A velocity field estimation of the Brazilian portion of the SOAM plate

With the proposition for the adoption of Geocentric Reference System for the Americas (SIRGAS) as a terrestrial reference frame for South America, the need for temporal monitoring of station coordinates used in its materialization has become apparent. This would provide a dynamic characterization of the frame. The Brazilian Network for Continuous Monitoring of GPS (RBMC) has collected high accuracy GPS measurements since 1996. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) maintains this network in collaboration with several universities and organizations. Most of the stations are also part of the SIRGAS network. The RBMC also contributes data to the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) to densify the global frame. Two of the RBMC stations are also part of the International GPS Service (IGS). This paper reports initial results from these stations. To estimate the velocity field defined by these stations, ten IGS stations located on the border of the South American plate and in adjacent plates, along with nine RBMC stations, were used. Observations covering five groups of 15 days each were used. These groups of observations were at epochs 1997.3, 1997.9, 1998.3, 1998.9 and 1999.2. Seven IGS stations were chosen to have their coordinates constrained to those epochs. IGS products (precise ephemeris and clocks) were used to process the daily solutions, which were carried out with Bernese software. Carrier phase double differences were formed using the ionospheric-delay free observable. The troposphere was modeled using a combination of the Saastamoinen model and the Niell mapping function. A tropospheric parameter was estimated every two hours. The results of the daily baseline solutions were combined using the summation of normal equations technique, in which the final coordinates and velocities were estimated. The results were compared with various models, such as the NNR-NUVEL1 and the APKIM8.80. Velocity vectors estimated for the RBMC stations show good agreement with those two models, with rates approximately equal to 2 cm/year.     

CORS站高程非线性速度场及方差波动模型构建方法

本文描述了CORS站高程时间序列采用固定周期项建立线性速度场的基本概念,指出给定周期与实际周期存在偏差的问题。为此,提出了CORS站高程时间序列非线性速度场建模方法。该方法以线性最小二乘解作为迭代初值,利用高斯-牛顿迭代算法求解非线性速度场模型的未知参数,实现了CORS站高程时间序列数据的非线性建模;给出了拟合模型残差平方序列异方差特性的检验方法,阐述了建立GARCH(p,q)模型反映CORS站高程非平稳序列波动情况的基本准则。本文以国内外6个CORS站20余年的高程时间序列为研究对象,建立非线性速度场运动模型。结果表明:CORS站高程运动并不存在严格的整年或半年周期项,近似年周期运动最为明显,近似两年周期运动占比最小,年周期估计偏差达到12%,半年周期偏差18%,两年周期偏差6%,非线性建模精度和效果整体优于线性模型。利用ARCH检验法得到CORS站高程非线性模型的残差平方序列存在异方差性,即残差平方序列具有非平稳特性,引入GARCH(p,q)模型对CORS站高程分量非平稳残差平方序列建模,反映了残差平方序列的非平稳波动。验证了GARCH(p,q)模型对CORS站高程非平稳残差平方序列建模的可行性,为今后利用GARCH(p,q)模型对CORS站高程非平稳噪声序列建模和非线性速度场重构提供了思路。     

利用GPS速度场求解构造块体的运动参数

文章推导了利用GPS观测速度计算构造块体转动参数和变形参数的统一模型,并基于此模型,利用GPS速度场资料,计算了中国大陆六个一级块体的转动参数和变形参数。     

简化VVP反演算法在台风风场反演中的应用

多普勒雷达资料的体积速度处理VVP(Volume Velocity Processing)风场反演方法可反演风场的3维结构,但由于算法的系数矩阵病态问题易导致反演风场产生误差。本文针对VVP算法中反演参数的性质,进行了简化算法的模拟检验和误差分析。选取量级最大的3个主要参量进行反演,引入随机的观测误差,通过改变模拟风速确定了反演算法的适用范围。对比结果发现,简化算法的反演结果对观测误差并不敏感,而且从低仰角到高仰角的均方根误差基本不变,当风速较大时,反演的精度会更准确。对0608"桑美"台风的风场反演表明,该算法较真实地反演出了台风中心及眼区外围的风场,并与Rankine台风模型相符。研究表明,简化VVP算法可清晰地揭示台风内部水平风场的3维结构,可以应用于台风等灾害性天气的风场反演与分析。     

震前尼泊尔GPS速度场分析

针对多数GPS时间序列分析中未考虑与时间有关的噪声问题,该文利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件对尼泊尔地震前2011—2015年连续观测的GPS数据进行解算,对时间序列进行噪声分析,利用频谱分析法确定噪声模型,最后在考虑噪声特征下,利用时间序列分析软件CATS估算其周期性和站点速度场。结果表明:尼泊尔境内的连续站的最佳噪声模型是"白噪声+闪烁噪声";没考虑时间序列中时间相关的噪声,水平速度场估算误差被低估7~8倍;同时该区域GPS时间序列存在波峰较为一致的周期运动,区域内的水文荷载是造成该现象的主要原因,因此在研究该地区地壳构造运动时,必须考虑水文荷载等非构造运动带来的干扰。     

亚太网数据处理及速度场精度评估

研究亚洲太平洋地区地球动力学计划(Asia Pacific Regional Geodesy Project,APRGP)的数据处理理论与方法,利用数据处理软件BERNESE5.0升级前后对亚太网进行年度坐标与速度场解算,探讨不同约束条件对解算结果精度的影响,并给出亚太地区速度场解箅结果的分析与评述,解算结果与IGS解算的速度场结果走向趋势一致.     

CORS网基线解的三维速度场解算

为解决国际GNSS服务(IGS)基准误差与基线网平差模型相关误差造成的连续运行参考站(CORS)站坐标(大地高)时变信息失真问题,该文提出了基于CORS网基线解数据利用拟稳平差法解算三维速度场的方法.以台州地区为试验区,基于台州地区2017年1月1日-2019年7月31日的15个CORS站的基线解观测数据,利用附加平均值约束拟稳平差方法得到了台州地区的三维速度场.将成果与传统CORS站坐标时序分析求解三维速度场的方法进行对比分析,结果显示,台州北部地区呈下降趋势,最大下降速率约为-2.3 mm/a;台州东南部地区呈上升趋势,最大上升速率约为2 mm/a;台州西部地区处于比较平稳的状态.基于基线解求解三维速度场的方法能最大限度地保证基线网不扭曲,充分保留所有CORS全组合基线大地高差变化信息,可以准确、独立、有效地解算三维速度场.     

卡尔曼平滑算法在高精度速度场解算中的应用

为了获得更高精度的速度场,根据卡尔曼平滑估计的原理,该文提出将卡尔曼平滑算法应用到速度场解算中的方法.该方法在卡尔曼滤波的基础上,根据已得滤波估计值进行反向卡尔曼滤波估计,将正向滤波解和反向滤波解进行加权平均,从而提高速度场解算的精度.利用SOPAC网站产出的2017-2019年共3 a的包含全球IGS站点的单 日松弛解H文件,分别采用经典卡尔曼滤波和卡尔曼平滑两种方法进行速度场的解算.结果表明,采用卡尔曼平滑算法较经典卡尔曼滤波在外符合精度上有10.5％的提升,在内符合精度上有10.7％的提升;分析可得,采用将正向滤波解与反向滤波解进行加权平均的卡尔曼平滑算法可提升速度场的解算精度.     

反射率因子和径向速度共同约束反演多普勒雷达风场

多普勒雷达可以提供降水回波区的风场信息。为了充分运用雷达资料分析中小尺度天气过程,本文假设反射率因子在短时间内的运动满足拉格朗日守恒,提出了采用连续两次的反射率因子回波和径向速度数据共同约束的方法来反演风场,在反演过程中避免了对径向速度的分布进行假设。针对连续两个时次之间反射率回波运动中产生的不同程度的误差做了模拟风场试验,结果表明,当回波运动随机误差不超过40%时,反演结果较为可靠。另外,本文还利用此风场反演方法进行两次中尺度天气过程的实例分析。结果表明,该方法反演的风场与实际风场结构相符,具有一定的应用价值。     

不同框架点与内约束下速度场解算精度分析

针对地震预报平差软件处理过程中框架点的选择及内约束的松紧会对解算结果产生较大影响的问题,文章提出了应联合选择中国周边IGS站和稳定的陆态网连续站作为框架点,选择毫米级的约束的解决方法:在利用全球范围内GPS数据进行速度场解算时,由于框架点的分布均匀且质量较好,应联合选用中国周边IGS站和稳定的陆态网连续站;在测站先验坐标解算精度较高的基础之上,毫米级范围内的内约束可以保证解算的精度。研究结果可为GPS高精度数据处理提供良好的框架点及内约束选择,为高精度数据结果的获得提供参考。     

川滇地块现今地壳运动速度场解算与分析

利用GAMIT10.4和BERNESE5.2软件,分别对川滇地区中国地壳运动观测网络51个GNSS基准站2010—2014年的观测数据进行处理。两者解算所得单日解基线和坐标时间序列离散度优于10mm,且变化趋势一致,吻合度较高。基线重复率水平向优于1+4×10-9 L;垂向优于4+6×10-9 L(单位mm,其中L表示基线长度,单位m)。利用PL+VW噪声模型进行了速度估计,获取了川滇地区相对欧亚板块地壳运动速度场。结果显示:除滇西南地区呈现出由西向东的增大趋势外,川滇块体其它区域地壳运动特征由北往南、由西往东呈逐渐衰减趋势;运动方向持续围绕喜马拉雅东结点作顺时针旋转,且仍然存在着南北向强烈的挤压特征。以安宁河-则木河断裂、小江断裂和红河断裂为界,选用了两侧能反映震间断裂构造特征的GPS测站,分析了断裂两侧的速度差异。并利用平行断层的速度剖面,拟合反正切函数变化趋势,获取了断裂带可能的变形宽度。     

应用GPS速度场和地震数据反演中国大陆构造应变场

为获得更准确的中国大陆地壳应力应变场,文章基于ITRF2005全球地心坐标参考框架,采用高精度数据处理方法计算了中国地壳运动观测网络1999—2009年间的观测数据,获得了中国大陆GPS速度场以及相对欧亚板块的区域形变场,计算结果显示中国大陆形变运动仍是西强东弱的格局;并利用中国大陆同期近30年的地震矩张量及第四纪活动断层研究成果资料,联合反演了中国大陆区域的构造应变场,结果表明:从总体来看,应变相对集中的区域为喜马拉雅构造带、青藏高原、帕米尔高原、阿尔金断裂带、新疆天山及川滇地区,中国大陆区域过去10年的构造变化以挤压为主,拉张为辅。     

基于GPS速度场研究中国大陆块体运动

针对中国大陆区域全球定位系统监测网点的加密,采用高精度全球定位系统数据处理方法处理了中国大陆约2 000站的3期GPS观测,获得相对ITRF2008框架的中国大陆高精度、高密度全球定位系统水平速度场。基于此处理结果,对中国大陆6个一级块体及22个二级块体的刚体运动进行了重新分析,求解了各块体上相对可靠的刚体运动参数。进一步利用各块体的刚性参数,分析了块体边界带的相对运动。基于全球框架下的全球定位系统观测结果表明,喀喇昆仑—嘉黎、阿尔金、小江、红河等4个断层近期相对滑动速率较大,预示着这些区域近期发生地震的可能性较大;祁连山、富蕴、山西地堑、大秦岭、张家口—蓬莱、秦岭—大别山、郯庐南段等区域滑动速率较小一般低于5mm/a,与地质调查的结果基本一致。     

陆态网络GNSS基准站地壳运动速度场分析

针对中国大陆构造环境监测网络(陆态网络)中观测数据处理的期数过少或解算成果的坐标系统不统一等问题,该文在ITRF2008中对陆态网络239个GNSS基准站从2010年1月至2013年8月的观测数据进行解算,获取站点的坐标时间序列,估计了站点的水平和垂直运动速度场,并分析了中国大陆地壳运动特征。结果表明:GNSS基准站在ITRF2008中的坐标时间序列整体上符合线性变化趋势,东西方向的幅度变化大,高程方向受观测噪声的影响较大一些;高程方向相比较水平方向的年周期性更为明显;水平速度场明显有自西向东运动的趋势,且西藏块体中测站变化最为明显;垂直运动速度场中,华中、华南、华东块体中测站存在较低速率的下降,其他块体的测站存在较低速率的隆升。     

内蒙古陆态网络坐标时间序列噪声分析及速度场修正

利用中国地震局全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)数据产品服务平台获取内蒙古自治区境内15个陆态网络连续站2010-06—2021-06的观测数据,通过GAMIT/GLOBK软件、HECTOR软件解算得到去奇异值后的坐标时间序列,最后结合贝叶斯信息量准则(BIC)数值分析确定最优噪声模型:内蒙古自治区坐标时间序列在东(E)方向的最优模型为白噪声+闪烁噪声 (WN+FN),在北(N)和天顶(U)方向的最优噪声模型为白噪声+幂律噪声(WN+PL). 采用最佳噪声模型对速度场进行修正,在ITRF14框架下,内蒙古地区陆态网络连续站的平均运动速率为30.653 mm/a,运动方向为26°57′51″SEE;垂直方向上平均运动速率为0.792 mm/a.      

Evaluating effects of spectral training data distribution on continuous field mapping performance

Continuous field mapping has to address two conflicting remote sensing requirements when collecting training data. On one hand, continuous field mapping trains fractional land cover and thus favours mixed training pixels. On the other hand, the spectral signature has to be preferably distinct and thus favours pure training pixels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of training data distribution along fractional and spectral gradients on the resulting mapping performance.We derived four continuous fields (tree, shrubherb, bare, water) from aerial photographs as response variables and processed corresponding spectral signatures from multitemporal Landsat 5 TM data as explanatory variables. Subsequent controlled experiments along fractional cover gradients were then based on generalised linear models.Resulting fractional and spectral distribution differed between single continuous fields, but could be satisfactorily trained and mapped. Pixels with fractional or without respective cover were much more critical than pure full cover pixels. Error distribution of continuous field models was non-uniform with respect to horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of target fields. We conclude that a sampling for continuous field training data should be based on extent and densities in the fractional and spectral, rather than the real spatial space. Consequently, adequate training plots are most probably not systematically distributed in the real spatial space, but cover the gradient and covariate structure of the fractional and spectral space well.     

Contemporary crustal velocity field in Alpine Mediterranean area of Italy from new geodetic data

A new crustal velocity field for the Alpine Mediterranean area was determined by using a time series spanning 6.5 years of 113 global navigation satellite system (GNSS) permanent stations. This area is characterized by a complex tectonic setting driven by the interaction of Eurasian and African plates. The processing was performed by using a state-of-the-art absolute antenna phase center correction model and by using recomputed precise International GNSS Service orbits, available since April 2014. Thus, a new and more accurate tropospheric mapping function for geodetic applications was adopted. Results provide a new detailed map of the kinematics throughout the entire study area. In some area of the Italian peninsula, such as in the central Apennines, the velocity vector orientation appears rotated with respect to previous results. These discrepancies suggest that the geodynamic setting of this sector of Mediterranean area should be revised in accordance with these new results.     

A bounding-based solution approach for the continuous arc covering problem

Road segments, telecommunication wiring, water and sewer pipelines, canals and the like are important features of the urban environment. They are often conceived of and represented as network-based arcs. As a result of the usefulness and significance of arc-based features, there is a need to site facilities along arcs to serve demand. Examples of such facilities include surveillance equipment, cellular towers, refueling centers and emergency response stations, with the intent of being economically efficient as well as providing good service along the arcs. While this amounts to a continuous location problem by nature, various discretizations are generally relied upon to solve such problems. The result is potential for representation errors that negatively impact analysis and decision making. This paper develops a solution approach for the continuous arc covering problem that theoretically eliminates representation errors. The developed approach is applied to optimally place acoustic sensors and cellular base stations along a road network. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach for ameliorating any error and uncertainty in the modeling process.