Maximum entropy regularization of time-dependent geomagnetic field models

We incorporate a maximum entropy image reconstruction technique into the process of modelling the time-dependent geomagnetic field at the core–mantle boundary (CMB). In order to deal with unconstrained small lengthscales in the process of inverting the data, some core field models are regularized using a priori quadratic norms in both space and time. This artificial damping leads to the underestimation of power at large wavenumbers, and to a loss of contrast in the reconstructed picture of the field at the CMB. The entropy norm, recently introduced to regularize magnetic field maps, provides models with better contrast, and involves a minimum of a priori information about the field structure. However, this technique was developed to build only snapshots of the magnetic field. Previously described in the spatial domain, we show here how to implement this technique in the spherical harmonic domain, and we extend it to the time-dependent problem where both spatial and temporal regularizations are required. We apply our method to model the field over the interval 1840–1990 from a compilation of historical observations. Applying the maximum entropy method in space—for a fit to the data similar to that obtained with a quadratic regularization—effectively reorganizes the magnetic field lines in order to have a map with better contrast. This is associated with a less rapidly decaying spectrum at large wavenumbers. Applying the maximum entropy method in time permits us to model sharper temporal changes, associated with larger spatial gradients in the secular variation, without producing spurious fluctuations on short timescales. This method avoids the smearing back in time of field features that are not constrained by the data. Perspectives concerning future applications of the method are also discussed.     

On the Backus Effect—I

Recovering the internal geomagnetic vector field B on and outside the Earth's surface S from the knowledge of only its direction or its intensity ||B|| on S , and assessing the uniqueness of geomagnetic models computed in this way, have been long-standing questions of interest. In the present paper we address the second problem. Backus (1968, 1970) demonstrated uniqueness in some particular cases, but also produced a theoretical counter-example for which uniqueness could not be guaranteed. Using the same line of reasoning as Backus (1968), we show that adding the knowledge of the location of the dip equator on S to the knowledge of ||B|| everywhere on S guarantees the uniqueness of the solution, to within a global sign, provided that the dip equator is made of one or possibly several closed curves on S , across which the normal component of the field changes sign (this component not being zero anywhere else).     

基于灰色绝对关联度边缘检测的多源遥感影像加权IHS融合

鉴于IHS变换的融合影像存在光谱扭曲问题,而灰色关联度对图像边缘检测具有局限性,该文将基于灰色绝对关联度的灰色关联分析与IHS变换相结合进行影像融合。采用灰色绝对关联度检测高分辨率影像的边缘点和非边缘点,基于边缘信息确定高分辨率影像和IHS变换后的亮度分量在组合中的权值,最后通过IHS反变换实现影像加权融合。应用该算法分别对多源遥感影像进行融合处理,在提高空间分辨率的同时能够很好地保持多光谱影像的光谱信息,优于传统的IHS融合方法和基于灰色关联度的IHS融合算法。     

基于支撑向量回归的二端元混合像元分解

针对遥感影像混合像元光谱复杂,其非线性特征,传统LSMM分解模型难以进行有效的混合像元分解的不足。通过基于SVR的二端元混合像元分解的研究,从真实遥感影像上获取典型的植被、非植被光谱信息,构造二端元混合光谱库,进行SVR模型的混合像元分解。当样本量为6%时,交叉验证获得最佳模型参数（C=1024.0和g=4.0）,进一步对全部混合像元进行混合像元分解。实验结果表明：SVR分解结果RMSE为5.95,R²为0.958,优于LSMM方法（RMSE=7.71,R²=0.932）,且在各个不同真值丰度下具有更好的稳定性,证明该方法对于非线性混合光谱具有很好的学习和推广能力。此外,该方法的精度不随训练样本量的增加呈明显变化,体现出SVR在有限样本情况下能够保证高效率的训练能力。     

Rock mapping of glaciated areas by satellite image processing

A model is presented that performs spectral deicing of mixed pixels in satellite images of glaciated areas. The model was tested in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. For this region we assumed that pixels could be grouped in two broad categories representing pure ice and pure rock. Naturally mixed ice and rock pixels are present in satellite images; these were recomputed to separate the spectral component related to the rock fraction. We used Landsat TM images as input data and aerial photographs, maps and field surveys as reference data. By making use of sample populations of pixels corresponding to pure ice and to pure rock groundels (i.e. ground elements, the ground portions corresponding to each pixel), we detected the linear correlation between pairs of bands and selected the two most suitable bands. For every pixel falling between the correlation lines of the two categories, the rock fraction in the corresponding groundel was computed. This fractional value was then used to perform the automatic deicing process with which the DNs of the selected mixed pixels were recomputed. In the utilised Antarctic image, this process increases about 2.7 times the number of pixels in the pure rock category, allowing the production of enhanced images and, as a side product, a thematic map of rock percentage in the groundels.     

应用卫星影像系列海图叠合法分析沙洲动态变化——以江苏东沙为例

利用1973~2000年9个时相的卫片、海图,提出了卫星影像系列——海图叠合分析法来分析辐射沙洲中大沙洲的动态变化,并将之运用到东沙的动态趋势分析中。研究结果表明:(1)通过卫星影像系列——海图叠合分析法,可避开了不同时相卫片的潮位校正难点,揭示了沙洲的冲蚀淤长变化。(2)东沙北缘向南移动;沙洲东缘向东移动;在沙洲西部遭受侵蚀,边缘东移,但幅度不大。     

遥感图像纹理信息提取方法综述

纹理是遥感图像的重要特征，它提示了图像中辐射亮度值空间变化的重要信息。要利用图像空间信息提高分类精度，合理而有效地度量纹理至关重要。目前遥感图像纹理信息提取方法主要有：统计描述法、小波变换法、分维分形法和地统计学4类。分别就各种方法的优缺点、适用领域和应用情况进行了阐述，最后展望了遥感图像纹理信息提取方法的发展方向和研究热点。     

A feature extraction and similarity metric-learning framework for urban model retrieval

Urban model retrieval has wide applications in the geoscience field, and it is also a very challenging research topic due to the blur and background clutter in query images and the large spatial inconsistencies between query and database images. In this study, a feature extraction and similarity metric-learning framework for urban model retrieval is proposed. In the method, the selective search voting algorithm is presented to automatically localize and segment a query object from an input image with the help of the top-ranked retrieved database images. Then, the local features of object images are extracted via sparse coding, and the global features are learned using the spatial constrained convolutional neural network. We utilize a new similarity metric to match the database images with a query object image. Finally, similar 3D models are retrieved. Both qualitative and quantitative experimental results indicate that the proposed framework can localize and segment a query object from an input image precisely and that the retrieval results are better than those of other related approaches.     

基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类方法研究

针对遥感专题类别信息的机理问题,从土地覆盖参考数据的偏差程度对分类精度的影响角度,提出了一种基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类方法。引入判别空间模型概念,基于此模型生成土地覆盖数据类别,并分析了土地覆盖信息类别与数据类别的语义偏差出现的深层次原因;计算信息类别与数据类别的对应关系矩阵,据此得到二者的条件熵,实现对土地覆盖信息类别与数据类别的语义偏差的量化;根据信息类别与数据类别的条件熵计算修正判别变量的权重因子,实现基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类。采用一景SPOT-5影像进行分类实验,并利用同一地区的Landsat 5TM影像进行方法验证。实验表明,条件熵加权修正方法使土地覆盖分类精度有了显著提高,并对不同分辨率的遥感影像具有适用性。     

Invariants in toroidal and tangentially geostrophic frozen-flux velocity fields

We derive two new types of invariant that must be obeyed by the radial magnetic field at the core-mantle boundary if the hypothesis of frozen flux is valid and the fluid motion is either toroidal or tangentially geostrophic there. These general invariants incorporate specific invariants that are already known and can, in principle, be tested using magnetic data that cover an interval of time.     

应用“北京一号”遥感数据计算官厅水库库滨带植被覆盖度

“北京一号”卫星是拥有多方面技术优势的一颗对地观测小卫星。本文在运用“北京一号”、SPOT5、QuickBird遥感图像对官厅水库库滨带植被覆盖度进行综合监测的基础上,对三种不同分辨率的遥感图像进行基于统计的尺度转换,并应用尺度转换的结果修正了“北京一号”图像提取的植被覆盖度。经检验,运用SPOT5和QuickBird图像对“北京一号”图像进行像元分解,将统计结果与“北京一号”图像的提取信息建立统计模型,应用该统计模型可以有效地提高“北京一号”图像提取植被覆盖度的精度。对湿生植被进行样方调查,结果证明运用像元分解和统计模型的方法使“北京一号”提取植被覆盖度的精度较运用植被指数转换模型的计算精度提高了22.7%。应用该方法可以更有效地运用“北京一号”遥感数据进行连续、大面积的植被监测。     

Implementing Moran eigenvector spatial filtering for massively large georeferenced datasets

Moran eigenvector spatial filtering (MESF) furnishes an alternative method to account for spatial autocorrelation in linear regression specifications describing georeferenced data, although spatial auto-models also are widely used. The utility of this MESF methodology is even more impressive for the non-Gaussian models because its flexible structure enables it to be easily applied to generalized linear models, which include Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial regression. However, the implementation of MESF can be computationally challenging, especially when the number of geographic units, n, is large, or massive, such as with a remotely sensed image. This intensive computation aspect has been a drawback to the use of MESF, particularly for analyzing a remotely sensed image, which can easily contain millions of pixels. Motivated by Curry, this paper proposes an approximation approach to constructing eigenvector spatial filters (ESFs) for a large spatial tessellation. This approximation is based on a divide-and-conquer approach. That is, it constructs ESFs separately for each sub-region, and then combines the resulting ESFs across an entire remotely sensed image. This paper, employing selected specimen remotely sensed images, demonstrates that the proposed technique provides a computationally efficient and successful approach to implement MESF for large or massive spatial tessellations.     

基于QUEST决策树的遥感影像土地利用分类——以云南省丽江市为例

土地利用分类精度直接决定土地利用/土地覆被变化相关研究的准确性,而基于决策树的遥感影像分类是近年来提高土地利用分类精度的重要方法。QUEST决策树在影像解译和空间表达方面,运算速度和分类精度均优于普通CART等决策树方法。本文以云南丽江地区为例,应用QUEST决策树分类方法,对该地区的Landsat TM 5影像图进行分类,同时将地形因素、植被指数作为地学辅助数据的因子添加到分类波段中,进行不同特征融合,来处理目标类别间的非线性关系,该方法在处理图像理解知识方面具有更大的灵活性;同时与普通决策树分类法的遥感影像分类的结果相比较,Kappa系数值从原来的0.789提高到0.849.在地形复杂的山地地区,针对TM影像数据,选择基于QUEST决策树分类能够有效提高土地利用分类结果精度。     

无参考图条件下的Landsat-7 SLC-off图像缺失像素填充算法研究

针对2003年以后Landsat-7扫描线纠正器失效问题,提出一种利用回归分析和三次样条插值对图像缺失像素进行恢复的算法,该方法无需使用参考图,并以非监督分类结果为准则。首先对图像进行预处理,包括条带定位、非监督分类和局部平均灰度计算;然后,利用回归分析计算在每个条带像素的3个方向上条带外侧像素的灰度变化趋势;在非监督分类准则下,通过判断各个方向条带两侧像素类型异同的策略确定条带当前像素的填充方向;随后,对条带边界点和非边界点采用不同算法分别填充。对非边界像素,在填充方向上利用三次样条插值计算当前像素的灰度插值;最后,对条带进行自适应滤波处理。实验结果表明,在不需要参考其它遥感影像与数据的条件下,研究方法与常用的有参考图方法相比较差别不大,而其均方根误差值17.590 4接近于最优的权重线性回归方法的17.400 6。     

Equation for the field lines of an axisymmetric magnetic multipole

Summary. An exact equation is derived for the magnetic field lines of the general axisymmetric magnetic multipole of arbitrary degree ( n ). This new result has important applications in studies of the possible nature of solarterrestrial physics during geomagnetic polarity reversals. In the limiting case of a magnetic dipole ( n=1 ), the equation for the magnetic field lines of the general axisymmetric magnetic multipole simplifies correctly to the well-known dipolar form, which is used extensively in geomagnetism, magnetospheric physics and cosmic-ray physics as a first-order approximation to the actual configuration of the geomagnetic field.
It is also shown theoretically that suites of similar magnetic field lines of the general axisymmetric multipole attain their maximum radial distances from the origin on a set of circular conical surfaces, with coincident vertices at the centre of the Earth; this set includes the equatorial plane if the degree ( n ) of the multipole is odd. The magnetic field is horizontal everywhere on all these surfaces.
Palaeomagnetic studies have suggested that during some polarity reversals the magnetic field in the inner magnetosphere can be represented approximately either by a single, non-dipolar, low-degree (2 < n < 4), axisymmetric magnetic multipole or by a linear combination of such multipoles. In this situation, the equation for the field lines of an axisymmetric magnetic multipole of low degree (2 < n < 4) would be as fundamental to a proper understanding of magnetospheric, ionospheric and cosmic-ray physics during polarity reversals as is the equation for dipolar field lines in the case of the contemporary geomagnetic field.     

A geomagnetic scattering theory for evaluation of earth structure

Summary. Structural features of the Earth's lower crust and upper mantle can be mapped by the analysis of temporal geomagnetic fluctuations using the electromagnetic scattering theory developed in this paper. Decomposing geomagnetic field fluctuations at the Earth's surface into an excitation part and a scattered part forms the basis of a power series development. The vertical field component is interpreted as a scattering of the excitation field. The horizontal gradient and geomagnetic depth sounding methods are special cases of the theory developed. The horizontal gradient sounding method has a tensorial aspect which has not been recognized before; it should be included to obtain correct penetration depth parameter evaluations from field data.     

利用SAR影像时间序列的耕地提取研究

卫星遥感是耕地资源调查的一种重要技术手段,利用遥感时间序列数据进行耕地提取具有很强的实践意义。光学遥感成像过程易受光照和大气条件影响,在云雨多发地区所能获取的可用数据十分有限;合成孔径雷达(SAR)能够全天时、全天气进行对地观测,但受斑点噪声影响,少见利用其构建时间序列进行信息提取的研究。本文研究了SAR影像时间序列在耕地提取中的适用性,利用江苏省徐州市2009年12月-2010年12月共11景ENVISAT ASAR 影像构建时间序列,目视选取30个5像元×5像元大小的耕地样区,分别统计样区内(相邻位置)与样区间(不同位置)耕地时域后向散射特征的一致性(变异系数);然后利用欧氏距离法、相关系数法以及动态时间弯曲法(DTW)进行研究区的耕地提取。结果显示：相邻位置耕地像元后向散射特性较为一致,平均变异系数为9.96%;不同位置耕地像元后向散射特性一致性也较好,平均变异系数为15.27%。在所选的3种方法中,相关系数法耕地提取精度最高,正确率与完整率分别为86.25%与80.70%;欧氏距离法精度次之,正确率与完整率分别为76.40%与71.93%;DTW效果较差,正确率和完整率分别为62.15%和77.78%。SAR影像时间序列作为一种新的数据组织形式,可用于耕地的有效提取。     

改进的热惯量模式及遥感土壤水分

本文提出一个考虑地表显热通量及潜热通量的热惯量模式。模式利用了地面定标的方法并充分利用了热象图的空间分布信息,因而较大幅度地提高了估算土壤水分含量的精度。     

On the age calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale

Knowledge of the age of undated events is not null if a time-order relationship can be found among these events. The knowledge of such a time-ordered sequence can be formalized by using non-informative (uniform) prior probability densities for the ages of undated events and Bayes' theorem to introduce the time-order relationship condition. We show that the conditional probability densities of the ages of events of unknown age are given by various forms of Euler's beta distribution. These distributions yield an estimate of the probability for an undated event to occur in a given age interval.
  We use this method to propose appropriate probabilistic representations of our actual knowledge of the dating of the magnetic polarity reversals during the Cenozoic. These representations take into account the uncertainties arising from irregularities in accretion process and from the quality of a few calibration points. Both types of uncertainties generate large ambiguities in the age of magnetic reversals, which should be taken into consideration when the geomagnetic polarity timescale is used for dating purposes. We propose to use the entropy function to quantify these ambiguities.     

基于语义和边缘特征融合的高分辨率遥感影像水体提取方法

利用卷积神经网络从遥感影像中提取水体时,水体对象边缘像素的特征与内部像素的特征之间往往存在较大差异,导致提取结果中边界模糊、内部像素与边缘像素的提取精度差异较大,影响了整体精度的提高。针对如何从高分辨率遥感影像中进行水体高精度、自动化提取的问题,文章首先以高分辨率遥感图像为基础,利用边缘提取算法生成边缘图像,然后以高分辨率遥感图像和边缘图像作为输入,建立了语义特征和边缘特征融合的高分辨率遥感图像水体提取模型（Semantic Feature and Edge Feature Fusion Network, SEF-Net）,用于从高分辨率遥感图像中提取水体对象。实验结果表明,SEF-Net模型在3个数据集中的召回率（91.97%、92.07%、93.97%）,精确率（91.12%、98.37%、97.88%）,准确率（89.56%、95.07%、94.06%）和F1分数（91.54%、95.12%、95.88%）均优于对比模型,说明SEF-Net模型从高分辨率遥感图像中提取水体时,具有更高的精度和泛化能力。