流式细胞计在海洋浮游植物研究中的应用

传统的显微镜技术是浮游植物鉴定的重要手段 ,至今仍是浮游生物学家们进行研究观测的必备工具 ,但当研究较小的微型藻类(nanophytoplankton,<20μm)及微微型藻类(picophytoplankton,<2μm)时 ,常规显微镜则存在困难 ,如水体中光合性的细菌必需染色才能通过荧光显微镜观测 ,而且 ,当研究涉及时间、空间尺度时 ,牵涉到的工作量非常大 ,显微镜方法在物种计数的速度与准确性方面受到很大限制。近年的文献检索表明 ,应用流式细胞计(FlowCy tometry,FCM)检测微型及微微型的浮游植物正为越来越多的研究者所采用。流式细胞计以其快速、样品制备简…     

HPLC色素分析技术在海洋浮游植物群落结构研究中的应用

高效液相色谱技术(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)是一项成熟的分离分析技术。本文综述了基于HPLC的色素分析技术在浮游植物群落结构研究中的应用历程。对这一技术在野外采样、样品预处理、色谱信息获得以及数据处理等环节的要求进行了详细描述,并结合相关研究进行了HPLC方法与其他方法的对比。介绍并讨论了此项技术面临的问题、最新进展及今后的发展趋势。     

流式细胞术在海洋浮游植物研究中的应用

流式细胞术在海洋浮游植物研究中的应用张利华（华东师范大学,河口海岸国家重点实验室,上海,２０００６２）生物学的研究已进入细胞分子研究的新纪元,从传统的定性描述发展到对细胞的各种形态参数与生物学特征、生化组成以及细胞功能等方面进行定量研究,其研究手段在...     

核酸探针原位杂交检测白斑综合症病毒的组织特异性

从白斑综合症病毒 (whitespotsyndromevirus ,简称WSSV)部分基因组文库中得到核酸探针 ,采用原位杂交检测方法检测对虾甲壳下表皮、胃、后肠、鳃、触角腺的上皮细胞、淋巴器官的基质细胞、肌细胞、心肌细胞及结缔组织细胞 ,原位杂交结果均为阳性。对虾甲壳下表皮的上皮细胞、胃的上皮细胞对病毒较其它部位敏感 ,感染程度高 ;中肠上皮细胞、肝胰腺上皮细胞、淋巴器官内皮细胞未发现感染病毒 ,原位杂交用于WSSV检测 ,比组织切片HE染色更准确、更敏感。在同一组织的同一部位 ,原位杂交所得到的阳性细胞个数比HE多。探针大小不同 ,敏感性也有变化。短的探针 41 3bp敏感性较高 ,长的探针敏感性降低。     

硒在海洋浮游植物生化组分中的分布

硒在海洋浮游植物生化组分中的分布杨逸萍，李河典，胡明辉（厦门大学海洋学系）关键词硒，海洋浮游植物，生化组分前言硒为中等生物制约元素。海洋浮游植物对硒的富集系数高达１０３～１０４［１］．硒沿海洋食物链的传递［１～４］表明硒在生物体内可能被结合在细胞原生...     

资料同化技术的发展及其在海洋科学中的应用

同顾了资料同化技术,特别是基于最优控制和统计估计这两大理论基础发展起来的几种资料同化方法的研究进展,以及这些方法在海洋科学研究中的应用现状.可以看到,由于海洋观测资料(如地转海洋学实时观测阵(Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography,Argo)、热带大气海洋阵列(Trop...     

叶绿素荧光检测技术在浮游植物营养盐限制研究中的应用

浮游植物是海洋中最主要的初级生产者,为海洋中其他生物提供最初营养和能量来源,但其生长经常受到N、P、Si、Fe等营养元素的限制。一般来说,营养盐限制是有时空变化的。因此,检测出何种营养盐为限制因子,对了解生态环境,进行水质监控具有重要意义。     

海洋空间规划技术在小尺度海洋生态红线区划中的应用———以东山县海域为例

随着社会经济的迅速发展,针对海洋的多元化开发利用给海洋生态系统带来了很大程度的威胁和损害,国内外先后开始运用海洋空间规划技术进行海洋空间的合理安排.海洋生态红线区划是我国在海洋空间规划技术应用中的一项新的实践.本文首先总结了国内外海洋空间规划技术方法,而后结合目前国内海洋生态红线区划已有成果,对小尺度海洋生态红线区划技术进行研究和探讨,总结出由研究区确定、生物生态要素评价和红线区划结果确定为主体的海洋生态红线区划技术.之后将此技术方法运用于东山县海洋生态红线区划实例中,初步完成了东山县海洋生态红线区划方案的制定,验证了海洋空间规划技术在海洋生态红线区划中应用的可行性.本文是海洋生态红线区划技术在小尺度海域范围内进行应用的一次尝试,研究结果可为我国县市级海洋生态红线区划和相关海洋保护性规划研究提供参考.     

海水液压传动技术及其在海洋开发中的应用

海水液压传动技术是国际上近年来为适应海洋开发而发展起来的一门新技术,是液压传动技术的一个重要发展方向,由于其抗燃性好,特别是和海洋环境相容、没有环境污染、效率高,而越来越受到人们的重视。本文主要论述海水液压传动技术的突出优越性,并介绍国内外关于海水液压传动技术的研究及在海洋开发中的应用情况,供我国海洋开发工作者参考．     

ISTOK hydrologic probes: development and application

A brief survey of the thirty-year history of creation and development of hydrologic probes at the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is given. We describe problems arisen before developers and analyze the principles of design of equipment, algorithmic support, software for data processing, and methodological and metrological support. The results of intercalibration and application of probes in expeditions are presented. Translated by Peter V. Malvshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

海洋浮游植物初级生产力及碳生物量的检测技术研究进展

浮游植物是海洋生态系统中的主要初级生产者，构建海洋食物网、生物泵和元素循环（包括碳循环、氮循环和硅循环等）的基石。因此，海洋生态系统中的元素循环和能量流动均与浮游植物的生长和代谢息息相关。海洋碳循环是全球碳循环的关键环节，也是全球生态系统中生物地化循环的重要组成部分。尽管浮游植物在海洋碳循环中起着至关重要的作用，但是直接测定浮游植物的初级生产力和碳生物量依旧受到传统技术和方法的限制。本文详细介绍了有关浮游植物初级生产力和碳生物量检测的各种技术和方法，列举了其各自的优缺点。目前，测定海洋浮游植物初级生产力的主要方法有黑白瓶法、遥感估算法、碳同位素测定、快速重复率荧光法；测定海洋浮游植物碳生物量的主要方法有细胞体积转换法、流式细胞术、电子探针X射线显微分析、分位数回归模型估算法。通过对比分析发现碳同位素与快速重复率荧光法相结合可以更高效测定出初级生产力，而最具优势与应用前景的碳生物量检测方法是基于分位数回归模型估算法。其中，基于分位数回归模型估算法具有拟合异常值、测定结果准确等优势，能够实现现场浮游植物群落以及各个功能群碳生物量的估算，并能够与卫星遥感技术手段相结合，可以应用于大尺度和长时间序列的海洋浮游植物碳生物量估算。通过本文的综述，一方面为海洋浮游植物初级生产力和碳含量的研究提供一个基本和系统的认识，另一方面为深入研究浮游植物在海洋碳循环以及全球碳循环中的作用提供参考。     

Meanders in the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone and their impact on phytoplankton

The Antarctic Polar Front is a complex set of meandering jets, which appear to support enhanced primary productivity. The US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study conducted a series of survey and process studies in part to study the processes regulating primary productivity in this high nutrient, low chlorophyll region. We deployed a set of surface velocity drifters, some of which were equipped with bio-optical sensors, to study the temporal and spatial scales of biological and physical processes in the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. There were two primary sets of deployments: November 1997 before the spring bloom and January 1998 after the spring bloom. The November deployment revealed a strong spring bloom that lasted about 10 days. In late spring, when incoming solar radiation began to increase, the vertical motions associated with the meanders strongly affected the accumulation of phytoplankton biomass, primarily through their impact on light availability. Weaker meandering was observed in the January deployment, and chlorophyll values remained relatively constant. As the bloom began to decay, it appears that nutrient availability became more important in regulating phytoplankton photosynthesis. Some of the drifters in the November deployment were deployed in coherent clusters, thus allowing us to calculate vertical velocities associated with the meanders. Estimates of fluorescence/chlorophyll suggest that areas of upwelling and downwelling alternately decrease and increase photosynthetic stress, perhaps as a result of changes in the availability of iron or light during the formation of the bloom.     

Nutrient regimes and their effect on distribution of phytoplankton in the Bay of Bengal

The seasonal dynamics of nutrient ratios and abundance of phytoplankton cells from the central (CB) and western (WB) Bay of Bengal (BOB) were studied during the fall intermonsoon (FIM; September-October 2002) and spring intermonsoon (SpIM; April-May 2003). The nutrient molar ratios of macronutrients such as nitrate to phosphate (N:P), nitrate to silicate (N:Si) and silicate to phosphate (Si:P) in the top 120m were calculated for both FIM and SpIM. During both the seasons, the N:P ratios along the CB and WB were lower than 16, indicating nitrate deficiency. Whereas, along both transects the N:Si ratio was <1 and Si:P >3 in the top 20 and 40m during FIM and SpIM, respectively, indicating Si enrichment. Relatively greater nutrient concentrations along the WB than the CB appear to contribute to higher phytoplankton abundance. The preponderance of diatoms in the Bay could be attributed to rapid utilization of available nutrients in particular during FIM thus resulting in low N:Si ratios in the water column. Among diatoms, pennales were predominantly controlled by nutrients and their ratios. While, apart from nutrients, physical stratification, light and eddies also seem to influence the distribution and abundance of centrales.     

多样性指数在海洋浮游植物研究中的应用

对海洋浮游植物群落分析中常用的多样性指数进行了比较研究.对物种丰富度依赖型、丰度依赖型和实测浮游植物群落中物种丰富度、Shannon指数(以2或e为底)、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson指数(1-D或1/D形式)、Margalef指数、Berger-Parker指数、McIntosh指数、McIntosh均匀度指数、Brillouin指数、Brillouin均匀度指数、Fisher α指数和Q统计指数等不同多样性指数计算结果进行了比较,发现不同多样性指数对浮游植物群落多样性的分析存在明显差异.对于一般情况下浮游植物群落多样性的研究,物种丰富度、Margalef指数、Fisher α指数、Shannon指数、Simpson相遇指数和Pielou指数的综合使用是较合适的,但对Margalef指数和Fisherα指数的结果要谨慎解释.并在综合应用各指数的基础上提出了浮游植物群落多样性分析的一般步骤.     

Trace metal concentrations in the Ross Sea and their relationship with nutrients and phytoplankton growth

Dissolved and particulate trace metal concentrations (dissolved Fe, Zn, Cd, Co, Cu and Ni; particulate Fe, Mn and Al) were measured along two transects in the Ross Sea during austral summer of 1990. Total Fe concentrations in southern Ross Sea and inshore waters were elevated >3.5 times that of northern waters. Dissolved Zn, Cd and Co concentrations were lower by factors of 4.5, 3.5 and 1.6 in southern surface waters relative to northern waters. Dissolved Cu and Ni concentrations were similar in both areas. Elevated Fe concentrations coincided with areas of increased productivity, phytoplankton biomass and nutrient drawdown, indicating that Fe is an important factor controlling the location of phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea. Particulate concentrations of Fe, Mn and Al indicate two possible sources of iron to the Ross Sea, resuspension of continental shelf sediments and iron incorporated in annual sea ice and released with meltwaters.     

Autoradiographic detection of species-specific thermal stress effects on natural phytoplankton assemblages

Species-specific photosynthetic responses to stress were detected in mixed phytoplankton assemblages using autoradiography. In laboratory experiments subjecting a mixture of the diatom Phaeodactylum and the flagellate Pseudoisochrysis to control and transient thermal stress treatments of +5, +10, +15 and +20°C, both species responded negatively with Phaeodactylum appearing more sensitive. Whole community measures of stress (¹⁴C uptake and DCMU-fluorescence) showed alterations in the photosynthetic response of the two-species mixtures with increasing ΔT, but did not sort out species-specific differences. In two field trials at an estuarine power plant, after entrainment through the plant's cooling system, the photosynthetic rate of a diatom, Cyclotella sp., was reduced whereas the photosynthetic rate of a thecate dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum minimum, was enhanced. Field DCMU-fluorescence measurements of stress failed to detect the observed species-specific entrainment effects.