青藏铁路格拉段风沙危害及其防治

青藏铁路地处高寒低压环境,地表风沙危害形成过程与干旱、半干旱沙漠和戈壁地区有较大差异。青藏铁路沿线多大风、风力强劲、风向相对单一,主导风向以西风为主;各站点年输沙势DP均高于400 VU,属于高风能环境,合成输沙方向间于85.8°~89.8°;"风旱同季",风水复合侵蚀和冻融作用时空交错,地表抗蚀能力差,从而加剧了铁路沿线风沙活动强度。通过对青藏铁路沿线风沙灾害特点、风动力环境、工程防沙措施及其防护机理等分析,提出了青藏铁路沿线风沙危害防治原则和防护体系:应逐步建立以阻沙栅栏、砾石方格、化学固沙、植被恢复相结合的综合防治体系。     

青藏铁路格拉段风动力环境及其对铁路沙害的影响

以青藏铁路格拉段沿线主要气象站点1955—2014年的气象数据及部分野外观测数据为基础,从风向、大风沙尘暴日数、输沙势和年均风速变化等方面阐述了青藏铁路格拉段风动力环境特征,并揭示了其对铁路沙害的影响。格拉段铁路沿线风向单一、风能环境较高、铁路沙害可能进一步发展。本研究在青藏铁路沙害监测和防沙体系完善方面具有指导意义,同时也为其他沙区公路、铁路防沙设计提供借鉴。     

青藏铁路格尔木至安多段沿线高寒植被、土壤特性与人工植被恢复研究

 对青藏铁路格尔木至安多段沿线不同海拔梯度下高寒植被与土壤特征进行研究。沿线高寒植被的主要分布种有91个,主要建群种为:紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii Falc)、藏异燕麦(Helictotrichon tibeticum)、黄芪(Astragalus)、棘豆(Oxytropis)、粗壮嵩草(Kobresia robusta Maximowicz)、矮嵩草(Kobresia robusta Maximowicz)等。高寒植被物种数、平均盖度、地下生物量和总生物量与海拔呈正相关性,而平均高度和地上生物量与海拔呈负相关性。沿线高寒植物群落主要可划分为海拔小于4 000 m的高寒荒漠植被、海拔4 000~4 500 m的高寒河谷灌丛植被、海拔4 500~4 700 m的高寒草原植被、海拔4 700~4 800 m的高寒垫状植被、海拔4 800~4 900 m的高寒草甸植被和海拔5 000 m左右的高寒沼泽和高寒流石坡植被。土壤全氮和有机质含量都与海拔高度呈正相关性,但全磷、全钾及pH值则在高海拔地区达到最低。沿线土壤颗粒组成主要以中、细沙(d＜0.4 mm)为主,占到了总含量的85%以上,因此,中、细沙是构成沿线土壤的最主要颗粒。沿线植被恢复比较有效的方法是选择紫花针茅、垂穗披碱草、燕麦、棘豆、黄芪、蒿草、梭罗草等当地草种,采取原生植物种子异地繁殖,再经沿线播种或栽培抚育,从而达到植被恢复的目的。该研究对青藏铁路沿线的植被恢复与植物防沙工程具有一定的指导意义。     

黄土高原植被覆盖变化对生态系统服务影响及其阈值

黄土高原是退耕还林工程的核心区域,是中国生态恢复成效最显著的区域。明确黄土高原植被恢复对生态系统服务的影响,识别植被影响的阈值效应,是学术研究和管理实践共同的需求。然而,目前相关研究仍存在研究空缺,特别是在区域尺度对生态系统服务随植被变化阈值进行识别的研究较少。本文选择植被覆盖度（FVC）为指标表征2000—2015年黄土高原植被恢复情况,以土壤保持服务、产水服务和碳固定服务为指标表征研究区生态系统服务情况,对二者的时空变化及交互作用进行分析,评估植被覆盖变化对生态系统服务的影响,并对影响的阈值进行定量识别。结果显示：① 2000—2015年黄土高原植被显著恢复;生态系统服务变化差异明显,碳固定服务明显增强,土壤保持服务得到一定改善,产水服务较为稳定。② 植被覆盖变化与生态系统服务变化的相关程度存在差异,植被覆盖与碳固定服务的关联性最强,其次为土壤保持服务。③ 植被覆盖增加能够促进区域生态系统服务总体提升,但促进作用存在阈值效应。植被覆盖影响的阈值在林地区、林地—草地区、草地区和草地—沙漠区分别为44%、32%、34%和34%,超过上述阈值,植被覆盖增加的促进作用趋于减弱。     

评介《青藏铁路沿线生态与环境安全》(英文)

##正##The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a great feat of Chinese engineering construction. The unique and sensitive natural environment of the Tibetan Plateau brought about many complex con-     

气候变化和工程活动对青藏铁路沿线植被指数时空变化的影响

基于1982-2015年的GIMMS NDVI3g+及同期气候数据,利用最大值合成法获得青藏铁路沿线直接影响区和生态背景区的年内NDVI最大值、年际NDVI平均值,对其进行了趋势分析、变异分析、气候相关分析和残差分析,部分结果用MODISNDVI(2001-2018年)进行了验证.研究表明:①青藏铁路年际NDVI高度响...     

青藏公路铁路沿线生态系统特征及道路修建对其影响

根据2001—08和2002—08月野外调查数据及2001年1：100万中国植被图、1996年1：400万青藏高原植被区划图和2000年青藏铁路沿线自然保护区分布及功能区界调整图，以青藏公路铁路沿线植被生态系统为研究对象，运用ARCVIEW和ARC／INFO软件研究青藏公路铁路建设对沿线生态系统结构的影响，结论如下：①青藏公路铁路南北跨越9个纬度，东西跨越12个经度，共穿越青东祁连山地草原地带、柴达木山地荒漠地带、青南高寒草甸草原地带、羌塘高寒草原地带、果洛那曲高寒灌丛草甸地带和藏南山地灌丛草原地带6个自然区，对植被类型的统计结果显示了地带性。②青藏公路铁路的建设对生态系统产生直接的切割，使景观更加破碎。③青藏公路铁路的建设直接破坏沿线植被生态系统(主要为50m缓冲区内)，年损失总净初级生产量为30504．62t，损失总生物量432919．25～1436104．3t／a。损失总净初级生产量占1km缓冲区年净初级生产量535005．07～535740．11t／a的百分比为5．70％，占10km缓冲区年净初级生产量3408950．45～3810480．92t／a的0．80～0．89％；损失生物量占1km缓冲区生物总量7502971．85～25488342．71t／a的5．70％，占10km缓冲区总生物量43615065．35～164150665．37t／a的0．80％～0．89％。     

黑河下游调水对植被的影响(英文)

Water regulation has been carried out by the Heihe River Bureau since 2000,which aims to address the existing eco-environmental problems in the lower Heihe River.In the past nine years,great changes in spatial-temporal distribution of water resources took place in the lower Heihe River.In order to objectively evaluate the influence of water regulation on the eco-environment,the changes of groundwater table,typical vegetation,landscape types as well as East Juyan Lake have been analyzed in the lower Heihe River,by means of field surveys and remote sensing.These results indicate that there are obvious effects of water regulation on the eco-environment,which has been improved toward sustainability in the lower Heihe River.     

农业生态系统中人类行为对植被多样性的影响:以中国封丘县为例(英文)

本文研究了社会经济因素对当地植被多样性的作用,并利用数学模型分析了中国封丘县农田景观中植被多样性的主要干扰因素。发现在小尺度上,植被多样性与景观组成和机构紧密相关这一观点没有证据支持。相比较而言,植被多样性受人为干扰的影响较大,而且与作物种类和经济来源紧密相关。这主要是因为中国农区经济行为拥有特殊格局,包括联产承包责任制以及农民外出务工流。提出了在政策环境的变化下如何维持当地植被多样性的现状。     

青藏高原太阳辐射对高山草甸净生态系统二氧化碳的影响(英文)

On the Tibetan Plateau, the alpine meadow is the most widespread vegetation type. The alpine meadow has a low biological productivity and low vegetation coverage in the growing season. The daytime NEE between the atmosphere and the alpine meadow ecosystem was influenced by solar radiation. To analyze the characteristics of change in NEE and to calculate the parameters related to photosynthesis and respiration in different solar radiation environments, the NEE measurements were taken in Damxung from July to August in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 using the eddy covariance technique. Solar radiation was grouped into three levels according to the net radiation, which was more than 155 W m-2 d-1 on clear days, 144±5 W m-2 d-1 on partly cloudy days and less than 134 W m-2 d-1 on cloudy days. The diurnal relationships between NEE and PAR varied with differences in solar radiation, which was a rectangular hyperbola form on clear days, two different concave curves on partly cloudy days and an irregular triangle form on cloudy days. The mean CO2 absorption rate showed a decreasing trend with increasing solar radiation. The daytime absorption maximum occurred around 10:00 on clear days with an average of slightly less –0.2 mg m-2 d-1, around 11:00 on partly cloudy days with an average of about –0.2 mg m-2 d-1, and around 12:00 on cloudy days with an average of about –0.25 mg m-2 d-1. As solar radiation increased, the Amax and the Q10 decreased. However, the R10 increased and the maximum of the α occurred on partly cloudy days. The optimum net solar radiation was about 134–155 W m-2 d-1, which induced a PAR of about 1800-2000 μmol m-2 s-1 and soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm of about 14℃. Therefore, on the Tibetan Plateau, the alpine meadow ecosystem will have a higher carbon absorption potential while solar radiation decreases in the future.     

新亚欧大陆桥新疆段沿线人类农业化过程对区域环境演变的影响

本文主要论述了新亚欧大型桥新疆段线人类农业化过程对区域环境演变的影响。指出绿洲内部的环境得到明显改善，而绿洲外部的环境则在不断恶化、必须引起重视。     

陕北黄土丘陵区干燥度变化趋势及其对植被恢复的响应(英文)

Detecting variation trend in dry-wet conditions can provide information for developing strategic measures to mitigate the impacts of global warming, particularly in dry regions. Taking the hilly region of northern Shaanxi on the Loess Plateau as a case area, this study analyzed the trend of aridity variation during 1981–2012, and explored the effect of vegetation restoration promoted by the Grain-for-Green(GFG) program implemented in 1999. The results indicated that the aridity in the region was non-significantly increased by 0.88% per year during 1981–2012, showing a drying trend. This drying trend and amplitude were changed by the influence of vegetation restoration promoted by the GFG program, based on two findings. The first one was that the aridity variation tended to increase during 1981–1999 while it turned to decrease during 2000–2012, with the regional mean relative change rate changed from 2.45% to –1.06%. This distinction was more remarkable in the loess gully region, where the vegetation was improved more obviously. The second one was that the mean vegetation coverage as indicated by EVI increased by 0.90% to 4.32% per year at county level, while the aridity decreased by 0.14% to 2.32% per year during 2000–2012. The regression analysis using the mean county data indicated that the change rate of aridity was negatively related to that of EVI with the coefficient of determination(R2) of 0.56, illustrating that around half of the aridity decline was explained by the EVI change. The mechanism of this effect was complicated, but it was found that the wind speed decline induced by the vegetation improvement could be an important contributor. It is concluded that the region became drier during 1981–2012, but the eco-restoration reduced the drying speed. However, this conclusion is involved in uncertainties, and further study based on experiments is needed to confirm the effect of the GFG-promoted vegetation restoration.     

三峡水库修建前长江宜昌-武汉段泥沙输移比及其影响因子

运用泥沙收支平衡(Sediment budget)的概念确定长江中游宜昌-武汉河段的泥沙输移比,并运用数理统计方法,研究了1955～1997年间河道泥沙输移比对水沙变化的响应.从总体上看,河道泥沙输移比有较显著的增大趋势.输移比的变化可分为4个阶段:1955～1962年为快速增大;1963～1975年亦为增大,但增速减慢;1976～1979年为迅速减小;1980～1997年为较快增大.在分析了若干水沙指标对河道泥沙输移比的影响的基础上,建立了宜昌-汉口河段泥沙输移比与宜昌站的来水量和来沙量以及3口分水比和分沙比、宜昌站洪峰流量之间的多元回归方程.1980～1997年间的方程表明,宜昌站来水量越多、3口分流比越小,宜昌一汉口河段泥沙输移比越大;宜昌站来沙量越少,3口分沙比越大,泥沙输移比越大;宜昌站洪水流量越大,泥沙输移比越小.     

青藏铁路对西藏旅游的影响分析

2006-07-01青藏铁路建成通车标志着西藏旅游将进入一个新时代。从探索西藏旅游发展动力机制模式出发,分析了青藏铁路对西藏旅游发展的影响,积极影响主要包括五个方面：1)高质量改善旅游可进入性,2)调整产业空间均衡发展,3)推动旅游产品创新发展,4)创建西藏旅游新形象,5)改善旅游发展宏观环境；同时指出青藏铁路通车对西藏旅游的“神秘”形象、产业要素的不配套和生态环境与历史文化保护带来三大挑战,无论从积极影响,还是带来的挑战均可以看出,青藏铁路对西藏旅游的影响将是跨越历史阶段的“革命性”影响。最后,提出了集聚发展、适度规模、政府主导和科学保护四大战略原则建议。     

利用MODIS/EVI数据分析干旱对西南地区植被的影响(英文)

2009年9月至2010年3月我国西南地区出现了有气象记录以来最严重的干旱,给当地的自然环境和生产、生活带来严重影响。本文利用多年MODIS/EVI数据求取距平植被指数来反映干旱对西南地区植被的影响。在此基础上,分析了西南地区植被受旱的时空格局及其可能影响因素。结果表明,我国西南地区植被受干旱影响的范围很大,超过地区总面积的50%,植被受旱程度时空差异显著。这种显著的差异除了受降水等气象因素影响外,还与不同植被类型对干旱的响应差异有很大关系。在西南地区三种主要的植被类型中,作物是最易受干旱影响的植被类型,草地次之,林地的抗旱能力最强。此外,植被干旱的空间分布与气象干旱也存在很大的差异,进一步证明了降水以外的其他因素对干旱程度的调节作用。研究证明与气象干旱指数相比,植被指数更能反映干旱的实际情况。但在使用植被指数衡量干旱影响时也要考虑到植被指数本身的局限性。     

黄河银川平原段河岸摆动速率变化及其影响因素(英文)

It is important to examine the lateral shift rate variation of river banks in different periods. One of the challenges in this regard is how to obtain the shift rate of river banks, as gauging stations are deficient for the study of river reaches. The present study selected the Yinchuan Plain reach of the Yellow River with a length of 196 km as a case study, and searched each point of intersection of 153 cross-sections(interval between two adjacent cross-sections was 1.3 km) and river banks in 1975, 1990, 2010 and 2011, which were plotted according to remote sensing images in those years. Then the shift rates for the points of intersection during 1975–1990, 1990–2010 and 2010–2011 were calculated, as well as the average shift rates for different sections and different periods. The results show that the left bank of the river reach shifts mostly to the right, with the average shift rates being 36.5 m/a, 27.8 m/a and 61.5 m/a in the three periods, respectively. Contemporarily, the right bank shifts mostly to the right in the first period, while it shifts to the left in the second and third periods, with the average shift rates being 31.7 m/a, 23.1 m/a and 50.8 m/a in the three periods, respectively. The average shift rates for the left and right banks during the period 1975–2011 are 22.3 m/a and 14.8 m/a, respectively. The bank shift rates for sections A, B and C are different. The shift rate ratio of the left bank in the three sections is 1:7.6:4.6 for shift to the left and 1:1.7:3.8 for shift to the right, while that of the right bank is 1:1.8:1.2 for shift to the left and 1:5.6:17.7 for shift to the right during the period 1975–2011. Obviously, the average shift rate is the least in section A, while it is maximum in section B for shift to the left and in section C for shift to the right. The temporal variation of the shift rate is influenced by human activities, while the spatial variation is controlled by the local difference in bank materials.     

中国陆地生态系统的碳储量及其空间格局(英文)

地球系统的碳库变化和碳循环过程机制是气候变化成因分析、变化趋势预测、减缓和适应对策的科学基础,受到科技界和国际社会的广泛关注。从20世纪80年代中后期开始,中国学者就开展了陆地生态系统碳循环研究工作,并且在许多研究领域都取得了可喜的进展。本文在回顾中国的陆地生态系统碳循环研究发展历程基础上,重点评述陆地生态系统的碳储量及其空间格局方面的研究成果,评价有关研究的不确定性以及亟待解决的重要科学问题。分析表明,中国的陆地生态系统碳循环研究经过了陆地生态系统碳循环的前期研究、区域尺度生态系统碳循环综合研究、生态系统碳循环过程对环境变化适应性实验研究,以及生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环及其区域调控管理研究4个主要发展阶段。大多的研究表明,中国陆地生态系统碳储量及其空间格局是温度和降水控制的。全国土壤、森林和草地植被储存约为97.95 —118.93 Pg C;自20世纪70年代中期以来,我国的植树造林和林业管理、草地保护、农作制度改革和保护性耕作等措施发挥了重要的固碳功能,但是各种方法评估的结果仍然存在较大不确定性。今后的研究重点工作是建立天地空一体化碳储量和碳汇动态监测体系、开展生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环及其区域调控管理的前瞻性研究,定量评价中国区域生态系统的碳收支状况和增汇潜力,评估各种典型生态系统增汇技术的经济效益,为国家尺度的温室气体管理和碳交易机制与政策体系的建立提供可报告、可度量和可核查的科学数据和技术支持。     

山体效应及其对林线分布的影响(英文)

The concept of mass elevation effect(massenerhebungseffect,MEE) was intro-duced by A.de Quervain about 100 years ago to account for the observed tendency for temperature-related parameters such as tree line and snowline to occur at higher elevations in the central Alps than on their outer margins.It also has been widely observed in other ar-eas of the world,but there have not been significant,let alone quantitative,researches on this phenomenon.Especially,it has been usually completely neglected in developing fitting mod-els of timberline elevation,with only longitude or latitude considered as impacting factors.This paper tries to quantify the contribution of MEE to timberline elevation.Considering that the more extensive the land mass and especially the higher the mountain base in the interior of land mass,the greater the mass elevation effect,this paper takes mountain base elevation(MBE) as the magnitude of MEE.We collect 157 data points of timberline elevation,and use their latitude,longitude and MBE as independent variables to build a multiple linear regres-sion equation for timberline elevation in the southeastern Eurasian continent.The results turn out that the contribution of latitude,longitude and MBE to timberline altitude reach 25.11%,29.43%,and 45.46%,respectively.North of northern latitude 32°,the three factors’ contribu-tion amount to 48.50%,24.04%,and 27.46%,respectively;to the south,their contribution is 13.01%,48.33%,and 38.66%,respectively.This means that MBE,serving as a proxy indi-cator of MEE,is a significant factor determining the elevation of alpine timberline.Compared with other factors,it is more stable and independent in affecting timberline elevation.Of course,the magnitude of the actual MEE is certainly determined by other factors,including mountain area and height,the distance to the edge of a land mass,the structures of the mountains nearby.These factors need to be included in the study of MEE quantification in the future.This paper could help build up a high-accuracy and multi-scale elevation model for alpine timberline and even other altitudinal belts.     

小气候、雪盖及土壤湿度对高山生态系统功能的影响(英文)

1 Introduction High mountain landscapes above the tree-line are often regarded as close to nature, although human impact has obviously changed the environment, partly exceeding its carrying capac- ity (L?ffler, 2000). Due to their fragility regarding expe…     

土地利用方式对内蒙古典型草地生态系统碳氮固持的影响(英文)

To explore the optimal land-use for soil carbon(C) sequestration in Inner Mongolian grasslands,we investigated C and nitrogen(N) storage in soil and soil fractions in 8 floristically and topographically similar sites which subjected to different land-use types(free-grazing,grazing exclusion,mowing,winter grazing,and reclamation).Compared with free-grazing grasslands,C and N storage in the 0-50 cm layer increased by 18.3%(15.5 Mg C ha-1) and 9.3%(0.8 Mg N ha-1) after 10-yr of grazing exclusion,respectively,and 21.9%(18.5 Mg C ha-1) and 11.5%(0.9 Mg N ha-1) after 30-yr grazing exclusion,respectively.Similarly,soil C and N storage increased by 15.3%(12.9 Mg C ha-1) and 10.2%(0.8 Mg N ha-1) after 10-yr mowing,respectively,and 19.2%(16.2 Mg C ha-1) and 7.1%(0.6 Mg N ha-1) after 26-yr mowing,respectively.In contrast,soil C and N storage declined by 10.6%(9.0 Mg C ha-1) and 11.4%(0.9 Mg N ha-1) after 49-yr reclamation,respectively.Moreover,increases in C and N storage mainly occurred in sand and silt fractions in the 0-10 cm soil layer with grazing exclusion and mowing.Our findings provided evidence that Inner Mongolian grasslands have the capacity to sequester C and N in soil with improved management practices,which were in the order:grazing exclusion > mowing > winter grazing > reclamation.