储层构造裂缝定量预测与油气渗流规律研究现状和进展

裂缝型油气藏是21世纪石油增储上产的重要领域之一，但裂缝储层本身的复杂性在一定程度上增加了研究难度。从国内外研究现状来看，尚缺乏一个能全面解决构造裂缝定量预测问题的研究方法，对裂缝型油气藏预测及评价研究仍处于探索阶段。储层裂缝研究主要涉及 3个方面的关键内容，即地下裂缝识别、裂缝空间分布预测和裂缝参数定量表征。构造裂缝发育规律、形态特征以及油气等流体渗流规律主要受控于构造应力场和储层岩石物理性质的非均质性。强调构造应力场与岩石力学属性相互作用的研究方法已成为构造裂缝空间定量预测的主流，固体应力场和流体压力场的联合作用构成流体运移的驱动机制。我国拥有相当数量的裂缝储层的地质储量，进行裂缝型油气藏研究与预测，无论对西部还是东部深层油气藏的勘探突破均有深远意义。系统综述了储层裂缝定量研究和预测方法以及裂缝储层油气渗流规律的研究现状。     

致密低渗透储层裂缝研究进展

我国致密低渗透储层的油气资源量巨大,但储层基质物性差,非均质性强,天然裂缝发育,勘探与开发难度大。天然裂缝是致密低渗透储层的有效储集空间和主要渗流通道,控制了这类油气藏的成藏、单井产能及开发效果,天然裂缝分布规律研究对致密低渗透油气藏的勘探和开发至关重要。在阅读国内外大量文献的基础上,系统地综述了致密低渗透储层裂缝研究中涉及的储层裂缝成因类型、控制因素、储层裂缝参数表征方法、裂缝有效性影响因素与评价方法、天然裂缝与人工裂缝的耦合关系等研究现状,探讨了现阶段储层裂缝研究中存在的问题及进一步需要开展的工作。非常规储层裂缝的形成机理与主控因素、多学科相结合的高精度裂缝井间预测及裂缝三维地质建模、裂缝的分级评价及有效性评价将是近期裂缝研究的重点。     

塔中Ⅰ号断裂带北段构造裂缝面密度与分形统计

断裂如何控制其附近构造裂缝的发育程度是碳酸盐岩地区构造裂缝定量研究的重要方面,对碳酸盐岩裂缝性油气藏的储层预测具有重要的意义.文中以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带为例,重点研究逆冲断裂控制构造裂缝的分布规律,对其控制的构造裂缝面密度和分形进行了研究.研究结果表明,塔中工号断裂控制的构造裂缝的裂缝面密度与距断裂的距离呈指数关系,其控制的...     

裂缝-孔隙模型中气水两相分形渗流实验和数学模型建立

大量的理论和实验研究证明,油气藏渗流力学中渗透率的分布、孔隙度的分布、裂缝性油气藏中裂缝网络的分布等许多现象都具有标度不变性。对气水两相在裂缝-孔隙模型和平面径向流模型中进行了微观渗流实验,对实验结果进行了黑白二值化处理,得到了其分形维数。在分形理论的基础上,建立了裂缝-孔隙介质中气水两相分形渗流的数学模型及差分模型。     

新场气田须二气藏天然裂缝有效性定量表征方法及应用

天然裂缝是地层中广泛分布的一种地质构造现象,当其在油气开发过程中保持一定有效性时具有重要作用,其有效程度高低是裂缝性油气藏高产富集的关键.本次研究以川西新场气田须二气藏裂缝特征及成因认识为基础,利用气藏各类动静态资料对裂缝张开度、裂缝渗透率、裂缝孔隙度等参数进行解释和评价,明确了不同资料计算获取裂缝参数的物理含义及相互之间的关系,为裂缝有效性评价奠定了基础.文中以井筒附近、地质模型网格单元体内裂缝网络系统作为裂缝有效性定量表征对象,通过裂缝网络系统裂缝参数的分布特征,选取并组合了参数分布的特征变量从而建立了裂缝有效性定量表征指标;基于裂缝有效性定量表征方法和建立的定量表征指标对新场气田须二气藏单井产层段裂缝的有效性及气藏裂缝有效性的纵横变化规律进行了研究和评价,其评价结果与区域构造、应力场分布、井下监测、生产动态具有很好的一致性.本文对油气藏中天然裂缝有效性的认识和定量表征方法为裂缝性油气藏地质建模中裂缝有效参数场的建立和数值模拟工作奠定了基础,为裂缝性油气藏的描述和生产动态研究提供了方向和思路.     

长岭地区火山岩储层裂缝的测井评价研究

裂缝是火山岩油气藏的主要渗流通道和储集空间,因此对裂缝的研究是火山岩油气藏的一个重点,也是难点。针对松辽盆地南部长岭地区火山岩裂缝储层,从地层微电阻率成像测井资料中挖掘出裂缝研究的有用参数,结合地质资料对该区内裂缝发育情况进行了系统研究,得出了裂缝的发育与岩性、岩相的关系及长岭地区裂缝发育的空间分布规律,这对后期油田开发具有一定的指导意义。     

古潜山内幕构造及储集体刻画——以胜利油区富台潜山为例

碳酸盐岩潜山储层蕴含资源量巨大,勘探前景广阔,是胜利油田的接替新领域。碳酸盐岩潜山油气藏多受构造活动、岩性变化和流体溶蚀等影响,其内幕储集空间非常复杂,油气开发难度大,准确地描述裂缝空间分布是潜山油藏开发的基本前提。这里以胜利油区富台潜山为例,通过研究该区域的地质背景并结合测井、地震资料对其进行地层划分,以深度学习为辅助手段实现了对全区进行高效的裂缝预测;在裂缝预测结果基础上进行断缝溶储集体刻画,并结合多地层的古地貌准确直观地展示了刻画结果。     

储层构造裂缝定量预测研究及评价方法

裂缝型油气藏油气产量占整个石油天然气产量的一半以上，是21世纪石油增储上产的重要领域之一，但目前致密储集体裂缝参数的定量表征和空间分布规律定量预测评价，仍是石油地质界的前沿问题，在一定程度上阻碍了世界石油工业的发展。从国内、外研究现状来看，对裂缝及裂缝型油气藏预测评价研究仍处于探索阶段。世界上大多数裂缝性油气田的裂缝主要为构造裂缝，对构造裂缝空间分布规律的合理预测评价，无疑对油气勘探开发起到科学的指导作用。本文综述了储层裂缝研究现状、进展和主要研究方法，同时通过近几年工作典型实例阐明裂缝研究在不同类型油气藏勘探中的作用。     

裂缝性储集层表征及建模方法研究进展

从目前裂缝性储层表征及建模研究现状入手,结合自身实践,详细介绍了裂缝性储层表征及建模研究中的各种方 法,分析了每种方法的优缺点。裂缝表征中主要使用的方法包括：野外露头分析法、岩心分析法、测井分析法、地震预测 分析法、动态响应分析法、岩石力学分析法。裂缝建模中主要使用离散裂缝网格模型和等效连续模型两种方法。其中,重 点介绍了分形理论在野外火山岩露头裂缝分析中的应用、数字岩心技术在微观裂缝表征中的应用、各种最新的地球物理及 岩石力学表征和预测裂缝的方法、动态裂缝在裂缝性油藏开发的作用、近年来国外学者所倡导的裂缝地层学理论、非常规 储层中的裂缝表征,以及上述两种裂缝地质建模方法。在此基础上,讨论了裂缝性储层表征及建模中存在的问题,最终指 出了该项研究未来发展的趋势。     

新疆巴楚地区走滑断裂对碳酸盐岩构造裂缝发育的控制

走滑断裂如何控制附近构造裂缝的发育程度是碳酸盐岩地区构造裂缝定量研究的重要内容,对碳酸盐岩裂缝油气藏的储层预测具有重要意义。通过对野外测量的测量面距断裂的距离和构造裂缝面密度的定量关系进行统计分析,发现新疆巴楚地区的2条走滑断裂(张扭性皮羌走滑断裂和压扭性西克尔走滑断裂)控制的构造裂缝的密度与距断裂的距离呈指数关系,即远离断裂,裂缝密度呈指数下降,且存在一个裂缝密度骤减的范围,这个范围内为断裂控制的裂缝带;范围以外为区域控制的裂缝带,此带裂缝密度变化缓慢,相对稳定。新疆巴楚碳酸盐岩地区压扭性走滑断裂控制的构造裂缝的带宽与走滑断距的比值是张扭性走滑断裂的10倍以上,说明碳酸盐岩地区压扭性走滑断裂控制的构造裂缝带远比张扭性断裂控制的宽,压扭性走滑断裂附近的构造裂缝相对更发育,更有利于裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层的发育。     

A shear‐dilation‐based model for evaluation of hydraulically stimulated naturally fractured reservoirs

The role of shear dilation as a mechanism of enhancing fluid flow permeability in naturally fractured reservoirs was mainly recognized in the context of hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir stimulation. Simplified models based on shear slippage only were developed and their applications to evaluate HDR geothermal reservoir stimulation were reported. Research attention is recently focused to adjust this stimulation mechanism for naturally fractured oil and gas reservoirs which reserve vast resources worldwide. This paper develops the overall framework and basic formulations of this stimulation model for oil and gas reservoirs. Major computational modules include: natural fracture simulation, response analysis of stimulated fractures, average permeability estimation for the stimulated reservoir and prediction of an average flow direction. Natural fractures are simulated stochastically by implementing ‘fractal dimension’ concept. Natural fracture propagation and shear displacements are formulated by following computationally efficient approximate approaches interrelating in situ stresses, natural fracture parameters and stimulation pressure developed by fluid injection inside fractures. The average permeability of the stimulated reservoir is formulated as a function of discretized gridblock permeabilities by applying cubic law of fluid flow. The average reservoir elongation, or the flow direction, is expressed as a function of reservoir aspect ratio induced by directional permeability contributions. The natural fracture simulation module is verified by comparing its results with observed microseismic clouds in actual naturally fractured reservoirs. Permeability enhancement and reservoir growth are characterized with respect to stimulation pressure, in situ stresses and natural fracture density applying the model to two example reservoirs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国深层和超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏形成分布的基本特征与动力机制及发展方向

随着油气资源对外依赖度加大,中国的油气勘探已经拓展到深层和超深层领域,并相继在中西部盆地发现了塔河、普光、安岳、靖边、顺北等一批大型油气田,展示出广阔的勘探前景。中国已探明的深层和超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏特征与全球的有很大差异,经典的油气地质理论指导这类油气田勘探遇到了前所未有的重大挑战,需要完善和发展。通过调研和比较全球已探明的碳酸盐岩和砂岩油气藏地质特征,发现它们的油气来源条件、油气藏形成条件、成藏动力、演化过程特征等类同;同时,发现碳酸盐岩和砂岩油气藏的矿物组成、孔隙度和渗透率随埋深变化特征、孔渗结构特征、储层物性下限、油气藏类型等有着很大不同。中国深层和超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏与全球的相比较具有五方面差异:地层年代更老、埋藏深度更大、白云岩储层比率更大、天然气资源比率更高、储层孔渗关系更乱。中国已经发现的深层碳酸盐岩油气藏成因类型可以归为五种:沉积型高孔高渗油气藏、压实成岩型低孔低渗油气藏、结晶成岩型低孔低渗油气藏、流体改造型高孔低渗油气藏、应力改造型低孔高渗油气藏;它们形成的动力学机制分别与地层沉积和浮力主导的油气运移作用、地层压实和非浮力主导的油气运移作用、成岩结晶和非浮力主导的油气运移作用、流体改造介质和浮力主导的油气运移作用、应力改造和浮力主导的油气运移作用等密切相关。中国深层和超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探发展的有利领域和油气藏类型主要有三个:一是低热流盆地浮力成藏下限之上自由动力场形成的高孔高渗常规油气藏;二是构造变动频繁的叠合盆地内外应力和内部流体活动改造而形成的缝洞复合型油气藏;三是构造稳定盆地内局限动力场形成的广泛致密连续型非常规油气藏。改造类非常规致密碳酸盐岩油气藏是中国含油气盆地深层和超深层油气资源的主要类型:它们叠加了早期形成的常规油气藏特征,又具有自身广泛连续分布的非常规特征,还经受了后期构造变动的改造;复杂的分布特征,致密的介质条件和高温高压环境使得这类油气资源勘探开发难度大、成本高。      

Fluid overpressure as a control on sandstone reservoir quality in a mechanical compaction dominated setting: Magnolia Field,Gulf of Mexico

The reservoir quality (porosity and permeability) of deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoir sandstones in sedimentary basins is significantly affected by burial diagenesis. Many deep reservoirs develop anomalous fluid overpressures during burial. Previous studies on the effect of fluid overpressure on reservoir quality in these deep reservoirs have been inconclusive because of the difficulty in constraining the individual contributions of various porosity preserving factors that are simultaneously active in these reservoirs. Owing to its rapid burial and low burial temperatures, the Neogene gravity‐flow sandstone reservoirs from the Magnolia Field, Gulf of Mexico, offers a unique opportunity to investigate in isolation the effect of fluid overpressure on reservoir quality. Examination of petrography, pore pressure and routine core analysis datasets showed a positive correlation between high fluid overpressure and enhanced reservoir quality. This study confirms that fluid overpressure preserves reservoir quality in deeply buried sandstone reservoirs in compaction dominated, high sedimentation basin settings.     

储层多孔介质波动渗流力学研究进展与挑战

随着石油工业对低渗、特低渗、稠油、超稠油、小断块、薄油层及高含水等复杂油藏开发的不断加强,波动强化采油技术作为一项高效低成本、不伤害储层、不污染环境的储层增产增注新技术,具有广阔的发展与应用前景.基于对国内外相关成果的广泛调研,揭示了弹性波作用下储层渗流动力学机制是提高波动强化采油技术矿场应用效果的关键,阐述了在弹性波作用下波动渗流力学与传统孔隙介质弹性波传播理论和经典油水渗流力学之间的本质差异,分析了定量描述储层多孔介质波动渗流动力学机理与规律的主要难点,总结了储层波动渗流力学研究的最新进展,展望了波动渗流力学理论研究需要进一步解决的重点问题.      

Beyond dual-porosity modeling for the simulation of complex flow mechanisms in shale reservoirs

The state of the art of modeling fluid flow in shale reservoirs is dominated by dual-porosity models which divide the reservoirs into matrix blocks that significantly contribute to fluid storage and fracture networks which principally control flow capacity. However, recent extensive microscopic studies reveal that there exist massive micro- and nano-pore systems in shale matrices. Because of this, the actual flow mechanisms in shale reservoirs are considerably more complex than can be simulated by the conventional dual-porosity models and Darcy’s law. Therefore, a model capturing multiple pore scales and flow can provide a better understanding of the complex flow mechanisms occurring in these reservoirs. This paper presents a micro-scale multiple-porosity model for fluid flow in shale reservoirs by capturing the dynamics occurring in three porosity systems: inorganic matter, organic matter (mainly kerogen), and natural fractures. Inorganic and organic portions of shale matrix are treated as sub-blocks with different attributes, such as wettability and pore structures. In kerogen, gas desorption and diffusion are the dominant physics. Since the flow regimes are sensitive to pore size, the effects of nano-pores and micro-pores in kerogen are incorporated into the simulator. The multiple-porosity model is built upon a unique tool for simulating general multiple-porosity systems in which several porosity systems may be tied to each other through arbitrary connectivities. This new model allows us to better understand complex flow mechanisms and eventually is extended into the reservoir scale through upscaling techniques. Sensitivity studies on the contributions of the different flow mechanisms and kerogen properties give some insight as to their importance. Results also include a comparison of the conventional dual-porosity treatment and show that significant differences in fluid distributions and dynamics are obtained with the improved multiple-porosity simulation.     

沉积盆地热流体活动及其成藏动力学意义

在分析、总结国内外一些含油气盆地的典型资料的基础上,论述了热流体活动的若干重要表现形式及主要研究方法,强调了热流体活动对有机质热演化和油气生成的强化作用。根据控制热流体活动的主要因素之一---流体活动通道,将沉积盆地内的热流体活动类型划分为岩性型、不整合型、断裂型和复合型四大类。最后,探讨了热流体活动对成藏动力学研究的重要意义,认为其可为有机质演化异常提供新的成因解释途径,扩大油气勘探领域;为油气运移的研究提供线索,优化勘探目标选择;为成岩-孔隙演化的动态研究提供依据,预测深部储层发育层段.     

渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷储层超压特征与成因机制

对储层超压的分析, 有助于理解渤中坳陷油气晚期快速成藏机理.利用RFT实测储层压力资料分析了渤中坳陷储层超压的特征和成因.渤中坳陷存在3套储层超压系统: 浅层明化镇组-馆陶组储层超压系统、中层东营组-沙河街组-孔店组储层超压系统、基底(中生界及以下地层) 储层超压系统.渤中坳陷的储层超压可能主要是由3种机制综合引起的, 即不均衡压实作用、超压传递作用和裂解气的生成作用.少量保存的传递超压是深部超压流体注入的“化石”, 它是超压背景下油气快速充注成藏的结果.      

松辽盆地北部三肇凹陷升554断块特低渗油气储层流动单元研究

油气储层流动单元在高、中、低渗储层表征中已经得到普遍应用,但在特低渗储层研究中仍然很少涉及。以松辽盆地北部三肇凹陷升554断块下白垩统泉头组四段扶余油层特低渗储层为例,划分出E、G、P三种流动单元类型,从E类至P类流动单元,渗流能力逐渐减小。流动单元物性特征、空间分布特征均表明流动单元储层非均质性较强。分析了沉积相及开启型正断层对流动单元发育的控制作用。研究发现,在特低渗储层尺度内,流动单元自身的渗流能力对油藏开发的作用已经很小,而不同流动单元之间的渗流能力差异引起油藏开发效果的不同也已不明显,开发效果主要取决于砂体射开厚度、注水效果等开发因素以及断层渗流通道、泥岩渗流屏障、砂体厚度等地质因素。这与以往储层流动单元研究中普遍认为的"流动单元渗流能力越强,油藏注水开发效果越好"的观点是截然不同的。通过本文以期为特低渗油气储层流动单元研究提供一定借鉴,为特低渗油藏开发提供一定参考依据。     

龙凤山地区火石岭组火山岩优质储层主控因素及成因机制

长岭断陷龙凤山地区火石岭组火山岩储层成因复杂,对该地区优质储层主控因素及成因机制的研究有助于提高油气勘探成效.通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、孔渗分析和测井解释等手段,从储层特征的研究入手,分析了优质储层发育的主控因素及成因机制.结果表明:火石岭组火山岩主要的岩石类型为爆发相的安山质凝灰岩、安山质角砾岩以及喷溢相的安山岩.火山岩属于中孔?中渗储层,储集空间以粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、基质溶孔和微裂缝为主.岩性岩相和喷发旋回期次控制了优质储层的形成和分布,风化淋滤作用、酸性流体溶蚀和构造作用决定了火山岩能否成为优质储层.优质储层成因包括内幕型、风化壳型和断裂?溶蚀型3种类型,断裂和生烃凹陷附近的构造高部位、熔岩流上部以及旋回期次界面处为优质储层分布区.      

A review of SAGD technology development and its possible application potential on thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs

Super-heavy oil is a significant unconventional energy source, and more than 30 years of research have shown that steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) technology is suitable for thick super-heavy oil reservoirs. Recently, more and more thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs have been discovered in China, while their deep buried depth and serous heterogeneity make the existing SAGD technology difficult to apply, so it is urgent to improve the existing SAGD technology for the thin-layer super-heavy oil. To this end, this paper focuses on the enlightenment of field application in SAGD technology. Firstly, based on typical SAGD field projects, the development history of SAGD technology in the world was reviewed, and the influence of reservoir physical properties on the application of SAGD technology in thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs was analyzed. Secondly, the well pattern, wellbore structure, pre-heating, artificial lift, and monitor technique of SAGD were detailed described, and their adjustment direction was expounded for the development of thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs. Lastly, the gas- and solvent-assistant SAGD were comprehensively evaluated, and their application potential in thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs was studied. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the application of SAGD technology in thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs.