地理学方法论演变与价值判断

主观和客观是地理学方法论研究的一对重要范畴。价值判断是主客观问题争论的焦点。外在的科学或哲学理论和方法论等因素为客观范畴,地理学家的价值判断、目的等方面的因素为主观范畴。客观层面的分析表明:专业化和交叉化并行的整体科学发展特征,以及科学哲学理论发展多元化的趋势强烈影响了地理学方法论;交叉化的倾向使二战以后的地理学频繁地向其它学科借鉴理论和吸取方法,从而在范围上拓展了地理学方法论;而科学哲学理论从范式、研究纲领向多元主义的演替路径使地理学方法论也经历了单一范式向多元主义发展的过程;科学社会学理论的发展使地理学家深切认识到制度、社会文化背景和语言修辞对地理学的强烈影响。主观层面的分析表明:研究者不可能摆脱他的价值判断,价值判断也不可能中立于研究对象;在处理价值判断与研究对象之间关系时,研究者要持有审慎的态度和逻辑严整性的原则。在科学研究的目的论上,研究者最终应该具有一种人本主义的自向性,即从认识研究对象回复到认识自身。从客观和主观结合的角度看,方法论是科学发展的一般规则与研究者个性和目的相结合的产物。     

理论地理学的内涵认知

本文从理论地理学的科学地位出发,介绍了近代理论地理学发展过程中形成的一些主要观点和其所具备的特点,最后对理论地理学的基本内容进行了归纳。     

论蒯因本体论承诺思想对地理学的意义

在阐述蒯因本体论承诺思想背景和内涵的基础上,以本体论承诺为透视的基本视域,论述了该思想对地理学研究的意义,提出了地理学本体论承诺的原则,并借助蒯因本体论承诺思想探讨了地理学多元化的根源.地理学研究中,任何的本体论立场都有其历史的和视域的限制,因而也都有其局限性和相对性.因此,以某种具体的哲学本体论立场或者某种地理存在为前提的具体地理学理论和学派也都有其历史和视域的局限,澄明和揭示其本体论承诺有助于更加合理地评价和看待地理学的不同理论观点和学派,而且对确立地理学研究的一些基本立场有着重要的意义.     

地理学本体论——内涵、性质与理论价值（英文）

Contemporary science philosophy suggests that discussing ontological problems is of fundamental significance broadly within certain specific disciplines. Natural and social science research are inseparable from philosophical guidance; for instance, the philosophy of geography is the ideological basis for geography. The traditional philosophy of geography is methodology-oriented, which primarily emphasizes the "logical structure of geography explanations," and ignores the discussion of its ontology. This study, in the context of the philosophy of science, explores the relationships between methodology, ontology, and the philosophy of geography, defines the connotations of geographical ontology, analyzes the links and differences between philosophical ontology and scientific ontology of geography, clarifies the nature of geographical ontology, and summaries its theoretical values. The ontology of geography incorporates the philosophically ontological beliefs of geographers and geographical schools and the ontological commitment of the theory of geography. As different geographers hold different philosophical viewpoints, their ontological beliefs are different; one geographical theory asserts an ontological commitment of "what is there," which determines the nature and types of objectives the theory references. The ontological beliefs of geographers determine their epistemology, methodology, and axiology, and the ontological commitment of a geographical theory is the premise and basis of that theory.     

空间与经济地理学理论构建

空间是地理学的核心概念之一,长期以来在地理学的研究中占据核心地位。地理学对于空间的认识由于受到多学科的影响和启示也在不断演变和发展,其中哲学和社会学对空间的理解对地理科学的影响极为深刻。经济地理学作为地理学的重要分支学科之一,短短百年历史就经历了数次研究思潮的变迁和学科地位的崛起。这一切都离不开经济地理扎根于空间。空间是经济地理理论创新的源泉。本文通过对地理学中的空间概念与经济地理发展脉络的对应阐释,进一步印证了上述观点。同时,本文指出空间不能被沦落到和地方、区位、区域等概念并列的地位,空间包含着后者,须进一步强化空间的第一位性。但是也不能忽略经济地理学中的方法论的创新,每一次空间理解的突破都伴随着研究方法的创新,但是方法的创新始终是第二位的。因为方法创新的背后隐含着空间理解的改变。     

科学地理学的理论基础及其研究内容与学科性质

在科学与技术是不同的知识形态,科学史研究的地理思潮转向,地理学向“软”的一面转向并关注社会,科学史研究的地理思潮倾向于关注“社会→地理→科学”关系的历史解释,地理学家在科学史的地理解释思想上的贡献等理论基础上,拙文主要阐述科学地理学这一新学科在建构“科学—地理—社会”关系体系上的独特性:①建构关注过去的、现在的及未来的“社会→地理→科学”关系;②践行“以任务带动学科”和“任务学科并重”的地理学发展方略,主要建构“科学→地理→社会”关系;③聚焦于科学活动因素的区域性,注重区域相关性分析方法论。基于这种独特性和地理学方法论精髓,科学地理学研究的内容体系包括:①科学研究及其组织与传播的时空结构;②科学研究及其组织与传播的时空结构与地理环境、经济、技术、社会、文化等结构要素的时空结构及其相互关系;③科学研究及其组织与传播对自然景观、社会景观、文化景观等的影响;④科学研究及其组织与传播对“人地关系地域系统”演进的影响。科学地理学的理论基础、建构“科学—地理—社会”关系的独特性和研究内容决定了科学地理学的交叉性、综合性和区域性,这与地理学特征是一致的,促进着现代地理学微观上的“深”化发展和宏观上的“综合”发展。     

经济地理学制度理论的发展与建构的重要方向

在中国制度差异显著与目前区域发展不平衡不充分的现实下,经济地理学与制度相结合的研究显得尤为必要。通过系统地梳理经济地理学与制度的关系发现,经济地理学与制度在历史上存在先分离后融合的情况,并且目前经济地理学与制度研究结合态势不容乐观,制度研究在本体论、方法论、时间维度、空间尺度、研究方法等方面仍然存在不足。通过文献梳理与理论分析,认为经济地理学的制度理论应基于演化经济地理学进行建构,并提出了建构的方向:1)以系统论、层级观为指导,注重构建制度的层级结构;2)以反还原论为基础,寻求方法论的突破;3)借助演化的思想与路径依赖理论,强调时间在制度系统中的作用;4)加强对各空间尺度的制度研究;5)注重工具方法的借鉴与创新。     

构建地理学发展的哲学基础——蔡运龙等著《地理学方法论》学习与评介

一部阐述重要而深刻思想与方法论的著作--诸如牛顿的《自然哲学的数学原理》、爱因斯坦的《广义相对论的基础》、达尔文的《物种起源》、康德的“三大批判”(包括阐述“我们能知道什么”的《纯粹理性批判》、“我们应该怎样做”的《实践理性批判》和“我们可以抱有什么希望”的《判断力批判》) 等等--可以影响一门学科乃至整个科学的变化与发展.蔡运龙等《地理学方法论》^[1]一书,系统论述并前瞻了地理学中的哲学命题,对未来中国地理学发展具有重要意义.     

地理学基本理论的百科全书 ——《地理学:它的历史、性质和方法》评介

德国地理学家阿尔夫雷德·赫特纳是近代地理学区域学派的创始人。1927年,他把自己的所有方法论思想总结成了一本地理学思想史专著,这就是《地理学:它的历史、性质和方法》(以下简称“《地理学》”)。它代表了赫特纳的地理学思想体系,对德国乃至国际地理学界都产生了深远的影响。     

从福利地理学到福祉地理学：研究范式重构

史密斯提出的福利地理学分析范式是福祉地理学研究的重要理论基石。但由于发展观演变、福利向福祉概念的转向、福祉概念的复杂性、地理哲学思潮多元化及研究手段多样化等因素,使得福利向福祉拓展以及福利地理学向福祉地理学发展。分别从本体论、认识论、方法论和伦理性等方面探究了从福利地理学到福祉地理学的研究范式转向及特征,以此研究了福祉地理学研究范式的嬗变和新范式的理论基础,构建了福祉地理学的研究概念、哲学基础与方法体系。     

Geography’s “World view”: The ontological issues of geography

Contemporary science philosophy suggests that discussing ontological problems is of fundamental significance broadly within certain specific disciplines. Natural and social science research are inseparable from philosophical guidance; for instance, the philosophy of geography is the ideological basis for geography. The traditional philosophy of geography is methodology-oriented, which primarily emphasizes the “logical structure of geography explanations,” and ignores the discussion of its ontology. This study, in the context of the philosophy of science, explores the relationships between methodology, ontology, and the philosophy of geography, defines the connotations of geographical ontology, analyzes the links and differences between philosophical ontology and scientific ontology of geography, clarifies the nature of geographical ontology, and summaries its theoretical values. The ontology of geography incorporates the philosophically ontological beliefs of geographers and geographical schools and the ontological commitment of the theory of geography. As different geographers hold different philosophical viewpoints, their ontological beliefs are different; one geographical theory asserts an ontological commitment of “what is there,” which determines the nature and types of objectives the theory references. The ontological beliefs of geographers determine their epistemology, methodology, and axiology, and the ontological commitment of a geographical theory is the premise and basis of that theory.     

Dialogue, metaphors of dialogue and understandings of geography

Increasingly, human and physical geographers alike describe their research practices as involving dialogue of some kind. However, the widespread popularity of the term belies some very different understandings of its meaning and methodological implications. In this paper we reflect on these different conceptions of 'dialogical' geography as a way, first, of illustrating the broad range of understandings of research methodology now current in the discipline and, second, of identifying their implications for three long–standing controversies in the discipline: relativism and the truth of geographical knowledge, the associated dualisms between subject/object, nature/society, and realism/constructionism, and the potential for unity between human and physical geography. We argue that, while dialogue is a potentially fruitful way of understanding and practising geography, that the defence of it, like the attacks on it, is often misconceived.     

西方经济地理学理论建构的发展与论争

本文从历史和现实的视角,对西方经济地理学理论建构的演变与近期发展趋势进行了分析与总结。经济活动的区位、空间与地方是经济地理学研究的基本对象,也是经济地理学认识社会经济生活的基本视角,其理论建构的核心始终围绕着区位、空间与地方来进行,并以分析它们与经济、政治、社会、自然、环境的关系以及其中经济行动者的能动性与结构的关系而走向理论建构的多样化和多元化,而技术、制度、文化和关系、尺度、调节是其理论建构的重要中介,也是当今"新经济地理学"理论建构争论的核心所在。     

Transformations in the discipline of geography experienced over 60 years by a Norwegian geographer

ABSTRACT

The article presents the changes in the discipline of geography over 60 years as experienced both in fieldwork and in practice by a Norwegian geographer. Based on diaries and collections of memoirs, the author, Arild Holt-Jensen, presents his life story and how it has been impacted by people, places and special events. His intention is to show how geography and his own work reflect social, political and intellectual changes since the late 1950s. Initially, a regional geography approach was adopted in the fieldwork for his master’s thesis but the approach was challenged by new ideas and methods from both the spatial science school and model thinking. As a young lecturer in 1968, the author was shocked by the positivism debate and critical philosophy, and his spatial science and quantitative approach in his PhD project had to be adapted. His political engagement and interest in planning led him to research social exclusion in European neighbourhoods. His need to trace the identity of geography as a discipline resulted in a textbook that throughout the years has been updated by following up on research trends to the present. Thus, the book and the article show Holt-Jensen’s shifts in disciplinary identity and research practice.     

基于人地关系的旅游地理学理论透视与学术创新

针对旅游地理学理论研究比较薄弱和研究内容相对泛化的现状,提出将旅游人地关系作为旅游地理学研究的核心,阐述了旅游人地关系的理论内涵,认为旅游地理学是研究地球表层人类旅游活动与地理环境关系并服务于人类生活和社会经济发展的一门科学,其研究对象是"旅游地域系统"。基于人地关系的理论视角,按照旅游地理学理论体系化和科学化的发展要求,充分考虑旅游地理学旅游性、区域性、综合性和应用性的学科属性,初步构建了以旅游活动系统和地理环境系统为基础,以人地关系理论为核心,融合相关学科理论的旅游地理学理论框架。论文还梳理了旅游地理学的基本研究内容、主要科学问题和重要研究方法,强调应大力倡导地理学科学精神,改变低水平应用导向和过于偏重技术导向的研究现状,切实运用旅游地理学研究和解决国家与地方旅游发展中的重要现实问题,并在此基础上强化理论导向的思想型研究,将深刻揭示旅游人地关系地域系统的基本特征、功能结构、时空演化、基本规律、动力机制和调控途径作为旅游地理学研究的重点,通过学科特色创新、研究范式创新、理论成果创新、研究方法创新和应用价值创新,推动旅游地理学理论研究的深化、学术水平的提高和学科体系的完善,促进现代旅游地理学的本土化和中国旅游地理研究的国际化。     

China and the changing economic geography of coffee value chains

For the past three centuries, the economic geography of the global coffee sector has been characterized by the supply of beans from tropical countries for consumption in North America and Europe, with various modes of value chain coordination enacted by lead firms to ensure reliable and affordable supply. This pattern is now fundamentally changing, with growth in coffee consumption in emerging markets, including China, exceeding that in established markets. But China is not only a growing consumer market, it is less well known that rapidly increasing agricultural production in Yunnan province of southwest China has also inserted the country as an important source region for coffee, and this has been pivotal in facilitating the emergence of Chinese lead firms in the sector. This article presents the emergence of China, and Chinese firms, at a critical juncture for the structure and governance of the global value chain for coffee. The processes through which this is occurring are outlined, and the implications for regional development prospects across Southeast Asia are discussed. We argue that the changing economic geography of coffee value chains, and their increasing driven‐ness by Chinese actors, is starting to reshape the regional coffee industry in profoundly new ways.     

面向治理的地理学发展刍议

“四个面向”（面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康）已成为新时代中国科学发展的指针。治理是一个反映“四个面向”的国际前沿研究领域,也是地理学和其他学科研究的焦点。围绕地理学如何应对治理这一关键问题,基于人地耦合的理念,系统梳理国内外地理学进行治理研究的轨迹与特点,从价值、思想、方法、技术4个维度发掘面向治理的地理学发展路径,紧密联系地理学发展动态及治理现代化的实践,从基础研究、平台建设、人才培育3个方面提出发展策略。提升中国地理学在国际治理研究中的影响力,促进地理学与其他学科的交叉融合,将自然与人文有机结合的理念应用于社会治理,增进居民福祉,并服务国家战略和区域可持续发展。     

Situating nature: On doing cultural geographies of Australian nature

This paper concentrates on the practices and possibilities of doing poststructural cultural geographies of nature. The paper begins with an overview of the ways in which nature is being reconceptualised in social thought. It charts a middle territory between strong social constructivism and realist approaches, arguing for a relational understanding of nature and culture, and the extension of agency to non-humans--organic and artificial. These 'more than human worlds' (<citeref rid="b51">Whatmore, 'Hybrid geographies'</citeref>, Sage, London, 2002) pose considerable challenges for researchers. They open spaces for new subjects and new subjectivities, decentre human agency, and challenge more conventional methodological approaches that rely on a separation between subject and object. The paper considers the sorts of methodological shifts required for relational analysis, arguing for a multilayered, multivalent, embodied and situated approach. The practices of situatedness are emphasised in the Australian context, especially in relation to cross-cultural and postcolonial understandings. The paper concludes with a brief comment on the politics of doing such cultural geographies.     

集团异化与国家地理研究的理论思考

经济全球化和区域集团化是当今世界经济的时代特征。作者从集团化发展的理论分析和经互会解体及北美集团内部冲突的实例分析中,提出了集团异化的概念;并通过集团异化的外因和内因的分析,说明集团异化的出现决不是孤立的、偶然的,是在一定外部条件下集团本身内在矛盾运动的必然结果。同时集团异化也是区域合作中国家关系调整和各国地缘战略演变的具体反映。因此,集团异化这个当代区域合作中的新现象和新问题给国家地理研究提供了一系列新的研究课题,也引发了学科发展上的理论思考,包括研究领域的拓宽、研究内容的深化和研究方法的探讨。     

西方流动性研究与交通地理学的对话：进展、启示与展望

随着现代社会空间和个人流动性水平的持续提升以及流动模式的日益复杂化,社会科学与空间科学领域对流动性的关注也持续升温。“流动转向”以来,西方流动性研究和交通地理学研究经历了激烈的碰撞,逐步展开了广泛深入的对话,推进了双方的互动发展和研究创新。而现有国内交通地理学对流动性的研究相对滞后,且跨学科的互利对话尚未有效开展。因而论文重点关注西方新流动性研究与交通地理学的对话交流与研究进展,通过梳理二者在流动性实践和意义、流动性不平等、信息通信技术与流动性3个共同议题下的探索,总结对国内交通地理学流动性研究的启示,并结合中国地理学相关研究现状以及社会发展与技术革新带来的流动性加剧状况,提出面向日常流动性的研究展望。中国流动性研究应进一步拓展流动性的多元内涵,丰富研究主体和尺度,辩证思考流动性价值,嵌入社会技术情境,并探索多元研究方法创新。