论彩色钻石

本文介绍了彩色钻石的概念,论述了其特点、分类。据彩钻的色度深浅将彩色(以红、绿、蓝、紫、粉为例)详细分为15级:微、弱、浅、浅淡、淡、淡中、深淡、中、中彩、彩、浓彩、浓、深、极深、暗,简化后分8级:弱、浅、淡、中、彩、浓、深、暗。关于彩色钻石的明亮度详细划分为8级:很暗、暗、较暗、较明、明亮、亮、亮彩、阳亮。简化为4级:暗、较明、明亮、阳亮。颜色色种的稀有度分级有:顶端稀有色种的红色系,极度稀有色种的绿色系、橙色系、紫色系,稀有色种的蓝色系、粉色系,较稀有色种的棕色系、黑色,少见色种的灰色系、褐色系,较少见色种的黄色系。文中对彩钻大小的粒度也进行了界定,并对彩钻的致色因素做了探讨,分作岩浆期致色、岩浆期后致色、未知的复杂因素致色等。指出了彩钻所包含的研究领域。     

征稿简则

正1.《古地理学报》是地学类学术性期刊(双月刊),主要刊登国内外古地理学及其相关学科或相关学术领域的文章,如岩相古地理学、生物古地理学、构造古地理学、层序地层学及古地理学、第四纪古地理学、人类历史时期古地理学、古今地理环境与人类文明、沉积学、沉积环境、沉积相、古生态、古构造、古地貌、古气候、古水文、古岩溶、古土壤、古地理学研究方法和技术等学科和学术领域的科研成果的论文,以及以这些学科或学术领域的理论、观点和方法论述石油、天然气、煤炭、水、化工材料、建筑材料、其他金属与非金属矿产资源的预测、勘探、开发和环境等方面的论文。     

《水科学进展》征稿简则

《水科学进展》是以水为论述主题的学术期刊,主要反映国内外在暴雨、洪水、干旱、水资源、水环境等领域中科学技术的最新成果、重要进展、当代水平和发展趋势,报道关于水圈研究的新事实、新概念、新理论和新方法,交流新的科研成果、技术经验和科技动态。她涉及与水有关的所有学科,包括水文科学、大气科学、海洋科学、地质科学、地理科学、环境科学、水利科学和水力学、冰川学、水生态学以及法学、经济学和管理科学中与水有关的内容。尤其欢迎以下方面的稿件：     

征稿启事

正《水科学进展》是以水为论述主题的学术期刊,主要反映国内外在暴雨、洪水、干旱、水资源、水环境等领域中科学技术的最新成果、重要进展,当代水平和发展趋势,报道关于水圈研究的新事实、新概念、新理论和新方法,交流新的科研成果、技术经验和科技动态;她涉及与水有关的所有学科,包括水文科学、大气科学、海洋科学、地质科学、地理科学、环境科学、水利科学和水力学、冰川学、水生态学以及法学、经济学和管理科学中与水有关的内容。本刊热诚欢迎广大水科学工作者踊跃投稿,尤其欢迎以下几方面的稿件:     

征稿简则

1.《古地理学报》是地学类学术性期刊(双月刊),主要刊登国内外古地理学及其相关学科或相关学术领域的文章,如岩相古地理学、生物古地理学、构造古地理学、层序地层学及古地理学、第四纪古地理学、人类历史时期古地理学、古今地理环境与人类文明、沉积学、沉积环境、沉积相、古生态、古构造、古地貌、古气候、古水文、古岩溶、古土壤、古地理学研究方法和技术等学科和学术领域的科研成果的论文,以及以这些学科或学术领域的理论、观点和方法论述石油、天然气、煤炭、水、化工材料、建筑材料、其他金属与非金属矿产资源的预测、勘探、开发和环境等方面的论文。     

西北某些地区宝、玉石及彩石原料的矿物学研究

本文介绍了西北某些地区所产出的海蓝宝石、托帕石、蓝文石、哈密翠、绿松石、蓝田玉、丁香紫、商洛翠玉、五花石等宝、玉石及彩石原料的矿物学特征及其多种手段所测试的数据资料。     

中国东部岩石地球化学图

1986～1995年开展的中国东部地壳与岩石化学组成研究在中国东部(105°E以东)约330万km2的范围内系统采集了500余条标准地层剖面、800多个有代表性的火成岩体和变质杂岩体,总计28253件岩石样品,组合成2718件分析样品,对每个岩石组合样品的63种元素含量进行了准确测定,积累了大量的高质量的元素含量分析结果.选择60种元素SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、FeO、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O、CO2、Ag、As、Au、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Cd、Cl、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、F、Ga、Ge、Hf、Hg、Li、Mn、Mo、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Pd、Pt、Rb、S、Sb、Sc、Se、Sn、Sr、Ta、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、W、Zn、Zr、Y、La、Ce、Nd、Sm、Eu、Tb、Yb和Lu制作了中国东部岩石地球化学图.根据中国东部各省区区域地质志和1:50万地质图首次编制的中国东部岩石地球化学图基本反映了与特定岩石性有关的岩石地球化学元素含量分布特征、与大地构造单元有关的区域地球化学元素含量的宏观分布特征及不同大地构造单元元素含量背景的变化趋势.例如,CaO、(MgO) 、CO2和Cl的高背景反映地是碳酸盐岩地区,铁族元素Fe2O3、FeO、Mn、Ti、V、Cr、Co、Ni及MgO、Cu、Zn、P、Ga、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Sc和Eu的高背景反映了基性火山岩地区,SiO2和K2O的高背景反映地是大面积分布的酸性岩石地区的地球化学特征.内蒙古兴安褶皱带为SiO2、K2O、Ag、As和Be的高背景分布区域,华北地台边缘、大别造山带和苏鲁造山带为Sr和Ba高背景分布区域,豫西台隆为Cu、Pb、W和Sc的高背景分布区域.南秦岭、西秦岭造山带以挥发性元素Hg、As、Sb、B以及Cd、Se、S的高背景显著特点.对于整个华南褶皱系而言,W、Sn、Bi、Mo、Rb、Cs、Tl、U、Th、Pb、Y和REE(Eu除外)为高背景,此外东南沿海火山岩带有是SiO2、K2O的高背景,而赣南闽西褶皱带还是碱金属Li,稀有元素Be、Nb、Ta,分散元素Cd及F的高背景.     

流域上游基岩与下游冲积平原土壤化学组成的对比

对海河水系流域、鄱阳湖水系流域上游的基岩与下游的冲积平原土壤之间化学组成的对比研究显示,下游冲积物土壤的化学组成明显地受源岩成分、形成过程和形成环境的影响。流域上游基岩的一些特征元素在冲积物土壤中被明显地继承,如海河流域基岩和土壤中的CO2、CaO、MgO、FeO、Sr,鄱阳湖流域基岩和土壤中的W、Sn、Bi、U、Th、Pb、Rb、Tl、As、Sb、Se、Hg、Nb、Ta、Hf、B、Be、Ge、Pt、Pd、Y。受形成过程和形成环境的影响,处于暖温带半湿润季风气候下的海河流域冲积平原土壤以极富集CO2、CaO、Na2O、Cl,显著富集MgO、FeO、Sr,富集P、S为特征;而处于亚热带湿润季风气候下的鄱阳湖流域冲积平原土壤则以显著富集Hg、Se和富集Al2O3、Fe2O3H2O^＋、W、Sn、Bi、Mo、U、Th、Pb、Rb、Cs、Tl、Li、Be、B、Ga、Ge、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、As、Sb、Co、Cr、Ti、V、Zn、Pt、Pd、REE、Y为特征。无论是海河流域还是鄱阳湖流域的冲积平原土壤,均富集As、Sb、Hg、B、Cl、W、Sn、Bi、Pb、Se、Ge、Li、Cs、Cu、Au、Fe2O3、V、Cr、Ni、Zr、Hf、Y。     

《工程地质学报》约稿函

正一、《工程地质学报》是由中国科学院主管,中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所主办的,与中国地质学会工程地质专业委员会、国际工程地质与环境协会中国委员会有密切联系的,关于工程地质学、面向国内外发行的工程地质学的高级学术期刊。二、主要刊登涉及到地质科学、水文地质工程地质学、地球化学、应用地球物理学、物理学、数学、计算机科学、铁道、交通、公路、矿山、能源、水利水电等方面的研究论文、简报、动态、进展和新技术、新方法。     

“二十世纪著名科学家书系”之《刘广志》出版

由当代八位著名科学家吴阶平、杨福家、吴文俊、袁隆平、孙家栋、陈清泉、刘国光、汝信主编的“二十世纪著名科学家书系”,选录了20世纪以来中国高层次的自然科学家、社会科学家、工程科学家百余人,每人一传。这套“书系”通过对一批最具代表性的科学的人生经历、不懈追求、科学成就、突出故事的介绍,生动展现他们为中华复兴、人类福祉而表现出来的勤奋拼搏、勇于创新和赤诚奉献的精神与品格,     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.