Gender and local soil knowledge: Linking farmers' perceptions with soil fertility in two villages in the Philippines

Scientists often turn to farmers to understand soil management. This process reveals differences and overlaps between local and scientific soil knowledge but rarely considers women and gender issues. This paper examines men's and women's local knowledge of soils in upland, smallholder farms in two villages in Mindanao, the Philippines, using focus group discussions, semi‐structured household interviews, field visits, GIS and soil testing. Farmers' field areas were calculated and delineated based on their perceptions of the different types of soils on their land. Men and women chose the same plots for what they considered their best soil but differed on what they felt were their worst. The fertility of the soils that women considered to be the best and worst was not significantly different from that of the men's respective choices. There was a difference in fertility, however, between the best and worst soils regardless of gender. Although soil fertility analyses showed that the women's chosen soils were similar to men's, analyses of qualitative data showed that their knowledge of soils was different and was based in part on a gendered division of labour. A multidisciplinary approach helped bridge the gap between sociocultural and physical research.     

地方性知识与空间治理——以苏州东山内圩治理为例

太湖流域水环境综合治理既是一项环境治理任务,也是一项空间治理工程,它涉及太湖沿岸土地利用方式的改变。以人类学家吉尔兹关于局外人对局内人地方性知识的语义理解为学术对话观点,以苏州东山内圩地区为研究区域,采用访谈法、资料分析法、对比法,寻找规划专家的科学知识与当地养殖户地方性知识的语义“原型”。研究发现：① “长度”是“合理规划养殖水塘”的语义“原型”。语义“原型”的发掘使专家在设计空间治理指标时,可采纳养殖户的地方性知识,也为养殖户理解空间治理指标、更新其地方性知识提供可能性。② 地方性知识不单由当地人创造,还在内外两类人群的互动中不断更新。在该过程中,准局外人发挥着知识对接的桥梁作用。当地人的地方性知识没有考虑宏观区域的可持续发展,而专家的全局视野会帮助当地人改进地方性知识。     

农户后顾生计来源及其居民点整合研究 ——基于重庆市西部郊区白林村471户农户调查

农户生计资产决定着农户生计方式选择与生计策略行为,作为当前农户主要消费性投资行为的农村居民点建设消费受制于农户所拥有的生计资产量,基于此引导农户的居民点建设消费行为、开展农村居民点整合已成为当前提高农村土地利用效率、改善农户生产生活条件的关键。研究选取重庆市沙坪坝区白林村为样点,采用“PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) +3S”相结合的方法,以地理坐标为标识码,建立农户属性数据与地块的空间数据相链接的“农户-土地”数据库。运用该数据库,构建农户生计资产量化指标体系,量化农户生计资产进行农户分化,剖析不同农户的后顾生计来源及其住居意愿,开展农村居民点整合。结果表明,农户生计资产的配置结构差异明显,8%的农户各项资产产值高于平均水平,23%的农户各项资产产值处于中等水平;以农户拥有的自然资产产值为主辅以其他各项资产产值,将农户划分为农业多样化发展型(16%)、农业专业化发展型(8%)、兼业化发展型(23%)、非农多样化发展型(31%) 和非农专业化发展型(22%) 5 类;根据不同生计来源农户的住居意愿并结合国家与地方发展战略,构建了社区型(非农多样化发展型与非农专业化发展型)、组团型(农业专业化发展型)、块状型(农业多样化发展型) 和带状型(兼业化发展型) 4 种农村居民点整合方式。     

新疆昌吉州耕地开垦轨迹对土壤肥力变化的影响

定量刻画区域尺度耕地开垦轨迹(初始地类、初始土壤类型和耕作年限)对土壤肥力变化的影响,对指导区域农业施肥管理措施、提高农田土壤肥力具有重要意义.本文以新疆昌吉州为研究区,通过叠加5期土地利用数据来识别耕地开垦轨迹,基于1980年和2018年两期大量样点数据,分析耕地开垦前的土地利用方式和土壤类型以及开垦后耕作年限的差异...     

农地边际化过程中农户土地利用行为变化及其对粮食生产的影响

认识农地边际化过程中农户土地利用行为的变化及其对粮食生产的影响,对正确判断中国的粮食生产形势,制订相关政策以确保粮食安全具有重要意义。基于湖北省咸宁市4县1市1区的23个村组、1252个农户家庭的调查数据,对1981年以来农户土地利用行为变化的特征及其对粮食生产的影响进行分析。结果表明：① 农户用于粮食生产的劳动力与土地面积明显下降,农户用地方式出现“省工性”变化,劳动力被农机要素替代,农业机械、化学肥料与农药等物质投入显著上升。② 主要粮食作物的劳动生产率、土地生产率与商品率分别提高了4.61%、29.69%与50.56%,但区域主要粮食作物的总产量与农户家庭平均粮食占有量却分别下降了10.49%与10.50%,区域粮食安全的保障能力出现弱化。③ 丘陵山区主要粮食作物的“三率”提高幅度高于平原地区,丘陵山区的水稻总产量与家庭占有量均略有提高,但平原地区却出现了明显下降。产粮重心在空间上出现从平原地区向丘陵山区倾斜的现象。④ 稳定主要粮食作物的用地规模,促进农户规模经营,提高土地产出效率,是应对农地边际化作用的关键。从事规模化与专业化粮食生产的农区与农户,应成为国家惠农政策与粮食安全政策重点扶持的对象。     

高寒生态脆弱区农户的气候变化适应策略——以甘南高原为例

气候变化对生态脆弱区以自然资源为生计基础的农户产生了严重影响,急需寻求有效的适应策略。以地处青藏高原东缘的甘南高原为研究区,基于1963-2013年气象数据分析甘南高原气候变化趋势,采用入户调查数据分析了气候变化对农户生计的影响及农户采取的适应策略,并利用多元线性回归模型和多项logistic回归模型分析了影响农户适应策略选择的因素。结果显示：① 近50年甘南高原气温呈增加趋势,倾向率为0.23 ℃/10 a,降水呈减少趋势,倾向率为-5.21 mm/10a,63.45%的农户认为气候变化对其生计带来了严重影响;② 甘南高原农户的适应策略多样化指数为2.65,农户的人力资本、自然资本、金融资本及其对气候变化的严重性感知、适应效能感知及自我效能感知与适应策略多样化程度呈显著正相关;③ 甘南高原65.30%的农户采取各种组合型策略应对气候变化,尤以采取扩张+调整型组合策略的农户为多,农户的人力资本是影响其适应策略选择的最显著因素,社会资本与气候变化风险感知的影响次之,金融资本及气候变化适应效能感知的影响最弱。最后,提出提高农户适应气候变化能力的对策建议。     

中国生态脆弱带人地关系行为机制模型及应用

以农牧交错带为研究对象,通过建立人地关系行为机制模型,探讨外部社会经济因素影响土地退化的机制,并重点就当前正在实施的退耕还林还草政策所带来的生态经济效果进行分析。模型拟合结果显示,利用玉米及农作物秸秆作为饲料,扩大舍饲动物饲养,或者扩大种植葵花或油料作物等商品作物以替代自给性作物糜子,将可以在不加剧水土流失的前提下增加农户收入。模型结果还显示,非农就业机会增加时,农户会减少坡地垦殖。这表明推进农村工业化和城镇化发展,增加农民非农就业机会,鼓励农民进城的政策对于黄土高原的水土保持也是有促进作用的。     

History and necessity: the evolution of soil conservation technology in a Jamaican farming system

The soil conservation campaigns that have been a prominent feature of Jamaican agricultural policy since the 1950s are frequently presented as having failed to ameliorate the problem of soil erosion in hillside agriculture. A case study of a small farming community in the Blue Mountains explores the development of the soil conservation practices currently employed by farmers. The use of trash barriers in carrot farming is described and the origins of this technology and its subsequent adaptation are considered. The study concludes that extension interventions and government policy have influenced the development of current soil conservation practices; practices which have their roots in indigenous techniques. Other factors such as the adaptation of trash barriers to suit local conditions and their importance in soil fertility management also play a role in their widespread use in the study area. The study demonstrates that to understand the process of technical change in farming communities, it is necessary to consider a range of factors, external and internal, technical and social, that have over time influenced farmers' decision making.     

Efficient use of resources: urban waste ash and soil fertility on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria

Waste disposal constitutes an acute problem in numerous African cities. One solution could lie in the recycling of the nutrient-rich waste into agriculture taking place in and around cities. Farmers involved in vegetable production around Jos, Nigeria, have developed a sophisticated soil fertility management strategy combining inorganic fertilizers, manure and urban waste ash. This paper: (1) investigates the socio-economic constraints linked to obtaining scarce organic inputs, particularly urban waste ash and the health hazards (particularly heavy metal contamination of soil and crops) caused by using this ash and (2) suggests ways to improve use of this important resource.     

沿海滩涂围垦区土地生产潜力模型构建与应用——以江苏省如东县为例

沿海淤泥质滩涂是中国重要的耕地后备资源之一,滩涂围垦新增的大量耕地资源的生产潜力能反映滩涂土壤粮食安全保障能力大小。本文以江苏省如东县滩涂围垦区为例,在现有的光温水气候生产潜力模型的基础上,引进基础地力贡献率和盐分限制因子作为土壤有效性系数,构建沿海地区土地生产潜力模型,并通过水稻和小麦产量对模型结果进行初步验证。研究表明：该模型具有一定可行性。滩涂围垦区水稻产量土壤基础地力贡献率为55%~59%;小麦基础地力贡献率为50%~80%。未脱盐的1982年滩涂围垦区水稻和小麦产量受到盐分阻碍的系数分别为0.73和1.00。2007年垦区由于盐分太高不能种植水稻,小麦产量受到盐分阻碍系数为0.35。未脱盐的1982年滩涂垦区土壤基础地力修正后的水稻和小麦土地生产潜力分别为12235.84和6502.23 kg/hm²;土壤盐分修正后的土地生产潜力分别为15677.42和10329.39 kg/hm²;土壤基础地力和盐分共同修正后的土地水稻和小麦生产潜力分别为8934.97和6502.23 kg/hm²。与实地调查的水稻产量(9750 kg/hm²)和小麦生产潜力(6000 kg/hm²)相比,目前土地生产力远小于盐分限制下的土地生产潜力,与基础地力和盐分双重限制下的土地生产潜力接近,改善土壤施肥技术可以进一步提高土地生产力。     

山区耕地细碎化对土地利用集约度影响——以贵州省亚鱼村为例

为探索耕地细碎化与土地利用集约度之间的关系,论文以贵州省亚鱼村为例,利用无人机高分辨率影像和农户调查数据,在对比不同通勤距离情景耕地细碎化测度模型准确性的基础上,计算农户耕地细碎化指数,并定量分析不同农户耕地细碎化水平对土地利用集约度的影响。结果表明：对比分析6种通勤距离情景耕地细碎化测度结果,发现农户耕作地块到其宅基地的道路网络距离情景下测度耕地细碎化水平准确度更高;这一情景下亚鱼村平均农户耕地细碎化指数是187.98,该村农户耕作通勤时间成本高;随着农户耕地细碎化程度加剧,农业经营中劳动力投入、资本投入和作物产值呈不同程度的下降趋势,其中资本投入中,耕地细碎化对省工性投入的影响最为显著;山区农业人口乡城迁移背景下农村细碎的耕地资源促使农户加快退出农业生产,导致耕地低效利用,甚至撂荒。     

Farmer-driven Innovation in New South Wales,Australia

Knowledge generation and the interactions that allow for knowledge exchange are key processes of innovation. Yet these processes are not well understood at the farm level, nor are they well reflected in policy approaches for agricultural innovation. Farmers in New South Wales have used diverse ways to implement innovations in land management. They employ a range of strategies including observing signals from the landscape, independent testing and trialling, use of agronomists, participation in farmer groups and in farmer-driven research programmes. Steps to foster farmer-driven innovations and knowledge-intensive agricultural systems require greater subtlety to enable flexibility, the incorporation of contemporary scientific knowledge and support for sustainable initiatives. More research on innovation and on policy engagement is required to foster on-farm innovative capacity.     

Agricultural practices and sustainable livelihoods: Rural transformation within the Loess Plateau,China

Effective agricultural practices can enable and sustain rural livelihoods, particularly in rapidly developing and transforming areas such as the Chinese Loess Plateau. Drawing from the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA), a conceptual framework for agricultural practices and sustainable rural livelihoods for the Yangou watershed within the Chinese Loess Plateau is presented and discussed. It is found that agricultural practices that include building terraces, returning sloped farmlands to forestland and grassland, and expanding orchards all have had positive and significant impacts on farmers' livelihood assets, strategies, outcomes, and vulnerabilities. From 1997 to 2006, 48.4 ha (95%) sloped farmland in the Yangou watershed was converted to new land management, and the percentages of income from fruit sale and sale of labor to total income dramatically increased by 59% and 14%, respectively. The watershed community also experienced 159% raise in per capita net income from 1997 to 2003, while the watershed itself experienced a 99% decrease in sediment yield from 1998 to 2007. These positive and significant impacts of new agricultural practices on the sustainable rural livelihoods of the Yangou watershed are evident in the community's reduced dependence upon grain and subsidies income, the diversified strategies for livelihood, and the improved environmental indices. The successful implementation of new agricultural land management practices and policies in the Yangou watershed strongly suggest that similar transformations can be achieved in similar regions throughout China's vast rural areas of the Loess Plateau.     

基于农户-生态经济模型的耕地石漠化人文成因研究——以重庆市南川区为例

石漠化已成为威胁人类生存的三大生态灾害之一,对其成功治理有赖于人文成因的解明。西南地区石漠化的人类活动驱动力就是作用于自家承包地之上的农户经济行为。以重庆市南川地区为例采用实地测量和问卷调查相结合的方法采集了自然-人文组合式样品,建立了一个农户-生态经济模型。结果表明人地矛盾并没有想象的那样明显地推动了生态环境的恶化,而是农户对土地的依赖要比对土地的负荷产生的环境影响更大;在土地格局已经固定了的情况下贫困农户更加依赖土地,更会采用可持续的土地利用方式,因而其承包地的石漠化率反而偏低,颠覆了前人认为的贫穷是导致石漠化发生原因的观点;石漠化形成的表层原因是外出务工的离心力造成农户对土地的依赖程度的降低,而更深层次的原因是土地产权制度的不完善造成的土地对农户吸引力的减弱。     

土地征收中生态补偿缺失对农民权利的影响

文章采用资料分析,理论分析的方法,归纳总结了国内外土地征收补偿中都存在着生态补偿缺失的问题, 尤其是中国的征收补偿制度存在明显缺陷,如补偿理论支持不足、补偿范围小、补偿额度低、补偿不到位等。这种制 度缺陷不仅造成了大量的耕地流失,同时也造成了农业生态环境的破坏,直接影响了土地使用权人———农民的相 关利益,如土地被征收导致土地分割,形成不经济的土地规模,造成土地利用效率的损失,降低了相邻土地的生产 力,影响了农民的相邻权;土地又是农民世代生存、繁衍、发展之所在,是农民的基本生活保障和基本生活来源,农 民失去土地就意味着失去了生存和发展的基础,影响了生存权和发展权;土地的资源属性表明,土地征收必然涉及 到土地利用的变化和生态环境因素的改变,涉及到农民的环境权的保障。为此,必须完善土地征收制度,建立有效 的市场化运作手段,通过对农地生态价值的正确评估,公平、合理的补偿失地农民的损失,以实现社会公平、和谐。     

农户生计资本与生计策略关系的实证分析——以河西走廊沙化土地封禁保护区外围为例

从农户可持续生计框架出发,以河西走廊六县为调研对象,建立了农户生计指标体系并对其进行评估,从而揭示了当地农户生计资本与生计策略之间的影响关系。结果表明:(1)无论是项目组还是对照组,农户的5种生计资本整体比较稀缺,其中自然资本和金融资本极度匮乏,而人力资本、社会资本和物质资本相对较丰富,因此农户生计资本单一且配置极不合理,从而导致农户脆弱性程度高。(2)自然资本、人力资本和物质资本对农户生计策略的影响比较显著,其中自然资本和物质资本丰富的农户往往倾向于选择农业生产,而人力资本丰富的农户往往倾向于选择非农产业。(3)经定量评估对照组农户的农业兼业化程度要比项目组农户高。基于此,政府可以采取诸多措施来改善农户的生计现状,从而提升农户的生计水平,进一步转变当地农业的发展模式,缓解生态压力。     

雨养农业区农户的气候变化适应行为及影响因素路径分析

厘清农户的气候变化适应行为类型以及农户属性、气候变化感知对适应行为的影响机制,对于制定合适的适应政策至关重要。论文将适应行为分为技术性行为、经济性行为和迁移性行为3类,并构建了以气候变化感知为中介变量的“属性-感知-适应”多变量路径分析模型,在对农户属性对适应行为的影响进行多元方差分析的基础上探讨了变量间的影响路径。结果表明：① 农户适应气候变化会优先选择技术性行为,其次是经济性行为,选择迁移性行为的农户最少;② 农户属性对适应行为的影响具有显著差异;③ 根据中介变量的中介效应,将多变量路径分析模型分解为3类：完全中介模型、部分中介模型和无中介模型。通过分析以上3种模型可以发现,农户属性对适应行为既有通过中介变量产生的间接影响,也有不通过中介变量产生的直接影响,说明适应行为的选择并不仅仅依赖于气候变化感知,农户属性对于适应行为的选择也是一个重要的直接影响因素。最后针对提高农户应对气候变化的能力提出了相关政策建议。     

基于结构方程模型的休耕地管护意愿及行为分析——以河北省邢台市为例

实行耕地休耕是我国近年对耕地保护和耕地利用转型的重大国家战略,而农户对休耕地进行管护是保证耕地休耕生态效应的重要前提。研究选取河北省邢台市2个乡镇12个村为分析样本,建立农户特征、家庭特征、认知意识、耕地利用状况等影响因素集合,利用结构方程模型对农户参与休耕地管护的意愿及行为选择进行分析。结果表明：（1） 有无经济补偿对农户休耕管护意愿影响较大。（2） 影响农户对休耕地管护的意愿和行为的潜在变量不尽相同,但认知意识对两者均起较大作用。（3） 党员身份、村干部身份、家庭总人数、农户心中的耕地保护责任人、对休耕政策的满意程度、对休耕地管护技术的了解程度、耕地面积、粮食种植比例等指标变量对休耕地管护意愿及行为产生正向影响;农户年龄、非农就业劳动力数量、家庭收入、耕地破碎度等指标变量对休耕地管护意愿及行为产生负向影响。研究结果为进一步扩大和推进耕地休耕制度落地实施提供参考：建议拓宽政策宣传渠道,完善休耕地管护的补偿方式;加强管护技术培训,激发农民对休耕地管护的热情;提高其管护的能力,保障耕地休耕的效果。     

What kind of intensification? Agricultural practice, soil fertility and socioeconomic differentiation in rural Burkina Faso

In rural Burkina Faso, intensification has been an uneven process that has resulted in social costs, particularly in the form of uneven distribution of assets and disparate environmental trade-offs. This study examines the effects of wealth status on agricultural practice and soil fertility, arguing that differences in the practices of wealthier and poorer farmers lead to differential social and environmental outcomes. Two concerns are highlighted. First is the role of poverty in environmental degradation. Much of the debate about the role of wealth and poverty in environmental outcomes in developing countries has pinpointed poverty as the main causal explanation. Using studies of agricultural practices and soil fertility from several villages in southwestern Burkina Faso, this paper will counter this dominant view by showing that wealthier farmers farm much larger areas, have fewer trees in their fields, and use higher levels of animal traction which, in turn, has led to lower levels of soil fertility. A second concern is that while poorer farmers may have agricultural practices that minimize environmental degradation, their exclusion from key institutions that provide access to resources has serious livelihood consequences and potentials for increasing socioeconomic differentiation. The agricultural practices of wealthier farmers, while not optimal environmentally, result in higher levels of household wealth. A paradox emerges that while poorer farmers are conserving environmental resources, they are doing so at the expense of economic development and well-being.     

社会—生态系统视角下农户对禁牧政策的适应性——以宁夏盐池县为例

为了保护草原生态环境,2002年起国家全面实施“退牧还草”工程,在草原破坏严重的地区实施禁牧政策。政策实施后,草地生态明显恢复。作为草原最主要的经济活动主体和禁牧政策的最直接承受者,农户对政策的适应性直接影响政策的顺利进行以及生态环境恢复的可持续性。基于宁夏盐池县入户调查资料,研究了不同类型农户对禁牧政策的生态环境效应感知以及对禁牧政策适应能力感知,分析了不同类型农户对禁牧政策的应对策略,探讨了影响农户适应策略选择的主要因素。结果表明：（1）盐池县社会-生态系统尚处于不理想的系统稳态,生态系统恢复明显,但社会系统的适应性较低。农户普遍认为禁牧政策实施对生态环境有很大的改善,但对禁牧政策满意度感知处于中等水平,对禁牧政策适应能力的感知处于较低水平。由于生计方式和收入水平的差异,不同类型农户对禁牧政策的适应性感知差异较大。（2）不同类型农户采取不同适应策略应对禁牧政策实施造成的影响。纯农户适应策略以收缩型为主,兼业户和非农户以调节型为主,低收入和中等收入农户以收缩型为主,高收入农户以调节型为主。（3）农户对禁牧政策的适应成本、自我效能和农户拥有的人力资本、金融资本是影响农户适应性策略类型选择的主要因素。