地震的P波绝对到时资料和相对到时资料,以及波形互相关得到的相对到时资料,采用双差地震层析成像方法联合反演了糯扎渡水库库区蓄水前和蓄水后2011年11月30日至2012年12月31日及2013年1月1日至2014年9月30日这3个阶段的震源参数和三维P波速度结构。结果显示:糯扎渡水库蓄水后,水库库区地震的发生频次增多,经重定位后的震源深度大多在10 km以内,尤其以5 km以内的居多,与前人得到的水库诱发地震震源深度小于10 km的结果基本吻合;随着蓄水量的增加,库水沿断层渗透,孔隙压力变化导致地震增多的区域延伸至左岸支库黑江和库区回水至库区中段的澜沧江段,并进一步向威远江和小黑江延伸,这些区域的P波速度降低;整体的水库渗水作用最大深度不超过7 km。