PPP/PPP-RTK新进展与北斗/GNSS PPP定位性能比较

首先简要回顾了精密单点定位（PPP）技术在最近几年的发展现状,重点总结了高采样率钟差实时快速估计、多系统组合PPP模糊度固定、多频GNSS PPP模型及其模糊度固定、PPP快速初始化、PPP-RTK等若干热点方向的最新研究进展。在此基础上,利用目前四大卫星导航系统（GPS、GLONASS、Galileo、北斗）最新的实际观测数据,全面比较分析了各系统及多系统组合PPP定位性能,重点给出了北斗二号+北斗三号PPP浮点解和固定解的定位精度、收敛时间和首次固定时间。结果表明：我国北斗导航卫星系统已经可以实现与其他导航卫星系统基本相当的PPP定位性能。北斗二号+北斗三号组合PPP的收敛时间/首次固定时间20~30 min;静态解的东、北、天方向定位精度在毫米到厘米级;动态解水平方向约5 cm,高程方向约7 cm;多系统组合可显著提高PPP定位精度、收敛时间和首次固定时间：固定解定位精度比浮点解在东、北、天方向分别提升了14.8%、12.0%和12.8%;相比单GPS,多系统组合PPP浮点解的收敛时间和固定解首次固定时间分别缩短了36.5%和40.4%。     

多系统双频精密单点定位不同模型下性能比较分析

通过2018年1月多全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）实验(MGEX)的十个测站数据,采用无电离层模型和非差非组合模型,对单系统、双系统和四系统精密单点定位（PPP）进行定位性能分析,定位性能包括收敛时间和定位精度. 实验结果表明,两种PPP模型定位性能相当,但优于单频PPP,在E、N和U方向收敛时间缩短20 min左右,定位精度提高1.6 cm左右;联合多系统能够增加卫星数,改善卫星间几何构型,提升PPP的定位性能. 对GLONASS伪距频间偏差（IFB）采用估计每颗GLONASS卫星的伪距IFB模型和伪距IFB为频率二次多项式模型提升PPP的定位性能,结果表明估计每颗GLONASS卫星的伪距IFB模型要优于伪距IFB为频率二次多项式模型,估计伪距IFB相比忽略伪距IFB在PPP定位性能上有不同程度的提升.      

基于UofC模型的多系统组合PPP解算性能分析

针对GNSS多系统组合进行PPP定位的问题,推导了基于UofC模型的多系统组合PPP的函数模型和随机模型。最后采用IGS观测站30 d的部分观测数据对不同组合模式的PPP进行了解算。试验分析结果表明：GNSS多系统组合PPP收敛时间与GPS单系统相比可以缩短30%~50%。对于定位精度,在观测时长较短时（如0.5 h）,GNSS多系统组合PPP整体上具有较优的定位精度,N、E方向偏差和标准差分别为0.3、0.5 cm和1.9、4.3 cm,短时间内由于对流层参数与垂直方向的强相关性,使得U方向精度稍差。此外,在卫星高度截止角大于40°的条件下,单系统可见卫星数不足从而导致无法进行连续定位,但多系统组合具有更多的可视卫星,仍能获得较好的定位精度,使其在建筑物密集区、山区和卫星遮挡较为严重的恶劣条件下具有实际应用价值。     

BDS/GPS精密单点定位收敛时间与定位精度的比较

采用武汉大学卫星导航定位技术研究中心发布的北斗精密卫星轨道和钟差,在TriP 2.0软件的基础上实现了BDS PPP定位算法,并利用大量实测数据进行了BDS/GPS静态PPP和动态PPP浮点解试验。结果表明,BDS静态PPP的收敛时间约为80min,动态PPP的收敛时间为100min;对于3h的观测数据,静态PPP收敛后定位精度优于5cm,动态PPP收敛后水平方向优于8cm,高程方向约12cm;与GPS PPP类似,东分量上定位精度较北分量稍差。当前由于BDS的全球跟踪站有限,精密轨道和钟差精度不如GPS,因此BDS PPP的收敛时间较GPS长,但收敛后可实现厘米至分米级的绝对定位。     

利用GPS动态PPP技术求解海潮负荷位移

受特殊海岸线及复杂海底地形的影响,目前发布的全球海潮模型在局部沿海地区差异较大,需利用其他大地测量手段直接测定沿海地区的海潮负荷位移参数。GPS技术因具有全天候、精度高、成本低等优势,已成为获取海潮负荷位移参数的有效手段。本文基于GPS技术监测测站三维位移变化的灵敏度高于监测48个海潮参数的灵敏度这一基本思想,改进了利用GPS精密单点定位(PPP)技术估计48个海潮调和参数的方法,直接逐历元求解三维海潮负荷位移变化,再利用调和分析方法提取主要潮波(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1、Q1)的海潮负荷位移建模参数(振幅与相位)。利用12个香港连续运行参考站(CORS)8年的GPS观测数据,计算各测站的海潮负荷位移建模参数。与传统方法比较,本文方法可有效加速K1潮波在东西方向的收敛。将GPS海潮负荷位移建模参数估值与中国近海海潮模型值比较,发现除S2、K2和K1潮波的均方根误差较大外,其他潮波的均方根误差均小于1.5mm。将香港2008—2014年验潮站数据反演的潮波参数与海潮模型值比较,结果表明:GPS与验潮站数据反演的潮波参数均与中国近海海潮模型及HAMTIDE2011.11A全球海潮模型符合较好,验证了GPS PPP反演海潮负荷位移的有效性。采用GPS PPP估计的8个潮波的振幅与相位值替换全球海潮模型中对应的潮波值,进行海潮负荷效应改正,可减弱GPS长时间序列中的半周年信号。     

3种GPS+BDS组合PPP模型比较与分析

无电离层组合和非组合模型是GNSS精密单点定位(PPP)常用的两种函数模型。本文通过详细分析PPP的两种函数模型各类参数间的相关特性,建立了参数独立的函数模型。对非组合PPP模型的电离层参数引入虚拟观测方程进行约束,有效提高了PPP的收敛速度。最后,从定位精度和收敛时间两方面分析不同函数模型的GPS单系统和GPS+BDS组合PPP静态、模拟动态定位效果。结果表明:GPS单系统和GPS+BDS组合PPP定位精度相当,静态的无电离层组合与非组合PPP均可达到厘米至毫米级精度,动态PPP精度的平面优于3cm,高程优于5cm;无电离层组合PPP收敛时间优于非组合的PPP,电离层加权非组合PPP的收敛时间最短。动态定位中,电离层加权模型相比于无电离层组合模型,可减少约15%的收敛时间,相比于非组合模型,可减少约34%。     

BDS精密单点定位在桥梁变形监测中的应用

桥梁变形监测是进行桥梁健康评估和后期修缮的重要内容．本文基于北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）精密单点定位技术,对实时采集的高频率BDS／GPS数据进行精密单点定位(PPP)静态和动态处理,并以相对静态定位结果作为参考,分析在桥梁复杂环境下BDS的PPP的精度,并把北斗动态PPP结果与GPS做对比．研究结果表明,在1 h连续变形监测时间左右,北斗静态PPP精度和BDS动态PPP定位精度可以达到厘米级,可以监测出大型车辆经过桥梁时的变形情况,并与GPS监测变形趋势基本一致．      

GNSS PPP海洋平台动态变形监测分析北大核心CSCD

实时监测海洋平台在环境激励下的动态变形对于保障其安全运营有着重要意义。GNSS PPP技术无需设置基站,仅依靠单点监测站便可实现精密单点定位,因而在海洋平台变形监测领域具有潜在的应用价值。针对GNSS PPP信号受背景噪声干扰而精度较低的问题,本文提出改进CEEMDAN算法对GNSS PPP信号降噪,并应用于某海洋平台动态变形监测。结果表明:①GNSS PPP技术结合改进CEEMDAN算法可有效监测海洋平台在环境激励下的动态变形;②改进CEEMDAN可有效去除GNSS PPP背景噪声干扰;③基于降噪后信号可获取监测点清晰的三维位移轨迹,从而为结构安全评估提供参考。     

单频北斗手持终端PPP定位与精度分析

传统的无电离层组合精密单点定位技术(PPP)只适用于双频观测值,无法充分利用多频观测值的观测信息,限制了PPP技术的发展。对于GPS、GLONASS的PPP静态、动态事后解算研究已比较成熟,但实时北斗PPP还处于研究阶段。鉴于此,对单频北斗实时PPP进行了研究;基于BDS系统,建立了单频北斗PPP模型;利用定制手机进行了测试实验,以验证模型的正确性,并分析了单频北斗手持终端实时PPP的定位精度。     

GPS/GALILEO偏航姿态异常对动态PPP的影响及其改正模型

当GPS、GALILEO卫星运行至与太阳、地球近似共线时,卫星很难维持名义姿态,将出现一段时间的偏航姿态异常。本文基于不同分析中心所提供的精密轨道和钟差产品,在卫星偏航姿态异常时期,设计不同姿态改正策略,选取全球分布的7个MGEX站10 d实测数据,分析了GPS、GALILEO卫星的天线相位中心改正、相位缠绕改正对观测值残差及动态PPP定位结果的影响。研究表明,在卫星偏航姿态异常时期,采用名义偏航姿态对GPS、GALILEO卫星观测值残差的影响可分别达到8和11 cm,在此期间,GPS/GALILEO卫星采用模型偏航姿态,与采用名义偏航姿态相比,动态PPP的E、N、U 3个方向的定位精度可分别提高13.30%、15.77%和12.98%,相较于剔除卫星策略,采用模型偏航姿态的动态PPP定位精度在E、N、U方向可分别提高5.399%、4.430%、5.992%。     

北斗区域导航系统的PPP精度分析

北斗卫星导航系统的开放运行为其在高精度领域的应用提供了可能,系统精密单点定位性能受到了极大关注。本文首先介绍了北斗区域导航系统的星座和BDS/GPS跟踪网,分析了基于国内布站定轨的北斗卫星精密轨道和钟差精度。在此基础上研究了北斗区域导航系统静态、动态精密单点定位精度,并与GPS定位结果进行比较。实测算例表明:北斗精密单点定位可以实现静态厘米级、动态分米级的定位精度,达到目前GPS精密单点定位水平。     

多GNSS系统组合PPP定位精度评估

采用MGEX网提供的GPS、GLONASS、BDS、GALILEO四系统双频观测数据,以CODE、GBM、WUM、GRG精密产品进行了静/准动态模式下多系统组合无电离层延迟PPP浮点解与整数钟法固定解实验。结果表明多系统的组合提升了定位精度,尤其是GLONASS的加入效果最明显,CODE与GBM产品的解算精度优于WUM、GRG产品。部分模糊度固定相比全模糊度固定的效果显著,模糊度固定明显缩短了PPP收敛时间,在静态模式下相对浮点解精度提升10%以内,动态模式下E方向与U方向精度提升效果最好。     

利用GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo组合PPP反演大气可降水量

为进一步改善精密单点定位（PPP）探测大气可降水量（PWV）的性能,本文提出采用GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo组合PPP进行PWV反演的方法,并利用国内3个MGEX（multi-GNSS experiment）观测站的实测数据,对GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo组合PPP在大气水汽探测方面的性能进行了评估。试验结果表明：相较于GPS PPP、GPS/BDS组合PPP和GPS/GLONASS组合PPP,GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo组合PPP估计天顶对流层延迟（ZTD）的初始化时间分别缩短了33%、26%、20%,且能获得更高精度的ZTD估值和PWV信息,在大气水汽探测方面的性能更优。     

Improved method to estimate undifferenced satellite fractional cycle biases using network observations to support PPP ambiguity resolution

GPS Solutions - Fixing ambiguities is beneficial to improve accuracy and convergence time of precise point positioning (PPP). In recent years, several methods have been proposed to estimate...     

Assessment of PPP integer ambiguity resolution using GPS,GLONASS and BeiDou (IGSO,MEO) constellations

Although integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) can improve positioning accuracy considerably and shorten the convergence time of precise point positioning (PPP), it requires an initialization time of over 30 min. With the full operation of GLONASS globally and BDS in the Asia–Pacific region, it is necessary to assess the PPP–IAR performance by simultaneous fixing of GPS, GLONASS, and BDS ambiguities. This study proposed a GPS + GLONASS + BDS combined PPP–IAR strategy and processed PPP–IAR kinematically and statically using one week of data collected at 20 static stations. The undifferenced wide- and narrow-lane fractional cycle biases for GPS, GLONASS, and BDS were estimated using a regional network, and undifferenced PPP ambiguity resolution was performed to assess the contribution of multi-GNSSs. Generally, over 99% of a posteriori residuals of wide-lane ambiguities were within ±0.25 cycles for both GPS and BDS, while the value was 91.5% for GLONASS. Over 96% of narrow-lane residuals were within ±0.15 cycles for GPS, GLONASS, and BDS. For kinematic PPP with a 10-min observation time, only 16.2% of all cases could be fixed with GPS alone. However, adding GLONASS improved the percentage considerably to 75.9%, and it reached 90.0% when using GPS + GLONASS + BDS. Not all epochs could be fixed with a correct set of ambiguities; therefore, we defined the ratio of the number of epochs with correctly fixed ambiguities to the number of all fixed epochs as the correct fixing rate (CFR). Because partial ambiguity fixing was used, when more than five ambiguities were fixed correctly, we considered the epoch correctly fixed. For the small ratio criteria of 2.0, the CFR improved considerably from 51.7% for GPS alone, to 98.3% when using GPS + GLONASS + BDS combined solutions.     

The application of GPS precise point positioning technology in aerial triangulation

In traditional GPS-supported aerotriangulation, differential GPS (DGPS) positioning technology is used to determine the 3-dimensional coordinates of the perspective centers at exposure time with an accuracy of centimeter to decimeter level. This method can significantly reduce the number of ground control points (GCPs). However, the establishment of GPS reference stations for DGPS positioning is not only labor-intensive and costly, but also increases the implementation difficulty of aerial photography. This paper proposes aerial triangulation supported with GPS precise point positioning (PPP) as a way to avoid the use of the GPS reference stations and simplify the work of aerial photography.Firstly, we present the algorithm for GPS PPP in aerial triangulation applications. Secondly, the error law of the coordinate of perspective centers determined using GPS PPP is analyzed. Thirdly, based on GPS PPP and aerial triangulation software self-developed by the authors, four sets of actual aerial images taken from surveying and mapping projects, different in both terrain and photographic scale, are given as experimental models. The four sets of actual data were taken over a flat region at a scale of 1:2500, a mountainous region at a scale of 1:3000, a high mountainous region at a scale of 1:32000 and an upland region at a scale of 1:60000 respectively. In these experiments, the GPS PPP results were compared with results obtained through DGPS positioning and traditional bundle block adjustment. In this way, the empirical positioning accuracy of GPS PPP in aerial triangulation can be estimated. Finally, the results of bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from GPS PPP are analyzed in detail.The empirical results show that GPS PPP applied in aerial triangulation has a systematic error of half-meter level and a stochastic error within a few decimeters. However, if a suitable adjustment solution is adopted, the systematic error can be eliminated in GPS-supported bundle block adjustment. When four full GCPs are emplaced in the corners of the adjustment block, then the systematic error is compensated using a set of independent unknown parameters for each strip, the final result of the bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from PPP is the same as that of bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from DGPS. Although the accuracy of the former is a little lower than that of traditional bundle block adjustment with dense GCPs, it can still satisfy the accuracy requirement of photogrammetric point determination for topographic mapping at many scales.     

GLONASS phase bias estimation and its PPP ambiguity resolution using homogeneous receivers

Integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) appreciably improves the position accuracy and shortens the convergence time of precise point positioning (PPP). However, while many studies are limited to GPS, there is a need to investigate the performance of GLONASS PPP ambiguity resolution. Unfortunately, because of the frequency-division multiple-access strategy of GLONASS, GLONASS PPP IAR faces two obstacles. First, simultaneously observed satellites operate at different wavelengths. Second and most importantly, distinct inter-frequency bias (IFB) exists between different satellites. For the former, we adopt an undifferenced method for uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) estimation and proposed an undifferenced PPP IAR strategy. We select a set of homogeneous receivers with identical receiver IFB to perform UPD estimation and PPP IAR. The code and carrier phase IFBs can be absorbed by satellite wide-lane and narrow-lane UPDs, respectively, which is in turn consistent with PPP IAR using the same type of receivers. In order to verify the method, we used 50 stations to generate satellite UPDs and another 12 stations selected as users to perform PPP IAR. We found that the GLONASS satellite UPDs are stable in time and space and can be estimated with high accuracy and reliability. After applying UPD correction, 91 % of wide-lane ambiguities and 99 % of narrow-lane ambiguities are within (?0.15, +0.15) cycles of the nearest integer. After ambiguity resolution, the 2-hour static PPP accuracy improves from (0.66, 1.42, 1.55) cm to (0.38, 0.39, 1.39) cm for the north, east, and up components, respectively.     

利用高频GPS数据反演地震要素

介绍了利用高频GPS观测数据反演地震要素的原理和方法. 以2019年7月4日和7月6日发生在美国加州里奇克莱斯特的地震为研究对象,首先利用PRIDE PPP-AR软件进行动态精密单点定位解算以获得测站的位移时间序列,然后使用S变换对位移时间序列去噪,再根据去噪后的时间序列提取地震波的振幅与周期,并提出双重3-sigma法则以分别提取地震波的体波和面波到达时,最后据此反演出地震的震中位置、震级以及发震时刻. 根据本文提出的方法反演得到的震中位置与美国地质勘探局（USGS）发布的位置偏差在10 km左右,震级偏差在0.2级左右,发震时刻偏差在20 s以内. 结果表明,利用高频GPS数据可以较为准确地反演出地震要素.      

PPP技术在无基准或多基准测区应用研究

在无基准或者多基准测区建立首级控制网时,进行控制点联测将耗费大量的精力,且累积误差较大,采用精密单点定位(PPP)技术可有效解决问题．基于GrafNav软件PPP解算大量的IGS站数据和实测数据,得出PPP解平面误差小于1 cm,高程误差小于10 cm的结论,同时测段超过4 h时PPP解算误差变化较小,且时段越长解算精度稳定性越好．而多基准测区进行基准变换时,历元变换对Y方向的影响较大,基准变换的精度受测站位移变化值的影响较大．      

多GNSS系统精密单点定位软件的开发

当前,全球已步入多GNSS系统融合时代,基于多GNSS系统的PPP测量较单一GPS系统具有更高的定位精度和更强的可靠性。针对多GNSS系统融合PPP数据处理问题,该文采用Matlab平台开发了多GNSS系统PPP解算软件,该软件能够对GPS、BDS、Galileo和QZSS系统进行单一系统或多系统融合PPP解算,并利用MGEX数据网的观测数据与产品对开发的软件进行了测试,实验结果与其他机构公布的定位结果精度相当,表明编制的软件达到了开发要求。该软件具有程序开发环境好、使用方便、兼容QZSS系统等优点。