三峡大坝下游水位变化与河道形态调整关系研究（英文）

In this study, data measured from 1955–2016 were analysed to study the relationship between the water level and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD) after the impoundment of the dam. The results highlight the following facts:(1) for the same flow, the low water level decreased, flood water level changed little, lowest water level increased, and highest water level decreased at the hydrological stations in the downstream of the dam;(2) the distribution of erosion and deposition along the river channel changed from "erosion at channels and deposition at bankfulls" to "erosion at both channels and bankfulls;" the ratio of low-water channel erosion to bankfull channel erosion was 95.5% from October 2002 to October 2015, with variations between different impoundment stages;(3) the low water level decrease slowed down during the channel erosion in the Upper Jingjiang reach and reaches upstream but sped up in the Lower Jingjiang reach and reaches downstream; measures should be taken to prevent the decrease in the channel water level;(4) erosion was the basis for channel dimension upscaling in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River; the low water level decrease was smaller than the thalweg decline; both channel water depth and width increased under the combined effects of channel and waterway regulations; and(5) the geometry of the channels above bankfulls did not significantly change; however, the comprehensive channel resistance increased under the combined effects of riverbed coarsening, beach vegetation, and human activities; as a result, the flood water level increased markedly and moderate flood to high water level phenomena occurred, which should be considered. The Three Gorges Reservoir effectively enhances the flood defense capacity of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; however, the superposition effect of tributary floods cannot be ruled out.     

长江中下游河道冲淤与河床自动调整作用分析

根据实测河道测图资料及水沙资料，首次利用断面地形法和输沙平衡法较全面地系统地计算分析了长江中下游河道泥沙的冲淤变化及其分布规律，计算结果表明宜昌－大通段呈冲槽、淤滩、淤汊特征；同时剖析和验证了长江中下游河床具有较强的自动调整作用。     

渭河下游河道调整过程中的复杂响应现象

应用系统复杂响应的原理研究三门峡水库上游渭河河道调整过程,表明上游河道河床形态对基面上升所作出的响应是复杂的,弯曲系数的变化为先减小而后增大,宽深比的变化是先增大后减小,比降由先减小而后增大,最后均趋于稳定.     

水库下游水沙变化与河床演变研究综述

水库建设以满足人类日益增长的水资源及其利用的要求仍是当今世界,特别是发展中国家在水利建设中的一项重要任务。建坝改变了上下游水流边界条件,导致水沙输移变化,同时也触发了河床形态发生相应的调整。自从20 世纪30 年代全球大规模修坝后,关于此课题的研究就层出不穷。本文就此研究主题对国内外研究成果进行梳理与总结,简要综述水库下游水流挟沙变异以及河床形态演变的研究历史与现状,旨在对该领域的研究进展进行全面的归纳与总结。     

长江中下游夏季降水变化与亚洲夏季风系统的关系

以长江中下游流域实测降水数据和亚洲季风指数为基础,采用Mann-Kendall检验、线性相关和偏相关分析、小波分析等方法,揭示长江中下游夏季降水的时空变化特征及其与亚洲季风系统之间的相互关系和影响差异。结果表明,近50 a来长江中下游夏季降水量呈显著的增加趋势,其与亚洲主要夏季风指数之间均呈负的线性相关关系,且显著性影响范围东亚夏季风大于南海夏季风大于南亚夏季风。不同亚洲夏季风子系统间存在复杂的相互作用关系,尤其是东亚夏季风和南海夏季风之间的相互作用对长江中下游夏季降水产生了重要影响。长江中下游夏季降水量与亚洲主要夏季风指数存在2~4 a时间尺度上的显著相关性,且以反位相关系为主。此外,长江中下游夏季降水量与东亚夏季风的相干性最为突出,在小于8 a的时间尺度上,两者之间的相关性在近50 a来呈现减弱的趋势,特别是自20世纪80年代中后期以来。     

黄河河口延伸与下游淤积关系研究中的问题分析

阐明了黄河河口延伸与下游淤积关系问题的实质,指出了黄河河口延伸与下游淤积关系对时间尺度的依赖性,进而深入探讨了以前研究这一问题所用论据的合理性题。分析结果揭示,那种认为黄河下游淤积由河口延伸控制和河口延伸作用局限于近口河段的说法都缺乏令人信服的证据。     

长江中下游流域自然保护地空间分布及其与人类活动强度关系研究

以2015年土地利用类型数据为基础,计算长江中下游流域人类活动强度,采用最邻近指数、地理集中指数和不均衡指数分析研究区自然保护区、风景名胜区等六类国家级自然保护地分布特征,并定量揭示保护地空间分布与人类活动强度的关系,旨在为长江中下游流域建立基于人类活动强度的各类自然保护地管控策略提供科学依据。结果表明：1）人类活动高、较高、中、较低和低强度带在研究区的占比分别为3.74%、9.83%、14.98%、30.81%和40.63%;高等级强度带主要分布在长江三角洲平原、江汉平原等平原区,低等级强度带主要分布在秦岭山区、武陵山区等山地丘陵区。2）湿地公园、森林公园、风景名胜区和地质公园的空间分布类型为均匀型,水利风景区和自然保护区为凝聚型;六类保护地在各人类活动强度带空间分布不均衡。3）湿地公园、森林公园、水利风景区、自然保护区、风景名胜区和地质公园分别在中、较高、高、低、较低和低强度带密度最大;在高等级强度带“人地”矛盾更突出,应加强对自然保护地的保护力度和人类活动管控,尤其针对湿地公园、森林公园和水利风景区。     

基于时序遥感影像的黄土滑坡形变与河流水位关系研究——以天水市清泉村滑坡为例北大核心CSCD

河流对岸坡的侵蚀作用是滑坡失稳的重要因素之一,特别是在中国黄土地区。因此,探讨河流水位的季节性变化对黄土边坡稳定性的影响规律,对早期黄土滑坡灾害预警具有重要作用。论文以甘肃省天水市清泉村滑坡为例,分析5年内沿岸边坡形变速率与季节性水位变化之间的关系。基于SBAS-InSAR技术获取滑坡时序形变信息,借助MNDWI与DEM获取边坡底部时序水位信息,并结合GPM降雨数据进行相关性分析,研究发现随着降雨增多、河流水位的上涨,清泉村滑坡的形变速率明显增大,在夏季时滑坡形变量增长较快,并且边坡形变相较于水位季节变化具有一定的滞后性;经相关性分析,得出水位与滑坡形变的相关性系数为0.46,降雨与滑坡形变的相关性系数为0.39,表明清泉村滑坡的形变速率与水位变化更相关。因此,河流的季节性变化对滑坡形变速率具有一定影响,进而造成河流对沿岸滑坡的侵蚀作用呈现出季节性变化。研究揭示的黄土滑坡与河流水位的季节性变化关系,对揭示河岸边坡的演化过程、滑坡识别与灾害防治具有重要意义。     

The relationship between water level change and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam

In this study, data measured from 1955-2016 were analysed to study the relationship between the water level and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) after the impoundment of the dam. The results highlight the following facts: (1) for the same flow, the low water level decreased, flood water level changed little, lowest water level increased, and highest water level decreased at the hydrological stations in the downstream of the dam; (2) the distribution of erosion and deposition along the river channel changed from “erosion at channels and deposition at bankfulls” to “erosion at both channels and bankfulls;” the ratio of low-water channel erosion to bankfull channel erosion was 95.5% from October 2002 to October 2015, with variations between different impoundment stages; (3) the low water level decrease slowed down during the channel erosion in the Upper Jingjiang reach and reaches upstream but sped up in the Lower Jingjiang reach and reaches downstream; measures should be taken to prevent the decrease in the channel water level; (4) erosion was the basis for channel dimension upscaling in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River; the low water level decrease was smaller than the thalweg decline; both channel water depth and width increased under the combined effects of channel and waterway regulations; and (5) the geometry of the channels above bankfulls did not significantly change; however, the comprehensive channel resistance increased under the combined effects of riverbed coarsening, beach vegetation, and human activities; as a result, the flood water level increased markedly and moderate flood to high water level phenomena occurred, which should be considered. The Three Gorges Reservoir effectively enhances the flood defense capacity of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; however, the superposition effect of tributary floods cannot be ruled out.     

Mechanisms of suspended sediment restoration and bed level compensation in downstream reaches of the Three Gorges Projects (TGP)

River basin reservoir construction affects water and sediment transport processes in downstream reaches. The downstream impact of the Three Gorges Projects (TGP) has started to become apparent: (1) reduction in flood duration and discharge, and significant reduction in sediment load. Although there was some restoration in downstream sediment load, the total amount did not exceed the pre-impoundment annual average; (2) in 2003–2014, the d > 0.125 mm (coarse sand) load was restored to some degree, and to a maximum at Jianli Station, which was mainly at the pre-impoundment average. After restoration, erosion and deposition characteristics of the sediment was identical to that before impoundment. The degree of restoration during 2008–2014 was less than during 2003–2007; (3) after TGP impoundment, there was some restoration in d < 0.125 mm (fine sand) sediment load, however, it was lower than the pre-impoundment average; (4) due to riverbed compensation, the d > 0.125 mm sediment load recovered to a certain degree after impoundment, however, the total did not exceed 4400×10⁴ t/y. This was mainly limited by flood duration and the average flow rate, and was less affected by upstream main stream, tributaries, or lakes. Restoration of d < 0.125 mm suspended sediment was largely controlled by upstream main stream, tributaries, and lakes, as well as by riverbed compensation. Due to bed armoring, riverbed fine suspended sediment compensation capability was weakened; (5) during 2003–2007 and 2008–2014, Yichang to Zhicheng and upper Jingjiang experienced coarse and fine erosion, lower Jingjiang experienced coarse deposition and fine erosion, Hankou to Datong had coarse deposition and fine erosion, and Chenglingji and Hankou was characterized by coarse deposition and fine sand erosion in 2003–2007, and coarse and fine erosion in 2008–2014. This difference was controlled by flood duration and number at Luoshan Station.     

Effect of Three Gorges Dam on Poyang Lake water level at daily scale based on machine learning

Lake water level is an essential indicator of environmental changes caused by natural and human factors. The water level of Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China,has exhibited a dramatic variation for the past few years, especially after the completion of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD). However, there is a lack of more accurate assessment of the effect of the TGD on the Poyang Lake water level(PLWL) at finer temporal scales(e.g., the daily scale). Here, we used three machine learning models, namely, an Artificial Neural Network(ANN), a Nonlinear Autoregressive model with eXogenous input(NARX), and a Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU), to simulate the daily lake level during 2003–2016. We found that machine learning models with historical memory(i.e., the GRU model) are more suitable for simulating the PLWL under the influence of the TGD. The GRU-based results show that the lake level is significantly affected by the TGD regulation in the different operation stages and in different periods. Although the TGD has had a slight but not very significant impact on the yearly decline of the PLWL, the blocking or releasing of water at the TGD at certain moments has caused large changes in the lake level. This machine-learning-based study sheds light on the interactions between Poyang Lake and the Yangtze River regulated by the TGD.     

长江三峡水坝下游河道悬沙恢复和床沙补给机制

流域水库工程的修建,将改变坝下游原有的水沙输移过程,三峡水库蓄水作用对坝下游水沙输移的影响已初步显现。具体表现为：① 三峡水库坝下游洪水持续时间和流量被削减,下泄沙量大幅减少,沿程上输沙量虽得到一定恢复,但总量仍未超过蓄水前多年均值;② 2003-2014年d > 0.125 mm（粗）输沙量得到一定恢复,至监利站恢复程度最大,基本达到蓄水前均值,在恢复后其下游该组分泥沙冲淤特性与蓄水前一致,其中2008-2014年恢复程度弱于2003-2007年;③ 三峡水库蓄水后坝下游d < 0.125 mm（细）输沙量沿程上得到一定程度恢复,但总量仍小于蓄水前均值;④ 三峡水库蓄水后坝下游d > 0.125 mm泥沙输移量因河床补给作用,沿程上得到恢复,但补给量将不超过0.44亿t/y,主要受制于洪水持续时间及流量均值,而上游干流、河段间支流和湖泊分汇作用占次要地位,而d < 0.125 mm悬沙恢复受上游干流、区间支流和湖泊分汇及河床补给控制,因河床粗化使得床沙对细颗粒悬沙的补给作用减弱;⑤ 2003-2007年和2008-2014年两时段间宜昌至枝城、上荆江为粗细均冲,下荆江为淤粗冲细,汉口至大通河段为淤粗冲细,城陵矶至汉口河段2003-2007年为淤粗冲细,2008-2014年为粗细均冲,这一差异受控于螺山站洪水流量持续时间和量值。     

Flow resistance adjustments of channel and bars in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in response to the operation of the Three Gorges Dam

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Since the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) was put into operation, the flood water level at an identical discharge rate has not displayed a decreasing trend along the...     

Immediately downstream effects of Three Gorges Dam on channel sandbars morphodynamics between Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River,China

Sandbars are of vital ecological and environmental significance, which however, have been intensively influenced by human activities. Morphodynamic processes of sandbars along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River, the channel immediately downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), are assessed based on remote sensing images between 2000 and 2016. It can be found that the entire area of sandbars reduces drastically by 19.23% from 149.04 km² in 2003 to 120.38 km² in 2016, accompanied with an increase in water surface width. Owing to differences in sediment grain size and anti-erosion capacity, sandbar area in the upstream sandy gravel reach (Yichang-Dabujie) and downstream sandy reach (Dabujie-Chenglingji) respectively decreases by 45.94% (from 20.79 km² to 11.24 km²) and 14.93% (from 128.30 km² to 109.14 km²). Furtherly, morphological evolutions of sandbars are affected by channel type: in straight-microbend channel, mid-channel sandbars exhibit downstream moving while maintaining the basic profile; in meandering channel, point sandbars show erosion and deposition in convex and concave bank respectively, with mid-channel sandbars distributing sporadically; in bending-branching channel, point sandbars experience erosion and move downstream while mid-channel sandbars show erosion in the head part along with retreating outline. We document that the primary mechanism of sandbars shrinkages along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach can be attributed to TGD induced suspended sediment concentration decreasing and increasing in unsaturation of sediment carrying capacity. Additionally, channel type can affect the morphological evolution of sandbars. Along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach, sandbars in straight-microbend channel are more affected by water flow than that in bending-branching channel.     

Reservoir resettlement in China: past experience and the Three Gorges Dam

This paper reviews involuntary resettlement resulting from dam-building, which has been ignored relative to the dominant focus of migration research in China, rural to urban migration. Reservoir resettlement in China has a long history, often of misery and hardship for those displaced. Relocatees affected by the Three Gorges Project (1994–2009) on the Yangtze River face a similar situation. In China priority has been given to building the dam to provide electricity, flood control and navigation. Less attention has been paid to the problems of the people affected by the reservoir inundation. The rural population forced to relocate and rural-urban migrants in general have been discriminated against by national policies.     

Seasonal variations of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Over the past decades, > 50,000 dams and reforestation on the Yangtze River (Changjiang) have had little impact on water discharge but have drastically altered annual and particularly seasonal sediment discharge. Before impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in June 2003, annual sediment discharge had decreased by 60%, and the hysteresis of seasonal rating curves in the upper reaches at Yichang station had shifted from clockwise to counterclockwise. In addition, the river channel in middle-lower reaches had changed from depositional to erosional in 2002.During the four years (2003–2006) after TGD impoundment, ~ 60% of sediment entering the Three Gorges Reservoir was trapped, primarily during the high-discharge months (June–September). Although periodic sediment deposition continues downstream of the TGD, during most months substantial erosion has occurred, supplying ~ 70 million tons per year (Mt/y) of channel-derived sediment to the lower reaches of the river. If sand extraction (~ 40 Mt/y) is taken into consideration, the river channel loses a total of 110 Mt/y. During the extreme drought year 2006, sediment discharge in the upper reaches drastically decreased to 9 Mt (only 2% of its 1950–1960s level) because of decreased water discharge and TGD trapping. In addition, Dongting Lake in the middle reaches, for the first time, changed from trapping net sediment from the mainstem to supplying 14 Mt net sediment to the mainstem. Severe channel erosion and drastic sediment decline have put considerable pressure on the Yangtze coastal areas and East China Sea.     

长江三峡水库消落区保护利用研究

阐述了长江三峡水库消落区概况及其保护利用的意义和目的,分析了消落区存在的主要问题,提出了三峡水库消落区保护利用的相应对策：尽快编制消落区保护利用规划,有序开展保护利用工作;尽快建立完善消落区保护利用法规,依法开展其工作;及时研究消落区保护利用作中出现的新情况及重大问题,进行理论突破、政策创新和管理创新;尽快开展消落区保护利用的科研工作,寻求科技支撑,提高其保护利用效益。     

长江上游降水对三峡水库蓄水关键月入库流量的影响

论文基于长江上游271个气象站点1961—2017年逐日降水量数据及三峡水库日入库流量资料,辅以差异t检验、合成分析、相关分析和聚类分析等方法,就长江上游降水对三峡水库入库流量的影响进行了分析,结果表明：① 三峡水库蓄水期关键月的入库流量受同年8月及9月的降水影响最为明显;② 依据降水特征将长江上游进行分区的结果是在沿江及以南遵循自然流域划分,长江以北则不同,6个区分别为：I区(嘉陵江流域南部)、II区(金沙江上游、岷沱江北部、嘉陵江北部)、III区(重庆—宜昌)、IV区(乌江)、V区(宜宾—重庆)、VI区(金沙江流域中下游);③ 6个区对三峡水库蓄水关键月的入库流量贡献：I区和III区的降水量最大,汇流距离短,相较其他4个区,贡献最大;II区站点稀疏,降水量最少,汇流距离长,贡献最小;其他3个区(IV、V、VI区)贡献相近;④ 分析2003年以来蓄水期遭遇的3次流量峰值超50000 m³/s的洪水过程,其中2014年9月11—18日I区出现连续强降水,同时叠加III区过程性强降水,导致了19—20日三峡水库入库出现超过50000 m³/s的超大洪峰,证实了I区和III区降水对三峡入库流量的高贡献影响分析结论可靠,该结论也对三峡水库合理蓄水调度具有一定的参考价值。