夏季中国东部降水季节内振荡的区域模式模拟

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学与地球流体力学国家重点实验室( LASG)发展的区域气候模式CREM,对中国东部夏季降水的季节内振荡(ISO)进行了模拟研究,通过与格点和卫星观测降水资料及NCEP2再分析资料的对比,评估了该模式的优缺点.结果表明,该模式对东部季风区ISO具有较强的模拟能力.模式能够模拟出中国东部夏...     

区域气候模式对中国东部季风雨带演变的模拟

本文给出了应用区域气候模式对中国东部夏季雨带演变过程模拟的主要结果。模拟试验分别对正常季风年（1979）和湿季风年（1991）（均由观测场驱动）以及连续3年（全球大气环流模式驱动）的夏季降水场进行,并同观测场进行了比较。结果表明,模式基本上能抓住夏季雨带的主要位置和它的演变特征,与实况相比明显优于全球模式的结果。但模拟的雨带具体位置并不总是与观测值十分吻合,有些旬（或候）差别比较大,模拟的降水量与观测值的相关系数最大仅0.40左右。以上结果表明,为正确模拟东亚季风雨带的演变还需要对决定区域气候的主要物理过程在参数化方面作进一步的改进。     

两个典型ENSO季节演变模态及其与我国东部降水的联系

本文根据1950~2014年月平均海温和大气环流资料以及中国160站降水等资料,利用扩展经验正交函数（EEOF）分析、相关分析以及合成分析等方法,分析了太平洋海温季节演变的主导模态,并探讨了各模态与中国东部降水和东亚环流季节变异的关系及其联系的物理过程。结果表明,ENSO（El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation）季节演变存在2个主导模态,包含4种类型:El Ni?o持续型、La Ni?a持续型、La Ni?a转El Ni?o型和El Ni?o转La Ni?a型。发现不同模态和类型的ENSO季节变化过程我国东部降水距平的分布和强度都有明显差异。El Ni?o持续型和El Ni?o转La Ni?a型,冬春季和初夏均处在El Ni?o背景下,降水异常分布存在一定共性,但盛夏和秋季分别受El Ni?o和La Ni?a影响,降水异常分布差异十分明显,前者雨带北跳慢、位置偏南而后者雨带北跳快、位置偏北。La Ni?a持续型和La Ni?a转El Ni?o型也是如此,冬春季和初夏降水异常分布大致相似,但盛夏和秋季分别受La Ni?a和El Ni?o影响,前者雨带北跳快、位置偏北而后者雨带北跳慢、位置偏南。因此,利用ENSO做我国降水的气候预测时,不能只着眼于前期冬季El Ni?o或La Ni?a事件,还应考虑其未来演变所属的可能模态和类型。对他们之间联系的物理过程分析表明,不同ENSO季节演变模态和类型主要通过影响西太平洋副热带高压以及西风带经向型/纬向型环流调整及伴随的低纬暖湿水汽输送以及中高纬冷空气活动变化来影响我国东部降水。其中,西太平洋菲律宾群岛附近异常反气旋（或气旋）、赤道Walker环流和北半球Hadley环流分别是联系ENSO与西太平洋副热带高压活动和东亚西风带经向型/纬向型环流的重要环节。     

我国夏季东部区域降水异常年代际、年际变化分析

用华南、江淮、华北代表站6—8月降水量标准化距平的区域平均值定义了降水异常指数I，论证了它与常用指数Z、R的一致性。不同区域，的同期相关不显著，表明3区降水年际异常具有独立性。用周期分析将，分解为年代际、年际变化指数，Is、If，方差分析表明，只有华南区域Is在其，的构成中显著，表明区域夏季降水异常是复杂的。对Is、If，曲线的分析表明，3个区域Is均表现出与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)20世纪70年代的转折有关的相关关系，华北区域If的显著偏少与强El Nino事件的同时性关系密切。     

中国东部降水和风场的低频振荡特征

本文对中国东部台站4—9月多年日平均降水和1978年4—9月850hPa每日东西风和南北风分量分别进行了谐波分析和带通时间滤波处理.研究结果指出:内陆和东部沿海地区准90天和45天振荡的降水扰动传播方向是自南向北的,而准60天振荡的扰动是从南北两个方向向中间地区传播.长江和珠江流域准90天和45天振荡的扰动具有相反的传播方向,而它们准60天振荡的扰动具有相同的传播方向.此外,在华南汛期、长江中下游梅雨期和华北雨季,一些地区大雨期的出现常常和正降水扰动从不同方向传播到该地区有关.关于1978年4—9月中国东     

Impacts of Future NOx and CO Emissions on Regional Chemistry and Climate over Eastern China

A coupled chemical/dynamical model (SOCOL-SOlar Climate Ozone Links) is applied to study the impacts of future enhanced CO and NOx emissions over eastern China on regional chemistry and climate. The result shows that the increase of CO and NOx emissions has significant effects on regional chemistry, including NOx, CO, O₃, and OH concentrations. During winter, the CO concentration is uniformly increased in the northern hemisphere by about 10 ppbv. During summer, the increase of CO has a regional distribution. The change in O₃, concentrations near eastern China has both strong seasonal and spatial variations. During winter, the surface O₃, concentrations decrease by about 2 ppbv, while during summer they increase by about 2 ppbv in eastern China. The changes of CO, NOx, and O₃, induce important impacts on OH concentrations. The changes in chemistry, especially O₃, induce important effects on regional climate. The analysis suggests that during winter, the surface temperature decreases and air pressure increases in central-eastern China. The changes of temperature and pressure produce decreases in vertical velocity. We should mention that the model resolution is coarse, and the calculated concentrations are generally underestimated when they are compared to measured results. However, because this model is a coupled dynamical/chemical model, it can provide some useful insights regarding the climate impacts due to changes in air pollutant emissions.     

Decadal Features of Heavy Rainfall Events in Eastern China

Based on daily precipitation data, the spatial-temporal features of heavy rainfall events (HREs) during 1960-2009 are investigated. The results indicate that the HREs experienced strong decadal variability in the past 50 years, and the decadal features varied across regions. More HRE days are observed in the 1960s, 1980s, and 1990s over Northeast China (NEC); in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1990s over North China (NC); in the early 1960s, 1980s, and 2000s over the Huaihe River basin (HR); in the 1970s-1990s over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (YR); and in the 1970s and 1990s over South China (SC). These decadal changes of HRE days in eastern China are closely associated with the decadal variations of water content and stratification stability of the local atmosphere. The intensity of HREs in each sub-region is also characterized by strong decadal variability. The HRE intensity and frequency co-vary on the long-term trend, and show consistent variability over NEC, NC, and YR, but inconsistent variability over SC and HR. Further analysis of the relationships between the annual rainfall and HRE frequency as well as intensity indicates that the HRE frequency is the major contributor to the total rainfall variability in eastern China, while the HRE intensity shows only relative weak contribution.     

近一百年中国东部区域降水的年代际跃变

采用均生函数方法对1900～1950年中国东部测站降水资料进行补插, 通过与英国Climate Research Unit (CRU) 的网格点降水资料以及王绍武等 (2000) 重建的降水资料的对比分析, 构造1900～2006年中国东部华北、 长江中下游和华南地区的月平均降水指数序列, 并用一阶矩突变扫描式t检验对这三个区域降水的多时间尺度跃变特征进行分析。结果表明, 最近一百多年来长江中下游降水发生了5次年代际尺度的跃变, 华北以及华南的降水均发生了4次年代际尺度的跃变。各区降水同时在20世纪20年代初期、 40年代中期、 60年代中期以及70年代中期发生跃变。具体而言, 20年代初期长江中下游和华南的降水发生年代际减少, 而此时华北降水年代际增加; 40年代中期, 三个地区的降水都同时增加; 60年代中期, 华北降水减少, 相反地长江中下游和华南的降水发生年代际增加; 70年代中期, 华南和华北地区的降水出现年代际减少, 而长江中下游地区的降水在80年代初发生年代际增加。研究还表明, 降水跃变发生的时间尺度范围可以为我们预测跃变发生以后降水气候平均态的持续时间提供参考。     

RegCM3对全球变暖背景下中国东部季风降水和雨型变化的模拟

The authors investigate possible changes of monsoon rainfall and associated seasonal (June-JulyAugust) anomaly patterns over eastern China in the late 21st century under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 emission scenario as simulated by a high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM3) nested in a general circulation model (FvGCM/CCM3).Two sets of multi-decadal simulations are performed at 20-km grid spacing for present day and future climate conditions.Results show that the RegCM3 reproduces the mean rainfall distribution;however the evolution of the monsoon rain belt from South China to North China is not well simulated.Concerning the rain pattern classifications,RegCM3 overestimates the occurrence of Pattern 1 (excessive rainfall in northern China) and underestimates that of Pattern 2 (increased rainfall over the Huai River basin).Under future climate conditions,RegCM3 projects less occurrence of Pattern 1,more of Pattern 2,and little change of Pattern 3 (rainfall increase along the Yangtze River).These results indicate that there might be increased rainfall over the Huai-Yellow River area and reduced rainfall over North China in the future,while rainfall over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin is not modified significantly.Uncertainties exist in the present study are also discussed.     

河湟谷地暴雨频率的研究

利用青海（黄）河湟（水）谷地12个气象台站1980～2002年自记降水资料,分析了该流域不同历时暴雨的时空特征及其不稳定性,统计了不同历时、不同频率的设计暴雨。研究表明：河湟谷地不同历时的最大暴雨均呈现出增多趋势,且随着降水历时的延长和降水量的增大,其倾向率在不断增大,年际变化的阶段性波动逐步趋缓,各时段最大暴雨的平均值的空间分布特征逐步与年降水量的空间分布趋于接近,地形对暴雨的空间分布影响明显;30分钟的最大暴雨最为不稳定,同时随着降水时段的延长,最大暴雨的稳定性逐步增大;各时段最大暴雨的分布为正偏态;各时段不同频率的最大暴雨的空间分布总体上与实测值有很好的一致性,但较之于实测值则具有较大的不稳定性。     

冬季和春季印度洋海温异常年际变率模态对中国东部夏季降水的可能影响过程

印度洋热力状况是影响全球气候变化和亚洲季风变异的一个重要的因素,但以往研究更多关注热带印度洋海温的变化,对南印度洋中高纬地区海温变化关注不够,由此限制了我们对印度洋的全面认识.本文研究了年际尺度上整个印度洋海温异常主导模态的特征及其对我国东部地区夏季降水的可能影响过程,以期望为气候变异研究及预测提供理论依据.研究结果表明:全印度洋海温异常年际变率的主导模态特征是在南印度洋副热带地区海温异常呈现西南—东北反向变化的偶极子模态,西极子位于马达加斯加以东南洋面,东极子位于澳大利亚以西洋面;同时,热带印度洋海温异常与东极子一致.当西极子为正的海温异常,东极子、热带印度洋为负异常时定义为正的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态;反之,则为负的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态.从冬至春,印度洋海温异常年际变率模态具有较好的季节持续性;与我国长江中游地区夏季降水显著负相关,而与我国华南地区夏季降水显著正相关.其可能的影响过程为:对于正的冬、春季印度洋海温异常年际变率模态事件,印度洋地区异常纬向风的经向大气遥相关使得热带印度洋盛行西风异常,导致春、夏季海洋性大陆对流减弱,使夏季西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱、位置偏东偏北,造成华南地区夏季降水增多,长江中游地区降水减少;反之亦然.同时,印度洋海温异常年际变率模态可通过改变印度洋和孟加拉湾向长江中游地区的水汽输送而影响其夏季降水.     

Characteristics of Subtropical Monsoon and Rainfall over Eastern China and Western North Pacific

Using the NCAR/NCEP (National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis and the NOAA Climate Prediction Center's merged analysis of precipitation (CMAP)during 1981-2000, we investigated the seasonal evolution of the southwesterly wind and associated precipitation over the eastern China-subtropical western North Pacific area and its relationship with the tropical monsoon and rainfall, and analyzed the reasons responsible for the onset and development of the wind. It was found that the persistent southwesterly wind appears over southern China and the subtropical western Pacific the earliest in early spring, and then expands southwards to the tropics and advances northward to the midlatitudes. From winter to summer, the seasonal variation of surface heating over western China and the subtropical western Pacific may result in an earlier reversal of the westward tropospheric temperature gradient over the subtropics relative to the tropics, which may contribute to the earliest beginning of the subtropical southwesterly wind. Additionally, the strengthening and eastward expanding of the trough near the eastern Tibetan Plateau as well as the strengthening and westward moving of the western Pacific subtropical high also exert positive influences on the beginning and development of the subtropical southwesterly wind.In early summer,the northward expansion of the southwesterly wind over southern China is associated with a northward shift of the subtropical high, while the southward stretch of the southwesterly wind is associated with a southward stretch of the trough in the eastern side of the plateau. With the beginning and northward expansion of the subtropical southwesterly wind (namely southwest monsoon), convergences of the low-level air and water vapor and associated upward motion in front of the strongest southwesterly wind core also strengthen and move northward, leading to an increase in rainfall intensity and a northward shift of the rain belt. Accordingly, the subtropical rainy season occurs the earliest over southern China in spring, moves northward to the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer, and arrives in North China in mid summer.Compared with the subtropical rainy season, the tropical rainy season begins later and stays mainly over the tropics, not pronouncedly moving into the subtropics. Clearly, the Meiyu rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer results from a northward shift of the spring rain belt over southern China,instead of a northward shift of the tropical monsoon rain belt. Before the onset of the tropical monsoon,water vapor over the subtropical monsoon region comes mainly from the coasts of the northern Indo-China Peninsula and southern China. After the onset, one branch of the water vapor flow comes from the Bay of Bengal, entering into eastern China and the subtropical western Pacific via southwestern China and the South China Sea, and another branch comes from the tropical western North Pacific, moving northwestward along the west edge of the western Pacific subtropical high and entering into the subtropics.     

温室效应对我国东部地区气候影响的高分辨率数值试验

使用RegCM3区域气候模式,单向嵌套NASA/NCAR 的全球环流模式FvGCM的输出结果,对中国东部地区进行了在实际温室气体浓度下当代1961~1990年和在IPCC A2温室气体排放情景下21世纪末期2071~2100年各30年时间长度,水平分辨率为20 km的气候变化模拟试验。首先分析全球和区域模式对中国东部地区当代气候的模拟情况,结果表明全球模式对中国东部地区气温的总体分布型模拟较好,但存在冷偏差,区域模式在对这个冷偏差有所纠正的同时,提供了气温地理分布更详细的信息。全球模式模拟的年降水中心位于长江流域,与观测差别较大,区域模式对此同样也有改进,降水高值区主要位于区域南部,并表现出较强的地形强迫特征。区域模式的模拟结果还表明,至21世纪末期,在温室效应作用下,中国东部的气温将明显升高,年平均气温的升高值在2.7~4.0℃之间,其中北部升温大于南部,冬季升温大于夏季。冬季升温表现出明显的随纬度增加而增加的分布型。模拟区域内年平均降水将增加,增加值一般在10%以上,部分地区达到30%。降水增加在夏季较明显,区域内以普遍增加为主,冬季降水自山东半岛至湖南地区将减少,其他地区增加。此外,对夏季高温日数和冬季低温日数及年平均大雨日数的变化也进行了分析。     

全球和区域气候模式对中国东部夏季降水季节演变模拟的比较

本文利用全球海气耦合模式(MIRO3.2_hires)和区域气候模式(RegCM3)的模拟结果,分析了东亚地区夏季降水和大气环流的季节演变特征,并与NCEP/DOE再分析资料和降水观测资料进行了对比分析.结果表明,全球和区域气候模式都能反映出中国东部地区夏季平均环流场和降水场气候态分布的基本特征,但全球模式模拟的雨带范...     

西北地区东部旱涝气候特征

利用中国气象科学研究院收集、整理的西北地区东部代表站1470~2003年的旱涝等级资料,根据不同的地形地貌特征和气候特征,将西北地区东部分为3个气候区,利用周期分析、coif3小波变换等统计分析方法对3个气候区534年旱涝指数的年代际气候特征及地域之间旱涝变化的差异进行分析。结果表明,西北地区东部不同区域旱涝的时空分布特征不尽相同,旱涝演变趋势、旱涝周期变化既有一致性,也存在明显的差异。534年以来北部、中部由偏旱趋于正常或偏涝,南部1724年以前的变化趋势由偏旱趋于偏涝,1724年以后由偏涝趋于偏旱;3个气候区都存在25年和10年的显著周期,其中中部还存在14~15年的显著周期,说明中部旱涝交替较北部和南部明显。     

2012年夏季华北降水和环流形势的低频振荡特征分析

对2012年夏季华北降水的低频振荡特征和相应的低频环流形势进行了分析,结果表明:2012年华北夏季降水具有显著的10~13 d低频振荡周期,振荡的演变和强降水有很好的对应关系,强降水过程基本发生在振荡的波峰处。强降水发生前,对流层低层在孟加拉湾地区首先出现低频反气旋式环流并逐渐加强,菲律宾至我国南海地区的低频环流系统逐渐向西北方向传播,中高纬西风带上有负低频高度距平东移,其伴随西风槽加深东移。对流层上层伊朗高原低频气旋式环流减弱,随后青藏高原东部低频反气旋式环流加强东移。强降水发生时,来自西北太平洋的低频偏南风和西风槽东移携带的低频水汽,为华北地区提供了充沛的低频水汽。同时对流层高层青藏高原的低频反气旋式环流东移控制我国中东部地区,华北至东北地区为强烈的低频辐散中心,上升运动加强,为降水的发生提供动力条件。对流层各层低频系统的相互配合对华北强降水的发生和维持起到了重要作用。     

西南地区一次区域性大到暴雨天气过程分析

利用常规气象资料、卫星云图、ECWMF数值预报产品等,对2006年6月2到3日出现在西南地区的一次区域性大到暴雨天气过程的环流形势、物理量场等进行了分析,结果发现:来自于孟加拉湾的水汽不断向西南地区上空输送;高层辐散、中低层辐合、不稳定能量不断积累等有利于暴雨的产生。ECWMF数值预报对高空槽、低空切变的发展以及低层温度预报与实况基本一致,对暴雨预报有很好的指示意义。     

Isentropic Analysis of Regional Cold Events over Northern China

From the perspective of cold air mass(CAM) analysis, we examine the characteristics and mechanisms of regional cold events(RCEs) over northwestern and northeastern China in the past 58 years(1958/59-2015/16). The RCEs in northwestern(northeastern) China are shown to have an average duration of 6.8(4.7) days with a moderate(sharp)temperature drop. We quantitatively estimate the RCE-related CAM, for the first time, using an isentropic analysis method.Before an RCE in northwestern China, CAM is acc...     

我国西南地区夏季降水异常的区域特征

采用旋转经验正交展开（REOF）方法，对我国西南地区49a夏季降水标准化距平场进行客观分区，并分析了各区夏季降水异常的长期变化趋势。结果表明，西南地区夏季降水量场可以分为5个区域，该5区均具有显著的年代际变化特征，且近50a来它们的旱涝变化存在着显著差异，其中川西、川东和贵州降水的长期变化趋势不明显，而四川盆地和云南显著变干。