伊通地堑上地幔剪切带

通过研究糜棱岩型幔源包体的变形显微构造、位错亚构造及组构特征，确定它是上地幔剪切带的代表物质。该带形成温度为７２９～８２８℃、压力为１．１０～１．３８ＧＰａ、差异应力为９７～１５０ＭＰａ、应变速率为ＩＯ￣（－１４）～１Ｏ￣（－１２）ｓ￣（－１）、等效粘滞度为１０～１０００ＥＰａ·ｓ和深度为３７～４５ｋｍ。这是一种与地幔底辟作用有关的规模较小的缓倾斜剪切带，也是应变集中带，能导致上地幔地震波速各向异性，并与地震活动有关     

郯庐断裂带沿线幔源包体的特征及初步推论

中国东部郯庐断裂带及共东侧6个地点的幔源包体主要为二辉橄榄岩及少量异剥橄榄岩,其结构显示出由残碎斑状、粒状变晶向糜棱结构的过渡,反映了上地幔不同条件下的变形。矿物平衡分析表明这些包体处于平衡状态,用3种不同方法汁算的平衡温度为700～1000℃,平衡压力为1.4～2.5Gpa。本区古地温线高于理论地温线,表明该地区存在有上地幔的底辟,同时推测在40～100km深度范围内存在有活动剪切带     

青藏高原东北缘地区Pn波速度的横向变化

搜集整理了中国国家地震台网和区域地震台网记录的Pn波到时资料，利用层析成像方法分析了青藏高原东北地区上地幔顶部P波速度及其各向异性的横向变化．结果表明，该地区Pn波的平均速度偏高，为8.09 km/s；构造上稳定的柴达木盆地下面，上地幔顶部Ｐ波速度较高，而构造上比较活跃的山西地堑地区波速则较低．1920年发生海原大地震的地区，上地幔顶部是Ｐ波速度偏低的地区．一个值得注意的结果是，与天山挤压带上地幔顶部Ｐ波速度偏低的情况不同，在青藏高原东北缘的祁连山现代挤压变形带地区，上地幔顶部是Ｐ波速度偏高的地区．鄂尔多斯地块下面，波速度不均一，存在高低速的变化．这与该地块四周皆有强地震活动、地块本身可能有整体的构造运动有关．      

华北第四纪火山作用研究

根据地层与同位素年代确定华北第四纪火山的时代为更新世 (Qp) ,距今 0 4Ma为火山活动高潮期。山西大同火山群东部火山为拉斑玄武岩 ,西部为碱性玄武岩 ;山东火山岩石碱性最强 ,为橄榄玄武岩 ,Sr同位素87Sr- 86Sr为 0 70 347～ 0 70 4 6 1,推测岩浆为地幔部分熔融的原始岩浆。对玄武岩中幔源包体的矿物进行了大量的电子探针分析 ,计算出其平衡温度为 880～ 110 0℃ ,平衡压力为 0 8～ 2 0GPa。由此推导的上地幔地温线低于由第三纪玄武岩中包体推导的地温线。上地幔的差异应力为 13～ 31MPa ,并随温度的升高而降低 ;应变速率为 7 78× 10 - 2 0 ～ 1 2 1× 10 - 14 s- 1,并随温度的升高而增大。研究结果表明 ,第四纪时期仍然存在上地幔底辟上涌 ,但其规模和活动强度均变弱     

欧亚地区均衡残差大地水准面和上地幔强度

首先计算了欧亚地区均衡残差大地水准面．基于地幔热对流的内负荷理论和最新全球层析成像结果，探讨了欧亚地区中波长均衡残差大地水准面的地球动力学意义．研究结果表明，中波长均衡残差大地水准面主要受上地幔粘滞度和岩石层强度的影响，进而得出欧亚地区一些古老地盾和构造稳定地区的上地幔与年轻山脉及构造活动地区的上地幔结构存在着差异．这个差异主要是占老地盾和构造稳定地区，如波罗的海地盾、中西伯利亚地台、东欧等区域，冷却的上地幔已穿透地幔较深，上地幔与岩石层之间耦合较好;而年轻山脉和构造活动区，如帕米尔、天山、贝加尔活动带、青藏高原、日本海周围地区，在上地幔可能存在着热物质即粘滞度很低的软流层，上地幔与岩石层耦合程度较差，甚至有可能解耦．从欧亚地区上地幔属性的差异，可以解释该地区的一些地球动力学问题．     

中国东部新生代玄武岩中幔源包体和高压巨晶的氦同位素研究

对中国东部黑龙江鹿道，吉林辉南、蛟河，辽宁宽甸，河北汉诺坝，安徽女山和海南岛定安地区新生代玄武岩中幔源包体和高压巨晶的氦同位素进行了初步研究．大部分地区幔源包体和高压巨晶的～３Ｈｅ／～４ＨＥ比值分布在 １×１０～（－５）左右，与ＭＯＲＢ的～３Ｈｅ／～４Ｈｅ比值相似，反映了ＭＯＲＢ型亏损地幔的特征．蛟河地区幔源包体的～３Ｈｅ／～４Ｈｅ比值为４．８ × １０～（－６）；汉诺坝地区幔源包体的～３Ｈｅ／～４Ｈｅ比值为（０．１５～７．４）×１０～（－６）与，较ＭＯＲＢ值明显偏低，甚至低于大气的值，说明该地区曾发生过强烈的地幔交代作用．同一地区幔源包体和高压巨晶的氦同位素组成明显不同，提出幔源包体和高压巨晶不是同源的，两者可能与寄主玄武岩均无必然成因联系．在汉诺坝地区一件石榴石巨晶中发现了异常高的～３Ｈｅ／～４Ｈｅ比值     

由甘肃宕昌好梯幔源包体推导的上地幔物质组成、热结构和流变学特征

新生代火山岩中的幔源包体可以提供有关上地幔的直接信息。通过对采自甘肃宕昌县好梯乡的幔源橄榄岩包体的详细研究 ,探讨该地区上地幔的热结构和流变学特征 ,并与华北地区进行对比。研究结果表明 ,该区自壳幔边界以下至 75km深处的上地幔主要由尖晶石二辉橄榄岩组成 ,75km以下则主要由石榴石二辉橄榄岩组成 ,方辉橄榄岩只占少数 ;与华北地区没有明显的差异。由包体平衡温度、压力建立的上地幔地温线低于华北地区地温线 ;确定的壳幔边界在 5 2km左右 ,莫霍界面附近为下地壳物质与尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的过渡带 ;岩石圈底界深度约为 12 0km左右。根据包体的研究结果建立了研究区上地幔的差异应力、应变速率和等效黏滞度剖面。结果表明 ,该区新生代时期存在软流层的底辟 ,以及相应的岩石圈的减薄 ,但其规模明显小于华北地区。这些结果表明该区处在中国东部大陆裂谷带和中国中部克拉通块体群的过渡带     

浙江省上地幔的热结构及流变学特征

由尖晶石相和石榴石相二辉橄榄岩包体所建立的浙江省上地幔古地温线高于大洋地温线 ,与徐义刚等建立的中国东部地温线以及澳大利亚东南部的地温线较为接近 .由该地温线确定的该区壳幔边界为 34km ,软流圈与岩石圈边界大致在75km .上述结果与该区地球物理资料基本一致 .包体的流变特征研究表明 ,该区的包体至少经历了两期以上的变形事件 .前期可能与上地幔底辟有关 ,后期则可能与上地幔的剪切作用有关     

中国东部地幔岩包体的产出及其与地球内部构造的关系

中国东部橄榄岩和榴辉岩深源包体的地理分布构成了全球环太平洋深源包体分布带的重要组成部分。深源包体的产出与地球内部构造密切相关。尖晶石橄榄岩和镁铝榴石橄榄岩两种包体与上地幔的构造分带相一致,榴辉岩包体代表上地幔中局部的分凝体。碱性玄武岩浆的活动和深源岩石带的形成应为板块构造运动的结果。     

中国大陆壳幔运动耦合作用分析

板块运动是地壳和上地幔变形的主要动力来源之一。因为只有地壳变形能被直接观测到,所以将上地壳变形场与下地壳和上地幔变形场比较是研究壳幔运动耦合作用的主要方法之一。利用中国大陆GPS观测结果,结合第四纪活动断层和由20世纪以来发生的地震资料反演获得的地球表层的水平应变率场,并将相关结果与Pn波各向异性及剪切波分裂的快波方向相比较,探讨中国大陆壳幔运动耦合作用。结果发现,总体来看活动性强的构造单元,其深部上地幔塑性剪切带的展布与上地壳脆性剪切带的方位有较大的差异;反之,活动性弱的构造单元,差异较小。活动构造单元其上地壳与下地壳—上地幔之间构造变形活动差异较大的原因,可能是在这个部位上、下地壳之间构造活动有一定程度的解耦,使下地壳以上部分的活动与其下“大地幔流”的运动趋势发生差异,从而产生构造应变能积累     

琼北第四纪玄武岩中微型地幔岩捕虏体的发现及其意义

琼北新近纪碱性橄榄玄武岩中广泛出露大型地幔岩捕虏体 (最大尺度 2 0cm) ,但前人尚未在第四纪玄武岩中发现过此类捕虏体。经过对采自第四纪玄武岩中 14 0余个样品的微观结构观测 ,发现天然氧化作用揭示出样品中部分粗粒橄榄石晶体发育位错构造 ;同时由橄榄石和辉石晶粒组成的某些集合体型斑晶的结构 ,与新近纪玄武岩中大型地幔岩捕虏体的结构相同 ,从而确定第四纪玄武岩中存在橄榄石捕虏晶和微型地幔岩捕虏体 (最大尺度为 4mm)。捕虏晶和微型捕虏体的存在表明第四纪玄武岩岩浆与新近纪一样都来源于上地幔 ;同时 ,地幔岩捕虏体由大型演变为微型反映了岩浆上升速度的逐步降低 ,以及火山活动强度的减弱     

华北地区新生代碱性玄武岩中超镁铁质捕掳体的初步研究(续)

(二)由新变晶大小估计地幔应力近些年来,据天然橄榄石的变形结构、显微亚构造及实验研究的结果,提出了多种估计上地幔应力的方法。Nicolas(1978)曾对此进行过综合评述。归纳起来有两类方法,一类是建立在位错显微构造基础上的方法,如根据橄榄石的位错密度和位错曲率与应力之间的经验关系或亚颗粒大小与应力之间的关系来估算应力值;另一类方法是由动力重结晶的橄榄石晶粒(新变晶)的大小来估计上地幔应力的方法。对同一样品采用上述诸方法常不能得到相     

Characteristics of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath Baegryeong Island, Korea: Spinel peridotite xenoliths

Abstract   Geochemical data on Baegryeong Island spinel peridotites found in Miocene alkali basalt provide the information for lithosphere composition, chemical processes, equilibrium pressure and temperature conditions. Spinel peridotite xenoliths, showing transitional textures between protogranular and porpyroclastic textures, were accidentally trapped by the ascending alkali basalt magma. The xenoliths originate at depths from 50 to 70 km with a temperature range from 800 to 1100°C. The variations of modal and mineral compositions of the spinel peridotite xenoliths indicate that the xenoliths have undergone 1–10% fractional melting. The spinel peridotites from Baegryeong Island have undergone cryptic mantle metasomatism subsequent to melt extraction. Metasomatic agent of enriched spinel peridotite xenoliths was carbonatite melt.     

Petrologic model of the crust and upper mantle of the Japanese Island arcs

Mafic and ultramafic xenoliths, in the Holocene calc-alkali andesite of Ichinomegata(1) crater in Oga peninsula and those in the Plio-Pleistocene alkali-olivine basalts of Oki-Dōgo island in the Japan Sea, have been studied in detail. Based on geothermometry and geobarometry, and relative abundance of the rock types of the xenoliths, petrologic models of the crust and upper mantle beneath these two areas were constructed. The crust and upper mantle beneath Ichinomegata crater are characterized by hydrous and relatively low temperature conditions. On the other hand, the crust and upper mantle beneath Oki-Dōgo island are characterized by nearly anhydrous and high temperature conditions, and presence of thick lavers of peridotite and pvroxenite cumulates in the uppermost mantle. The crust and upper mantle of the western part of the Northeast Honshū Arc can be considered as similar to those beneath Ichinomegata crater, because of the common occurrence of similar mafic xenoliths from many andesite volcanoes in this area. The crust and upper mantle of the northern part of the Southwest Honshū Arc, in the same way, can be regarded as similar to those beneath Oki-Dōgo island. Differences in amount of hydrous minerals of deep-seated rocks between the two areas can be interpreted as due to the presence of migrating water derived from the subducting Pacific plate in the Northeast Honshū Arc. Difference in slope of the geotherm may be due to the difference in temperature of the partial melt zones beneath these two areas. Bulk chemical compositions of the lower crustal materials of the Japanese island arcs, 85 mafic inclusions from 15 volcanoes, are listed, and it is concluded that they are cumulates or metamorphosed cumulates in the lower crust.     

Deep xenoliths in alkalic porphyry, Liuhe, Yunnan, and implications to petrogenesis of alkalic porphyry and associated mineralizations

Na-rich microlite-glass is first discovered in deep-source xenoliths in alkali-rich porphyry, Liuhe village, Heqing County, Yunnan Province. It is shown that the ultramafic xenoliths originated from partial melting of primary mantle and the glass resulted from metasomatism between the xenoliths and mantle fluid derived from mantle degassing. Mantle metasomatism not only resulted in the enrichment of alkaline, large-ion elements, ore metals and volatiles but also created a favorable condition for the generation of alkaline magmas. The mantle xenoliths and their characteristics of mantle metasomatism provide important evidence for a better understanding of the petrogenesis and mineralization of the Cenozoic alkali-rich porphyry in western Yunnan.     

Mineral chemistry of spinel peridotite xenoliths from Baengnyeong Island, South Korea, and its implications for the paleogeotherm of the uppermost mantle

Abstract   The mantle-derived xenoliths entrained in the Pliocene basanite from Baengnyeong Island, South Korea, are spinel lherzolites and spinel harzburgites. The overall compositional range of the Baengnyeong xenoliths matches that of the post-Archean xenoliths of lithospheric mantle origin from eastern China, but without any compositional evidence for a refractory Archean mantle root. Mineral compositions of the xenoliths have been used to estimate the equilibrium temperatures and pressures, and to construct a paleogeothermal gradient of the source region. The xenolith-derived paleogeotherm is constrained from about 820°C at 7.3 kbar to 1000°C at 20.6 kbar. Like those from the post-Archean Chinese xenoliths of lithospheric mantle origin, the Baengnyeong geotherm is considerably elevated relative to the conductive models at the depth of the crust–mantle boundary, reflecting a thermal perturbation probably related to lithospheric thinning. There is no significant P / T difference between harzburgite and lherzolite, which suggests that the harzburgites are interlayered with lherzolites within the depth interval beneath Baengnyeong Island.     

Hot-spots,mantle plumes and a model for the origin of ultramafic xenoliths in alkali basalts

The Wilson-Morgan hypothesis of hot-spots, characterized by high heat flow, positive gravity anomaly and alkalic volcanism, assumes that such hot-spots are surface expressions of mantle plumes rising by thermal convection. Possible evidence of this mantle upwelling is shown here from textural, structural and chemical aspects of ultramafic xenoliths in alkalic basalts. The xenolith-bearing basalts are constanly associated with Wilson-Morgan hot-spots in the ocean basins and with their continental counterparts in the rift valleys which show extensional tectonics. Most of the xenoliths are considered to be accidental fragments of the lithosphere in the host basalts. One remarkable aspect of xenoliths from all parts of the world is their ubiquitous tectonite fabric. The microstructures of these xenoliths are due to plastic deformation. Some of the xenoliths from Baja California show characteristic deformational features which are also found in the marginal parts of diapirically intruded high-temperature peridotite massifs. A model is proposed for the origin of xenoliths in alkalic basalts by mantle upwelling in which the plastic deformation of the xenoliths reflects this dynamic uprise.     

Temperature and pressure condition of garnet lherzolite and websterite from west Qinling,China

The mineral thermobarometry proposed in literature is used to calculate the equilibrium temperature and pressure of garnet lherzolite and websterite xenoliths within the Cenozoic kamafugite from west Qinling, Gansu Province, China. The results show that the equilibrium temperature and pressure of garnet lherzolites and websterite and 1127–1266°C, 2.9–3.6 Gpa and 1169–1248°C, 2.8–3.2 Gpa respectively. The equilibrium peressures reach or exceed the equilibrium peressure of spinel lherzolites (2.0–3.0 GPa), and fall into the stability range of garnet peridotite. The equilibrium temperature of the xenoliths reach or exceed the ocean geotherm, identical with the melting temperature of kamafugite magma determined by experiments under the conditions of post-orogenic lithosphere extension. So the thermal state of Cenozoic mantle of the west Qinling may be fit to generate the kamafugite magmatism. The research on petrology-mineralogy and geobarothermometry of the xenoliths shows that both garnet lherzolite and websterite are mantle components of the west Qinling, and may be considered as source rocks of the Cenozoic kamafugite magma.

     

Geodynamic significance of ultramafic xenoliths from Eastern Serbia: Relics of sub-arc oceanic mantle?

A suite of highly depleted peridotite xenoliths in East Serbian Palaeogene basanites represents the lithospheric mantle beneath the Balkan Peninsula. The xenoliths are harzburgites, clinopyroxene-poor lherzolites and rare dunites. They contain mostly <5 vol.% of modal clinopyroxene and are characterized by high Mg# in silicates (>91), high Cr# in spinel (mostly 0.5–0.7), and by distinctively low Al₂O₃ contents in orthopyroxene (mostly 1–2 wt.%). They have experienced some mantle metasomatism which has slightly obscured their original composition. Nevertheless, the general characteristics of the xenoliths imply a composition which is significantly more depleted than most non-cratonic sub-continental mantle xenolith suites, as well as orogenic peridotites and abyssal peridotites. Geological and compositional evidence suggests that the xenoliths do not represent Archean mantle. The existence of Proterozoic mantle cannot be entirely excluded, although it is in disagreement with geological evidence. On the other hand, the studied xenoliths are compositionally very similar to peridotites of modern oceanic sub-arc settings. The existence of such a depleted lithospheric mantle segment is also inferred from the presence of rare orthopyroxene-rich xenoliths in the same suite. These are interpreted to have originated as lithospheric precipitates of high-Mg, SiO₂-saturated magmas that require a highly depleted mantle source. Such source is typically required by boninitic-like magmas of intraoceanic suprasubduction settings. A proposed geodynamic model to explain these observations involves accretion or underplating of the lower parts of the Tethyan oceanic lithosphere during the Upper Jurassic closure of the eastern branch of the Vardar ocean.