含水层非均质性不同刻画方法对地下水流和溶质运移预测的影响

为探讨含水层非均质性不同刻画方法对地下水流和溶质运移预测的影响,基于非均质含水层砂箱实验,分别用传统等效均质模型、克立金插值和水力层析刻画含水层渗透系数场,并探讨了先验信息对水力层析结果的影响.将不同方法估算的渗透系数场用以预测地下水流和溶质运移过程,以此判断不同方法估算结果的优劣,分析含水层非均质性对地下水流和溶质运移的影响.结果表明:与克立金插值法相比,水力层析法可以更好地刻画含水层非均质性,较准确地预测地下水流和溶质运移过程;钻孔岩心渗透系数样本值作为先验信息可以提高水力层析法估算结果的精度;传统等效均质模型无法准确预测地下水流和溶质运移过程.含水层非均质性的增强将导致溶质污染羽分布形态和运移路径的空间变异性增强,并且优势通道直接决定溶质的分布及运移路径.      

抽水组数和先验信息对估算三维非均质含水层渗透系数的影响

水力层析抽水实验可以高精度刻画非均质含水层渗透系数分布,但野外成本高,需要对抽水试验进行优化.通过构建三维非均质含水层砂箱,开展水力层析抽水实验,探讨不同抽水组数和先验信息对刻画渗透系数的影响.分别利用不同抽水组数和融入42个井段岩心渗透系数作为先验信息,对渗透系数场进行估算,并用以预测独立抽水实验过程,对比估算结果优...     

基于水力走时反演刻画裂隙含水层非均质性

获取含水层水力参数空间非均质分布信息是研究地下水渗流、地下水污染物运移等诸多地下水问题的重要基础.然而,受常规勘察技术所限,含水层的非均质性难以直接刻画,尤其在裂隙介质含水层中,水力参数分布的非均质性更加突出,进一步增加了刻画的难度.针对该问题,本研究首先通过德国哥廷根大学北校区内的Neutra试验场地进行的64次抽水...     

水力层析法刻画非均质含水层K与S采样时间优化设计

水力层析法(hydraulic tomography,简称HT)是一种高精度刻画含水层非均质性的抽水试验新技术,通过在不同地点及深度进行多组抽水试验并收集含水层水位变化资料,进行地下水流数值反演,对水文地质参数的空间分布做详细的识别。由于观测水位数据随着时间变化与渗透系数K、储水系数S的相关性不断变化,因此运用不同时刻水位数据反演参数K与S精度不一样。基于水力层析理论,采用剖面二维承压含水层数值模型研究了时间采样对估计参数K与S精度的影响。研究结果表明,随着采样时间的增大,渗透系数K的估计逐渐变好,最后趋于一个稳定值;在K已知条件下,采样时间t0(t0定义为JACOB直线图解法中s-lgt曲线直线段的延长部分与lgt轴的交点所对应的时间)时刻之前,储水系数S的估计随着采样时间的增加而变好,t0之后随着采样时间的增加反演效果变差。     

运用水力层析法对含水层裂隙带成像

含水层裂隙带的识别,是准确模拟计算地下水流和污染扩散的前提。本研究通过数值实验,运用近年来发展起来的水力地质层析方法,对含水层裂隙带成像。文章设定一个17m×17m的二维垂直饱和裂隙含水层,含水层有2口斜井。在斜井与裂隙带的交叉点分别进行抽水试验,由感应器收集水位响应数据,运用VSAFT2对裂隙带进行识别。数值实验证明,水力层析法结合地下水流的逆算方法——连续线性算法(SSLE),可以比较准确地识别非均质含水层的参数分布;非稳定流条件下的识别结果好于稳定流的结果;信息齐全条件下的结果好于资料缺乏时的结果。     

基于广义径向流模型的非均质孔隙含水层井流试验分析

Theis模型、Dupuit模型等经典井流模型分析非均质含水层井流试验数据有一定的局限性,获取的参数不适合表征非均质含水层特性。而GRF模型可以获取含水层流动特性的数据。相比于Theis模型、Dupuit模型,GRF模型更能表征非均质含水层特性。以黄石东湖新村棋盘洲长江大桥的抽水试验数据为例,采用Theis模型和GRF模型计算含水层渗透系数,结合实际水文地质条件,对比分析不同方法计算的水文地质参数,并计算含水层水流维数和表观压力传导系数（K_f /S_sf）。结果表明:研究区含水层为细砂夹条带状黏土透镜体的非均质含水层,采用GRF模型计算结果更符合实际情况,渗透系数为 4.09×10?3cm/s;含水层水流维数为1.61,地下水为双线性流动状态,含水层对抽水试验的响应主要受黏土条带控制;观测井和抽水主井的K_f /S_sf呈非线性相关,进一步验证了含水层的非均质性。在非均质孔隙含水层中,应用多孔联合非稳定GRF井流试验方法不仅能确定水文地质参数,并且能丰富对含水层特性的认知。     

基于水力层析法的某煤矿承压含水层叠加放水试验分析

水文地质参数是衡量含水层富水性的重要指标,其空间分布特征的准确推算,对于矿井突水灾害预报与防治具有积极意义。传统放水试验分析方法得到的是等效水文地质参数,不能准确刻画含水层的空间异质性。基于随时间变化的水头数据与水文地质参数的互相关分析,将水力层析法应用在陕西榆林柠条塔煤矿井下承压含水层叠加放水试验数据分析中,获得了研究区水文地质参数的空间分布特征。结果表明,工作面南北富水性差异大,涌水区位于强导水带上;从涌水区往北,导水系数和储水系数整体上逐渐减小;南部导水系数和储水系数均较大,属于富水异常区。研究表明,水力层析法是一种有效的非均质含水层参数识别的新技术,将井下放水视为针对含水层的刺激源,结合水头与水文地质参数的互相关分析,联合多个观测孔的水头响应数据,反演刻画研究区域的主要地质结构特征。在矿井水文地质条件分析中,预先采用水力层析法识别富水异常区域,可以有效降低突水事故风险。     

江汉平原典型含水层水文地质参数反演

含水层参数对于定性分析区域地下水资源评价、数值模拟及预报、开发利用与保护及科学管理具有重要意义,而江汉平原水文地质参数求解的研究却相对较少.2015年江汉平原1:50 000水文地质调查项目完成杨林尾图幅与陆溪口图幅,选择杨林尾图幅和陆溪口图幅中的4个代表性钻孔,分别做了3组抽水试验和一组压水试验.对抽水数据使用Dupuit公式法结合抽水稳定阶段数据求解含水层参数,同时利用Aquifer Test软件中Theis标准曲线法、直线图解法对抽水试验中非稳定条件下抽水数据对含水层参数求解,得到孔隙水含水层渗透系数及弹性给水度;利用压水试验工程规范求解基岩裂隙含水层的渗透系数.探讨了利用非稳定抽水试验条件下求解含水层参数方法的可行性及该方法的优势.计算结果表明:杨林尾镇浅层(20.2~64.55 m)含水层渗透系数为0.075 m/d,弹性给水度为5.8×10-2;深层(138~160 m)含水层渗透系数为9.89 m/d,弹性给水度为2.3×10-5;陆溪口镇浅层(19.4~36.4 m)含水层渗透系数1.26 m/d,弹性给水度为1.1×10-1;基岩渗透系数为0.012 m/d.通过结果对比分析发现对于单孔非稳定抽水试验,对前期水位降深数据筛选分析,同样可以利用非稳定井流理论反演含水层参数,结果比较可靠.      

含水层层状非均质对地下水流系统的影响

区域尺度上含水层非均质具有复杂的结构性和随机性,难以准确刻画,造成非均质对区域地下水流系统的影响机制研究不够深入。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系地下水流系统为研究实例,选择典型剖面,采用剖面二维随机数值模拟方法,通过对比不同非均质刻画方法下地下水流场的变化,探讨含水层层状非均质对地下水流系统的影响机制。结果显示,均质条件下模型各向异性（含水层水平和垂向渗透系数比值Kh/Kv）取值为1000时,地下水流场与实际条件较为接近;非均质条件下,渗透系数方差取值0.91,水平相关长度取值5000 m,Kh/Kv取值150时,接近实际条件。研究表明,在大尺度地下水流模拟研究中,采用水平相关长度、渗透系数方差和各向异性值三个变量生成的随机场能很好地刻画含水层的层状非均质特征及其对水流系统的影响控制作用。由于含水层不同尺度层状非均质的叠加效应,采用均质各向异性介质等效概化含水层层状非均质性会造成等效各向异性值偏大失真的效应。     

基于EnKF融合地球物理数据刻画含水层非均质性

含水层非均质性的刻画是模拟地下水中污染物运移的关键。以渗透系数为研究对象,构建了综合集合卡尔曼滤波方法、有效电阻率模型与地下水运移模型的同化框架,通过融合地球物理观测数据与污染物浓度观测数据来推估渗透系数的空间分布。基于理想算例,验证了该同化框架刻画含水层非均质渗透系数场的有效性,并针对不同初始参数信息与观测类型对比了耦合与非耦合水文地球物理方法的适用性。研究结果表明:基于集合卡尔曼滤波方法同化多种类型的观测数据,可有效地推估非均质参数空间分布。当初始信息较准确时,耦合方法的参数推估精度更高;初始信息存在偏差时,非耦合方法有更好的同化效果。由于非耦合方法计算成本较低且对初始信息缺失时适用性更强,在实际应用中可先基于非耦合方法初步估计参数,再利用耦合方法进一步提高参数推估精度。融合多种类型观测数据可有效提高参数推估效果。     

Oscillatory Pumping Test to Estimate Aquifer Hydraulic Parameters in a Bayesian Geostatistical Framework

Comprehensive information about the spatial distribution of the subsurface hydraulic properties is crucial to model groundwater flow, to predict solute transport in aquifers and to design remediation actions. In this work, a Bayesian Geostatistical approach, as implemented in bgaPEST, was adopted to estimate the hydraulic properties of a well field located at the Campus of Science and Technology of the University of Parma (Northern Italy), in a contest of a highly parameterized inversion. Head data, collected by means of multi frequency oscillatory pumping tests, were used to both estimate the hydraulic parameters and validate the results. The groundwater flow processes were modelled by means of MODFLOW 2005 and an adjoint-state formulation of the same software was used to efficiently calculate the sensitivity matrix, required by the inverse procedure. The Bayesian Geostatistical approach estimated the hydraulic conductivity and specific storage fields, handling a large number of parameters. The results of the inversion are consistent with the alluvial nature of the investigated aquifer and the preliminary traditional pumping tests carried out at the site.     

A comparative study of hydraulic conductivity estimations using geostatistics

Three approaches for estimating the hydraulic conductivity (K) of the Trifa aquifer, Morocco were investigated: (1) kriging of the K values obtained from pumping tests, (2) cokriging of the pumping test data with electrical resistivity data as a secondary variable, and (3) cokriging of the pumping test data with the slope of the water table. Gauss-transformed values of the variables are used because they provide more robust variograms and transformed values of the primary and secondary variables show correlations higher than the raw values, which is beneficial in cokriging. In cokriging with electrical resistivity, two zones are considered since the geological deposits are different from the north to the south of the aquifer, which is reflected in different correlations between the variables. Comparison of the three approaches is based mainly on the estimation errors, and to a lesser degree on the cross-validations of the corresponding variogram models and general considerations, like the measurements’ reliability and aquifer make-up. The best-estimated K is given by cokriging with the slope of the water table and is therefore preferred for further use in groundwater flow modeling. Thus, electrical resistivity or the slope of the water table can both be used as secondary variables to estimate K, especially in heterogeneous aquifers with lateral variations in lithology, as is the case of the Trifa aquifer.     

What can be learned from sequential multi-well pumping tests in fracture-karst media? A case study in Zhangji, China

A fracture-karst aquifer is a karst aquifer with a fractured rock matrix, and its parameters are difficult to determine. Two sequential pumping tests in a fracture-karst aquifer system at the Zhangji well field of China are considered, one carried out before (in 2000) and one after (in 2005) the operation of a pumping station in the well field (2003–2005). The sequential tests serve multiple purposes. First, they provide a cross check of the parameters obtained. Second, they can be used to assess the effect of long-term groundwater exploitation of the aquifer. A three-dimensional finite-element transient flow model has been developed to simulate groundwater flow at the site. Generally good agreement has been found between the simulated and observed hydraulic heads for both tests. The hydraulic parameters obtained from the 2005 test are generally consistent with their counterparts from the 2000 test. However, a small but steady increase of hydraulic conductivities from 2000 to 2005 at the site has been observed. A 10-year prediction of groundwater resources has been made and indicates that the well field can accommodate the proposed 8.0?×?10⁴ m³/day exploitation rate under relative drought conditions without causing a steady decline of groundwater levels.     

A Simple Approach to Account for Radial Flow and Boundary Conditions When Kriging Hydraulic Head Fields for Confined Aquifers

The estimation and mapping of realistic hydraulic head fields, hence of flow paths, is a major goal of many hydrogeological studies. The most widely used method to obtain reliable head fields is the inverse approach. This approach relies on the numerical approximation of the flow equation and requires specifying boundary conditions and the transmissivity of each grid element. Boundary conditions are often unknown or poorly known, yet they impose a strong signature on the head fields obtained by inverse analysis. A simpler alternative to the inverse approach is the direct kriging of the head field using the measurements obtained at observation wells. The kriging must be modified to incorporate the available information. Use of the dual kriging formalism enables simultaneously estimating the head field, the aquifer mean transmissivity, and the regional hydraulic gradient from head data in steady or transient state conditions. In transient state conditions, an estimate of the storage coefficient can be obtained. We test the approach on simple analytical cases, on synthetic cases with solutions obtained numerically using a finite element flow simulator, and on a real aquifer. For homogeneous aquifers, infinite or bounded, the kriging estimate retrieves the exact solution of the head field, the exact hydrogeological parameters and the flow net. With heterogeneous aquifers, kriging accurately estimates the head field with prediction errors of the same magnitude as typical head measurement errors. The transmissivities are also accurately estimated by kriging. Moreover, if inversion is required, the kriged head along boundaries can be used as realistic boundary conditions for flow simulation.     

水力联系系数法定量评价含水层之间水力联系

为了定量研究与评价含水层之间地下水水力联系程度,首次提出了水力联系系数C（hydraulic connection coefficient）的概念。将水力联系系数C定义为观测孔目的含水层水位降深与该观测孔位置抽水含水层水位降深的比值。通过水力联系系数,可定量评价某含水层水平上同层之间和垂向上不同含水层之间的水力联系程度。依据鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系洛河组各含水层段的水力联系系数C值,将含水层之间水力联系分为5个等级。其中,0.000 0 ≤ C<0.062 5,0.062 5 ≤ C<0.125 0,0.125 0 ≤ C<0.250 0,0.250 0 ≤ C<0.500 0,C ≥ 0.500 0,分别代表水力联系等级为极弱、弱、中等、强、极强。以高家堡井田钻孔抽（放）水试验数据为例,采用水力联系系数和观测孔水位响应时间两个指标定量评价了区内巨厚层状非均质洛河组含水层内部水力联系。结果表明：洛河组中上段水平同层之间的水力联系系数分别为0.373 0、0.413 8,观测孔水位响应时间较短（约为5 min）,水力联系强;洛河组下段水平同层之间水力联系系数分别为0.440 1、0.491 1,观测孔水位响应时间较短（为9~20 min）,水力联系强;洛河组中上段与下段垂向水力联系系数分别为0.000 2、0.007 2、0.089 7,观测孔水位响应时间较长（大于60 min）,水力联系极弱至弱。     

Estimating transmissivity using empirical and geostatistical methods in the volcanic aquifers of Upper Awash Basin, central Ethiopia

Transmissivity (T) is a basic hydraulic parameter of an aquifer that is utilized in most groundwater flow equations to understand the flow dynamics and is generally estimated from pumping tests. However, the cost of performing a large number of aquifer tests is expensive and time consuming. The fact that specific capacity (S _c) is correlated with hydraulic flow properties of aquifers simplifies parameter estimation mainly because specific capacity values are more abundant in groundwater databases than values of transmissivity and they offer another approach to estimate hydraulic parameters of aquifers. In this study, an empirical relation is derived using 214 pairs of transmissivity and specific capacity values that are obtained from pumping tests conducted on water wells penetrating the complex volcanic aquifers of Upper Awash Basin, central Ethiopia. Linear and logarithmic regression functions have been performed and it is found that the logarithmic relationship predicting transmissivity from specific capacity data has a better correlation (R = 0.97) than the linear relationship (R = 0.79). The two parameters are log-normally distributed, in which the logarithmic relation is also better statistically justified than the linear relation. Geostatistical estimations of the transmissivity were made using different inputs and methods. Measured and supplemented transmissivity data obtained from estimates using the derived empirical relation were krigged and cokrigged, spherical and exponential models were fitted to the experimental variograms. The cross-validation results showed that the best estimation is provided using the kriging procedure, the transmissivity field represented by the measured transmissivity data and the experimental variogram fitted with the exponential model. Based on the geostatistical approach, the transmissivity map of the aquifer is produced, which will be used for groundwater flow modeling of the study area that will follow this analysis.     

抽水含水层对非抽水含水层水位影响的效应分析

利用自动水位计记录的抽水试验过程中不同层位含水组之间的动态水位,分析了在抽水试验最初阶段时抽水含水组与非抽水含水组之间的水力联系。研究结果表明:(1)抽水含水层对非抽水含水层存在水位影响效应,在抽水初期,水位影响效应较大;当抽水含水层水位达到稳定或缓慢下降时,水位影响效应随之消失。(2)单位降深水位影响效应显示,上部含水层距离抽水含水层越远,水位影响效应越大;下部含水层距离抽水含水层越远,水位影响效应越小。(3)利用三维地下水流数值模拟方法和应力应变对含水层水位动态影响的原理对水位影响效应机理进行分析,发现水位影响效应与含水层的固体骨架压缩系数(α)、水体积压缩系数(β)、孔隙度(n)和边界控制系数(Cm)等参数有关。