Indigenous Land Management in Peri-Urban Landscapes: An Australian Example

This article examines roles, opportunities, and challenges for Indigenous land management in rapidly developing landscapes through a case study of Bunya Bunya Country Aboriginal Corporation, a not-for-profit organization on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. An analysis of data collected through semistructured interviews, participant observation, and analysis of secondary sources reveals that Aboriginal land managers work in a variety of roles to manage issues affecting the local environment and cultural heritage sites. These efforts are challenged by the absence of Native Title and colonial land management policies, which restrict Aboriginal involvement in land management. We conclude that there is a need for alternative pathways to engage with Aboriginal land managers who cannot, or choose not to, proceed with Native Title. Decolonized decision-making tools and sustainable enterprises are viable opportunities that partially address these challenges and could deliver tangible socio-economic and cultural benefits to local Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people.     

Sustainability,development and rural aboriginal communities

Aborigines, because of their population numbers and increasing control over land and resources, are crucial to the sustainable development of rural Australia. However, appropriate Aboriginal development requires the replacement of the ‘top‐down’ approaches generally adopted by government agencies by ‘bottom‐up’ approaches reflecting the needs and aspirations of rural Aboriginal people. Past experience demonstrates that Aborigines have faced many frustrations in reconciling these concepts. But some approaches now being adopted in the use and management of Australia's rangelands provide interesting alternatives which may be more generally applicable in enhancing rangeland sustainability. Examples include land‐use practices conducted by Aborigines living in remote homeland centres on their own freehold land, and the diversity of land uses introduced on pastoral stations now under Aboriginal ownership. Broader recognition of the value of these approaches will depend on widespread acknowledgment of the overall worth of Aboriginal land management knowledge in rural restructuring     

Management Challenges for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in Peri-urban Queensland

It is often assumed that places of cultural significance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are protected under cultural heritage legislation such as the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 in Queensland. Such Acts are improvements on previous policies, which all but neglected Aboriginal cultural heritage. Nevertheless, the aims of policies developed at wider geographic scales, such as States within the Australian system, continue to be disconnected from the experiences of some local Traditional Owners. In this paper, we examine conflicts between non-local policy and on-ground management decisions for Aboriginal cultural heritage in peri-urban Queensland. We focus on the challenges of local Traditional Owners in peri-urban landscapes, basing our discussion on recent experiences conducting research on Indigenous land management in southeast Queensland. We examine three case studies: one in which colonial heritage values were prioritised over existing Aboriginal cultural heritage values, a second where local government failed to support a private landholder’s attempt to identify and protect a cultural heritage site, and a third where a cultural heritage site was protected but in a way that restricts the continuation of cultural practices. Developing more productive and equitable relationships between Traditional Owners and non-Indigenous decision makers, with regards to Aboriginal cultural heritage, requires new locally developed processes for engagement and we suggest how this could be achieved.     

The Getting of the Nganabbarru: Observations and reflections on Aboriginal buffalo hunting in northern Australia

Nganabbarru , or water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ), is frequently hunted by Aboriginal men, and buffalo meat is an important food source for many Arnhem Land Aboriginal communities. The experience of buffalo hunting trips with Aboriginal men who reside at Korlohbidahdah outstation in central Arnhem Land is used as a point of departure to consider the relationships between Aboriginal people and megaherbivores in the past and the present, and to explore the complexity of feral animal management in cross-cultural settings. This enquiry raised the question of the cultural conception of feral animals and demonstrates that there is no simple answer to the question: what is a buffalo? Buffaloes have been the focus of a colonial economic industry and are iconic of the Territorian way of life. However, they spread economically significant livestock diseases and cause widespread environmental damage. In the 1980s feral buffalo populations were the target of the Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Eradication Campaign (BTEC) control program. The failure to continue control programs following the cessation of BTEC program and inadequate consultation with Aboriginal landowners has meant that today's land managers are once again faced with conflicting views about controlling feral buffalo populations on Aboriginal land and within National Parks like Kakadu. It is concluded that there are genuine, previously overlooked opportunities for cross-cultural collaboration in managing feral buffaloes. Cross-disciplinary research involving ecologists, anthropologists, linguists, economists and environmental historians is required to help develop sustainable and culturally appropriate feral animal control programs.     

Prehistoric aboriginal impacts on Australian vegetation: an assessment of the evidence

To what extent were Australian vegetation patterns in 1788 a product of human activity? Pollen and charcoal evidence which addresses this question is reviewed. I discuss the nature of the evidence, particularly the difficulties involved in establishing relationships between charcoal and fire history, and between fire history and human activity. I then address the broader question from the perspectives of both time and space by examining three key periods which might be expected to provide relevant evidence: (i) the time of initial human colonisation of the continent; (ii) the late Holocene, when Aboriginal population densities are thought to have increased substantially; and (iii) the last 200 years, when Aboriginal influences on the landscape have been mostly removed. Impacts are likely to have been different in different environments, with vegetation types vulnerable to fire showing the most marked changes. I conclude with a discussion of ways alternative interpretations have been utilised by competing groups in land management debates.     

Public policy and aboriginal population mobility: insights from the Katherine region,Northern Territory

In spite of the potential influence on the mobility and location of Aboriginal population implicit in the formulation and conduct of Aboriginal affairs policy, little attempt has been made to evaluate or monitor the extent of this relationship. In recent years the town of Katherine in the Northern Territory has been the focus of government efforts to encourage and facilitate Aboriginal employment in the construction of the new RAAF Tindal airbase and associated urban development. This paper describes the pattern and character of Aboriginal mobility induced by these efforts and concludes that the effect of government policy has been to stimulate long‐distance migration from other urban areas. Surrounding rural communities have been largely by‐passed and a transfer of rural population in search of jobs has not occurred.     

国外城市系统智能体模型的科学计量分析

智能体模型用于自下而上模拟城市系统。当前综述性研究多关注其原理和缺陷等,而对研究内容演化的梳理尚不够细致。故运用主路径和冲积图分析,基于文献引用网络和关键词共现网络,梳理了国外城市系统智能体模型的研究脉络。结果表明,土地利用是核心研究领域,居住隔离、城市增长和交通等亦是重要应用主题;元胞自动机、网络分析等方法在2008年前即与该模型结合,遗传算法、大数据分析等在2016—2019年亦得到较多关注。未来可结合韧性城市、收缩城市等热点问题,以及开发区、城中村等中国特色城市问题扩展应用领域,并深化与人工智能算法和各学科传统方法的结合。     

区位通达性与在京外资企业的区位选择

利用北京市第二次基本单位普查资料,以邮政编码区为空间单元,采用泊松回归模型探讨了在京外资企业的城市内区位选择及其影响因素。研究涵盖了2001年全部的在京外资企业,模型估计中有效样本240个。外资企业具有显著的向中心城区集聚的分布态势,相对于制造业而言,服务业外资企业更为集中。分析结果表明,区位的通达性和城市结构对在京外资企业区位选择具有显著的影响。接近高速公路、高等院校、外国使馆以及工业园区等对外资企业具有显著吸引作用,离城市中心、火车站和机场距离过远则不利于吸引各类外资企业。研究也发现,制造业外资企业和服务业外资企业以及投资来源地不同的外资企业,在进行城市内部区位选择时存在显著的差异。     

Chukotkan reindeer husbandry in the post-socialist transition

Reindeer herding in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as in many other regions across the Russian North, has been experiencing a progressive collapse since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The collapse is typically blamed on Russia's privatization programme, which broke up collectivized reindeer farms into supposedly privatized enterprises. While this process did indeed bring significant changes to the practice of reindeer herding in Chukotka, this paper argues that a more fundamental issue is the political and economic change at the local level that most likely makes the collapse irreversible. Áccording to the rhetoric of the new "democratic" framework, the majority rules, and their priorities take precedence. As a result, the indigenous peoples and their priorities - chief among which is reindeer herding - have been squeezed into the political margins. This has been exacerbated by the development of a relationship of internal colonialism between dominant urban Russians and village-dwelling indigenous reindeer herders, which has led to greater inequalities between the two groups as the Russians monopolize both resources and power in the region.     

江苏省开发区土地集约利用的分层线性模型实证研究

本文构建了分层线性模型以揭示不同层次因素对工业用地集约利用的影响。研究表明,开发区土地集约度的差异有63.96%是开发区本身的差异造成的,有36.04%是区域之间的差异造成的;开发区成立年限、开发区入驻企业数量和开发区土地政策强度在区域之间存在明显的变异,开发区区位和开发区级别对开发区土地集约度的关系不依赖于区域环境的变化;区域工业产值和区域城市化率两个变量对开发区成立年限和开发区土地集约度的正向关联影响不显著;区域工业产值会强化开发区入驻企业数量和开发区土地集约度之间的正向关联,而区域城市化率则弱化了开发区入驻企业数量和开发区土地集约度之间的正向关联;开发区土地政策强度和开发区土地集约度之间的正向关系受区域工业产值的影响不大,而区域城市化率会强化开发区土地政策强度和开发区土地集约度之间的正向关系;区域层次变量解释了18.18%的开发区入驻企业数量与开发区土地集约度之间的相关,解释了11.27%的开发区土地政策强度与开发区土地集约度之间的相关。     

基于企业与行业的开发区土地集约利用评价研究——以洛阳高新技术产业开发园区为例

以洛阳高新技术产业开发园区为例,运用统计分析法、特尔菲法和比较分析法,基于企业与行业进行开发区土地集约利用评价。结果表明:(1)不同工业企业之间土地集约利用水平的差异较大。根据工业企业的土地集约利用水平,将企业划分成不同的等级,可为企业的分级管理提供依据。(2)工矿仓储用地不同行业之间的土地集约利用水平差异可为开发区产业结构调整、行业用地管理提供依据。     

Contesting the Future of Cape York Peninsula

Entrenched contests about the future of Cape York Peninsula's lands, waters and people have for long received national prominence. In the federal arena, this has climaxed with the campaign to overturn the State's declarations on wild rivers. Initially pursued as a means of influencing decisions on the determination of the government in a finely balanced federal parliament, it has been retained as an early test of the survivability of the minority Labor government. The peninsula's prominence is founded on its iconic conservation status and the continuity of Aboriginal occupance of their country, reinforced by the formidable capabilities of Indigenous and conservationist leaders. Contests are characterised by their complexity, durability and intractability. Contests are bedevilled by shifting alliances and schisms within Indigenous and conservationist constituencies. Increasingly potent is the schism between modernist/reformist/regionalist visions of Indigenous futures, forcefully presented by Noel Pearson against more traditionalist/localist visions held by many community leaderships. Other participants, notably conservationists, State politicians and bureaucracies have needed to align their policies around these contested visions. Over the last two decades, policies of State Labor governments have maintained some continuity, being pro-active on conservation goals, selectively supportive of Aboriginal advancement, necessarily passive in the determination of land claims, reactive in the resolution of land tenures and property rights, and inconsistent and ineffectual in conflict resolution and in providing leadership in shaping sustainable, multifunctional futures, attuned to the peninsula's unique challenges and potentials.     

The Northern Myth Revisited? Aborigines,environment and agriculture in the Ord River Irrigation Scheme,Stages One and Two

Western Australia's Ord River Irrigation Scheme has been controversial since its establishment more than twenty-five years ago. A substantial expansion of the scheme, known as Ord Stage Two, is currently underway as a joint project of the Western Australian and Northern Territory governments. In this study I examine and compare Stages One and Two in the context of the significant social and economic changes that have occurred during this period, focusing on attitudes to, and conceptualisations of, nature and the human place in it. Despite a context in which consideration of both Aboriginal and environmental issues is now integrated into the development process, three colonial themes persist in the rhetoric of Stage Two. These are the empty landscape, the invisible Aborigine, and the idealisation of agricultural land use. When expressed together these three help to naturalise the development process as both inevitable and strategically implemented. The contradictions inherent in this process enhance existing doubts about the social and ecological sustainability of continuing attempts to 'develop' Australia's north.     

江苏省不同类型工业企业土地集约利用与影响因素

在对典型工业企业调研的基础上,根据企业所属行业类型将工业企业划分为10类,通过RAGA-AHP评价模型和多元回归模型测算江苏省不同类型工业企业用地集约度,剖析工业企业土地集约利用的影响机制。研究结果表明:不同类型企业土地集约利用水平差异显著,电子类企业集约度最高,文体类企业用地集约度最低;企业类型、企业功能、企业所有制性质和是否为高新技术企业成为影响江苏省工业企业土地集约利用的重要因素,其中,是否为高新技术企业对企业用地集约度影响最大。因此,江苏省应制定基于不同类型企业的集约利用管理制度和产业结构调整制度,针对不同类型企业进行差别化管理,积极引进高新技术企业、三资企业、非制造类企业,并引导国有集体企业转型,提高企业运行效率。     

中国自然地理学综合研究的回顾与展望（英文）

Modern physical geography in China grew from Chinese traditional geography and has been profoundly influenced by the geographical disciplines of Euro-America and Russia. Since the 1950 s, integrated studies of physical geography in China have made remarkable progress in the fields of comprehensive physical geographical regionalization, land studies, landscape ecology, and land surface geographical processes. During the past few decades, under the background of global change and rapid socio-economic transformation, a series of environmental and resources problems have boomed in China. To solve these problems and promote the development of integrated studies of physical geography, the following issues were proposed as research priorities:(1) coupling of land surface patterns and processes;(2) integrated research on regional responses and adaptation to global change;(3) analysis of human dimensions of the earth system;(4) ecosystem service research from a geographical perspective;(5) integration of multi-source data and model development;(6) integrated studies on unique geographical units; and(7) important global issues and relevant international programs.     

Integrated studies of physical geography in China: Review and prospects

Modern physical geography in China grew from Chinese traditional geography and has been profoundly influenced by the geographical disciplines of Euro-America and Russia. Since the 1950s, integrated studies of physical geography in China have made remarkable progress in the fields of comprehensive physical geographical regionalization, land studies, landscape ecology, and land surface geographical processes. During the past few decades, under the background of global change and rapid socio-economic transformation, a series of environmental and resources problems have boomed in China. To solve these problems and promote the development of integrated studies of physical geography, the following issues were proposed as research priorities: (1) coupling of land surface patterns and processes; (2) integrated research on regional responses and adaptation to global change; (3) analysis of human dimensions of the earth system; (4) ecosystem service research from a geographical perspective; (5) integration of multi-source data and model development; (6) integrated studies on unique geographical units; and (7) important global issues and relevant international programs.     

非洲欠发达地区首都新城开发策略研究

近年来,以各国首都为代表的非洲城市呈现高速扩张态势,由此催生了新城开发的浪潮。本文梳理了非洲新城开发的理论和实践,总结了其背景和驱动力、关键性角色及面临的挑战。以刚果共和国首都布拉柴维尔市东部新城开发实践为例,通过实地调研获取资料,总结其驱动因素,概述了所在国政府、企业、金融机构等的作用,以及其存在的政治经济形式不稳定、土地交易市场不成熟、地质灾害风险等现实挑战。以新城概念规划方案为蓝本,提出设计弹性城市规划方案、建立完善土地管理制度、政企协同开发、多渠道筹备资金、工程设计保障地质安全、建设通达的道路交通系统、各类需求或文化背景人群分片开发住宅区、建造经济便捷的住宅产品、配建符合各方需求的公共服务设施、设立与当地经济发展相适应的产业园区开发策略。     

Media Constructions of Aboriginality: implications for engagement with coal seam gas development in Australia

Recent neo-liberal policy frameworks in Australia advocate economic development opportunities for Aboriginal Australians as a viable strategy to redress the marginalisation and social disadvantage that appear to characterise many Aboriginal communities. In New South Wales (NSW), Aboriginal peoples are currently negotiating with industry for the chance to participate in coal seam gas (CSG) development opportunities. Based upon research focusing on CSG development in the Northern NSW region, this paper argues that certain constructions of Aboriginality inhibit successful Aboriginal engagement with the economic opportunities provided by CSG. This paper illuminates the role of the media in facilitating dominant discourse about Aboriginality and the implications of those constructions for Aboriginal engagement with the mainstream economy. Findings demonstrate that the media are complicit in constructing Aboriginal peoples in a way that could prejudice their attempts to engage in economic opportunities that do not align with the dominant constructions of Aboriginality.     

基于个体生命历程视角的苏南城镇化路径转变与市民化进程

本文通过对个体生命历程的考察,从微观视角探讨苏南20世纪80年代以来的城镇化路径转变以及转型中的农民市民化进程。地方政府在中国行政和经济分权、土地、住房等一系列改革中不断追求地方利益最大化,从而促使苏南从早期的以乡村工业化为动力、以小城镇为载体的“自下而上”式城镇化,转向由开发区建设和土地财政所推动的快速城镇化。城镇化路径转变也影响了苏南农民的生命历程,文中个案就经历了从乡镇企业家、私营企业主到失地农民的身份变迁。在苏南农民的市民化进程中,个体经历了不同“行动地位”的转变：乡镇企业时期,农民参与乡村工业,主动进行就业的非农化;但到了征地拆迁时期,农民在政府推动下,通过户籍改革和安置上楼进行了身份的城镇化,这个阶段的市民化,更多源于政府的主动推动,农民带有“被动接受”的成分。另外,早期的就业非农化成为后期村民顺利实现身份城镇化的基础,解决了村民失去土地、安置“上楼”后的经济来源问题,这对当前新型城镇化所倡导的“人的城镇化”具有一定启示。     

New multifunctional hunting landscapes in Denmark

Between 1992 and 2008 subsidization of mandatory set aside land under the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) gave rise to the establishment of a characteristic type of multifunctional hunting landscapes in Denmark, primarily located on fallow land in tilled valley bottoms. A national survey of these landscapes in 2006 has been carried out and 1061 hunting areas have been identified nationwide. Subsidies relating to set aside land acted as a supplementary type of income, which supported the development of multifunctional land use on marginal soils where the income from hunting and subsidies in combination was a viable alternative to monofunctional rotational agriculture. Hunting landscapes developed as the consequence of landscape management strategies designed to comply with the requirements of the CAP while improving habitat conditions for wildlife and increasing income from hunting rental activities. Forty-seven percent of the hunting landscapes in 2006 were in rotational production in 2010 while 19% were used for other agricultural purposes and 34% were taken out of the subsidy regime and removed from the general agricultural register. In 2012, a total of 431 such areas ? 41% of the areas identified in 2006 ? were still used for hunting. The number and geographical distribution of the hunting landscapes seems closely related to the potential average hunting rent, the level of urbanisation and the occurrence of manorial estates with traditions for multifunctional land use as part of their economic strategy. Implications for the ongoing discussion on land use policy concerning land sharing vs. land sparing is discussed.