制造业重构背景下的中国经济地理研究转向

改革开放诱发了以市场化、全球化和分权化为特征的首轮制造业重构,劳动密集型制造业快速发展,尤其在中国沿海地区形成大量外向型产业集聚,并由此构成“旧”经济地理格局。进入21世纪,“旧”经济地理格局的弊端凸显,加上外部变化的冲击,催动了以“向上走”、“向西走”和“走出去”为主的第二轮产业重构,全球化、区域化和地方化的共同作用形成了“新”经济地理格局。制造业地理格局的剧变使得中国经济地理相关研究亦发生巨大转向,重心逐渐从关注市场化、全球化和分权化过渡到产业升级、转移和去地方化等要点。中国相关研究不仅验证西方经典理论,同时对改进西方理论亦有重大贡献,尤其在对制度政策、国内市场、中国企业的能动性在产业重构中的作用等方面极大弥补了经典经济地理学的缺陷。本文最后还就经典理论的整合和研究方法的普适性对相关研究进行了展望。     

Immigration and slow-growth economies: the experience of South Australia and Tasmania

"This paper examines national immigration processes and demographic change in South Australia and Tasmania over the last four decades. Particular attention is paid to the inter-censal period 1986-1991.... The paper investigates the impact of the historic make-up of immigrant flows on settlement patterns, and examines the impact on policies intended to increase immigrant settlement in these states. It argues that the policies being pursued by state and federal governments are unlikely to add to the numbers settling in these states, because they pay too little attention to migration processes, and especially the attraction of others from the source country."     

Demographic response to rural restructuring and counterurbanisation in South Australia, 1981-1991

"Using South Australia as a case study, this paper seeks to trace and demonstrate two processes (counterurbanisation and rural restructuring) whose effects overlap to differentiate and characterise the population geography of...two zones, separated by a transition along the outer fringe of Adelaide's urban field.... In the demographic core zone [rural restructuring] has been partly offset by continued counterurbanisation, resulting in demographic mixing and rural dilution. The 1981-91 population growth in rural communities is shown to be more a function of population density at the outset of the period than of initial population size. Demographic growth...is shown to conform to a simple unidimensional scale, allowing the production of a clear, easily interpretable typology of rural demographic change with few non-conforming statistical areas. At a local level within individual rural communities, demographic decline is shown to be accompanied by increased concentration of the population into small towns, while demographic growth is associated with deconcentration."     

Regulation, Land Development and the Contested Countryside

This paper attempts to reorientate locality specific studies of counterurbanisation within the wider processes of global and national socio-economic change. It draws on concepts of Regulation Theory and begins with an explanation of the global and national influences associated with rural restructuring. These influences, together with the emergence of a reconstituted rurality, are traced through to the local level using Bridgetown in the south-west of Western Australia as a vehicle for conceptual analysis.     

无锡城市制造业企业区位调整与苏南模式重组

苏南地域广阔,区域和城市发展路径多样。较多研究关注全球化背景下国家和省级开发区发展带来的苏南模式创新,但是城市化对苏南模式重组影响同样值得关注。基于企业数据的空间分析以及企业访谈和问卷调查资料,从制造业企业进入和退出的角度,考察无锡市南长区在从乡镇企业典型发育地区(郊区)转变为城区过程中的产业升级和空间格局调整过程。研究表明:南长区制造业经历了产权重组、结构重组和空间重组三个过程,呈现出中小高新技术企业为主、空间上高度集中等城市化特征。政府表现出明显的"企业化"倾向,与传统苏南模式中直接介入企业经营不同,地方政府通过规划调控以及开发区建设、税收等金融刺激政策和措施影响企业区位行为,从而推动城市产业结构的转型升级和空间再集聚。     

全球化与新经济背景下的广州市空间结构

全球化与新经济对城市空间结构的形成和演变产生了深刻的影响。基于统计资料及实际调查,分析了广州城市空间结构的演化过程及格局。结果显示,广州城市演化表现出明显的阶段性,包括单中心增长模式、飞地发展模式、“二元”空间结构模式及融合多核心网络模式。现阶段处于二元空间结构模式的发展阶段,新城市区域与老城市区域在产业结构、人口结构、景观特征等方面存在明显的差异。这种城市空间形态结构的演变及格局,是全球化及新经济因素、体制因素、政策及城市规划因素等多种因素综合作用的结果。近年来,全球化与新经济对城市空间形态发展起着日益重要的作用。广州城市空间结构的分析对我国大都市空间结构研究具有重要的启示意义。     

多尺度视角下的产业价值链与空间升级研究框架与展望

改革开放以来,在出口导向的产业发展模式驱动下,中国积极加入全球化进程并快速实现产业升级。进入21世纪后,在面临成本上升和制度环境变化等诸多危机和挑战的情况下,中国制造业开始了新一轮的产业升级。这从根本上重塑了产业组织和空间结构,改变着中国制造业在地方、区域乃至全球出口市场中的角色功能和影响力。基于文献分析,论文将产业升级划分为价值链升级和空间升级2种模式,并分别从全球、国家、区域、地方、企业等多尺度视角下探讨了中国产业升级的机制及其影响,得出以下主要结论：① 价值链升级和空间升级现象相互依赖、相互作用,是产业升级的2个侧面,综合两者的分析框架能更全面地反映中国产业升级的现状;② 中国产业在升级模式上体现了复杂多样性,已有研究关注的产业升级模式较为单一,未来应更加关注中国产业升级路径和方式的非线性、复杂性和多元性特征;③ 中国产业升级是由全球、国家、区域、地方、企业等多重尺度力量相互耦合下共同驱动的,透过多元地理尺度融合的分析框架解读产业价值链升级和空间升级机制,才能更好地理解中国产业的发展和赶超之路。     

西安市生产者服务业空间布局特征与集聚模式研究

以西安市为例,根据相关资料,采用定性与定量、静态与动态分析相结合的方法,借助ArcGIS软件,通过地理集中指数的测算,对西安市生产者服务业发展水平及其空间布局特征与集聚模式进行研究。主要结论:① 生产者服务业具有一定专业化水平,集聚特征明显,产值和从业人数占第三产业的比重呈上升的趋势,但仍处于较低水平;② 生产者服务业在城市内部空间集聚度偏低,但逐渐趋于集中,且分行业集聚程度参差不齐;③ 生产者服务业整体呈现多核心的集聚模式,分行业表现出不同的集聚模式类型;④ 空间结构形成机制主要是市场导向、区位因子、政府导向。对促进产业结构升级转换,确定合理的产业发展方向和城市产业规划、布局,加快西安市经济发展及提升城市竞争力都具有借鉴意义。     

The Life Cycle of Caravan Parks in Australia: the case of northern New South Wales

The caravan park sub-sector of the Australian tourism accommodation industry provides at least half of the national tourism bed capacity, and in 2009 generated over A$1.1 billion in annual takings. However, the number of parks and park capacity is in decline nationally while both international and domestic demand for the drive-tourism experience is growing. This sets a trend towards an accommodation facilities shortage for the caravanning sector and exposes its vulnerability. This paper uses a case study of caravan parks in the Tweed Shire, New South Wales, Australia, to examine the life-cycle pattern of these parks as a discrete unit of tourist area development and to consider the sector's future. The sector's history is framed within Butler's (Canadian Geographer 24(1): 5–12 (1980)) concept of the tourist area life cycle (TALC). The historical data demonstrate the urban and market change that has occurred around and within caravan parks of this coastal region over almost two centuries. The pattern of caravan park development and evolution conformed to the involvement, exploration, development, consolidation and stagnation stages of the TALC. In 2011, caravan parks in the Tweed region were at a critical tipping point with potential for either decline or rejuvenation.     

论中国经济区域的再形成

经济区域空间格局变化是区域经济不断发展的外在化表现，文章从区域、经济区域等基本概念入手，以经济全球化为背景，分析了市场机制作用下中国经济区域再形成过程的态势和外部环境变化，指出随着我国经济体制改革的深入进行，应积极培育合理经济区、建立合理的区际分工体系、培育区域之间合理的竞争态势，以提高我国区域竞争力和国家竞争力。     

Megaurbanization and Industrial Relocation in Mexico's Central Region

Recent changes involving Mexico City, the main metropolis in Mexico and one of the world's largest megacities, are a slowing demographic growth and the relocation of industrial activities from the city proper to other cities in the Central Region. One of the important features of this process is the extension of existing location economies for manufacturing industries from the strictly urban, or metropolitan scale, to a somewhat more regional level. This paper argues that this territorial restructuring is highly influenced by four main processes: (1) a spatially selective industrialization where a few cities, rural areas and economic corridors are emerging as industrial locations; (2) accessibility and transaction flows where the main road network and commodity flows determine the primary urban structure and the formation of economic corridors; (3) a concentrated pattern of foreign investment that shows a marked preference for the urban "core" and which reinforces its economic importance; (4) a territorial industrial specialization pattern whose main feature is a mixture of dispersion and concentration trends according to the type of manufacturing industry. Territorial restructuring in this region is an excellent example of an emerging spatial order associated to megaurbanization, with a rapid growth of nearby cities, a polycentric urban pattern, and the arrival of manufacturing industry in selective sites. However, this process seems to reinforce current intraregional inequalities, as the places with the best economic advantages tend to receive larger investments.     

Rural restructuring in China: Theory,approaches and research prospect

Rural restructuring is a process of reshaping socio-economic morphology and spatial pattern in rural territory in response to the changes of elements both in kernel system and external system of rural development, by optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements in the two systems. It aims at ultimately optimizing the structure and promoting the function within rural territorial system as well as realizing the coordination of structure and complementation of function between urban and rural territorial system. This paper establishes a theoretical framework of rural restructuring through elaborating the concept and connotations as well as analyzing the mechanism pushing forward rural restructuring based on the evolution of “elements-structure-function”, and probes the approaches from the three aspects of spatial restructuring, economic restructuring and social restructuring. Besides, the authors argue that the study of rural restructuring in China in the future needs to focus on the aspects of long-term and multi-scale process and pattern, mechanism, regional models, rural planning technology system and standard, policy and institutional innovations concerning rural restructuring as well as the impacts of globalization on rural restructuring, in order to serve the current national strategic demands and cope with the changes of rural development elements in the process of urban-rural development transformation.     

中国乡村重构——理论、方法和研究展望（英文）

Rural restructuring is a process of reshaping socio-economic morphology and spatial pattern in rural territory in response to the changes of elements both in kernel system and external system of rural development,by optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements in the two systems.It aims at ultimately optimizing the structure and promoting the function within rural territorial system as well as realizing the coordination of structure and complementation of function between urban and rural territorial system.This paper establishes a theoretical framework of rural restructuring through elaborating the concept and connotations as well as analyzing the mechanism pushing forward rural restructuring based on the evolution of"elements-structure-function",and probes the approaches from the three aspects of spatial restructuring,economic restructuring and social restructuring.Besides,the authors argue that the study of rural restructuring in China in the future needs to focus on the aspects of long-term and multi-scale process and pattern,mechanism,regional models,rural planning technology system and standard,policy and institutional innovations concerning rural restructuring as well as the impacts of globalization on rural restructuring,in order to serve the current national strategic demands and cope with the changes of rural development elements in the process of urban-rural development transformation.     

中国地区制造业竞争力的时间变化和空间分异解析

地区制造业竞争力是地区制造业在区域之间的市场竞争中表现出来的综合实力、所提供的有效产品或服务的能力及其未来的发展潜力大小。利用构建的地区制造业竞争力评价模型,以省区为基本单元,分析了近20年来中国地区制造业竞争力的时间变化特征和空间分布格局,并对这种变化和差异的动因给与解析。研究表明,从1985年到2003年的近20年来,中国地区制造业竞争力呈现出一定的时空演化规律:①随着改革开放进程的加速和地区经济实力的提高,地区制造业的综合竞争能力普遍抬升;②中国地区制造业竞争力的地域差异明显,由东部沿海向中、西部内陆逐渐递减,且差距随时间的推移呈扩大趋势;③地区制造业竞争力与其驱动因素关系密切。驱动因素的时空分布格局决定了地区制造业竞争力的时间过程与空间格局演变趋向。     

Patterns of Growth and Change: Depicting the Impacts of Restructuring in Idaho

Geographers and other social scientists investigating the impact of economic and demographic restructuring have tended to focus on urban metropolitan areas. There has been much less exploration of the local impacts of such change in largely nonmetropolitan locales. Many of these nonmetropolitan regions, however, are some of the fastest growing in the U.S. This article addresses this issue by examining, at the county level, economic and population trends in the state of Idaho. Generally recognized for its agricultural outputs (such as potatoes), Idaho experienced a population growth rate of 18.1 percent during the 1990s, making it one of the fastest growing states in the U.S. However, population growth and the associated changes in the local economy were unevenly distributed across the state. This article develops a typology of growth and change, indicating patterns of growth related to two predominant trends: high–tech footloose capital investment and amenity– and tourism–related residential development. Implications of this analysis for future research are discussed.     

北京市制造业空间格局演化及影响因子分析

制造业的空间扩散是推动城市空间结构呈现多极化、多中心地域系统的主要驱动力, 对制造业区位变迁及影响因素的研究是认识城市空间重构机制的微观基础。本研究基于北京市1996、2001、2010 年制造业企业数据, 以邮政编码区为空间单元, 刻画了北京市制造业空间集聚格局及演化特征。采用计量模型, 检验了导致北京制造业空间重构的主要区位因子, 对比了这些影响因子作用强度随时间的变化以及在制造业行业间的差异。结果表明, 北京市的制造业在中心城区的集聚度明显减弱, 呈显著的郊区化集聚;主要集聚区位于距市中心半径为15~35 km的空间范围内, 总体空间格局呈现出大都市区尺度上的扩散以及产业园区尺度的再集聚特征。计量模型计算结果显示, 区位通达度、集聚经济、科技园区规划与政策引导是北京制造业总体空间格局演化的主要驱动因素, 但不同区位因子的作用强度存在行业间差异。本研究揭示了北京市的制造业空间重组机制是政府规划引导下的市场经济作用机制。认识到城市经济活动空间重组中市场与政府的交互作用机理, 有助于决策者对转型期大都市区制造业空间集聚和扩散格局进行更加有效地引导, 以优化大都市区的空间结构与功能体系。     

中国海洋经济转型成效时空格局演变研究

基于海洋经济转型的内涵,构建包括6个分维度在内的中国海洋经济转型成效测度指标体系,利用粗糙集和灰理论组合赋权综合评价法,对2001-2011年中国海洋经济转型成效进行测度研究,并利用核密度估计及GIS空间分析技术对结果进行时空格局演变分析,结论如下：① 从全国层面来看,2001-2010年中国海洋经济转型整体集中在中低值区域,2010年以来,各区域转型均取得明显成效,海洋经济转型差距逐渐缩小,但整体差距仍然存在。② 从6 个分维度层面来看,海洋经济发展度稳步提高,但空间格局没有显著变化;海洋经济转型度、发展条件支撑度、资源集约利用度、生态环境响应度在空间上呈正向变化趋势,转型成效较为明显;海洋产业就业度呈反向变化趋势,说明转型对海洋产业就业存在挤出效应,对海洋产业就业产生重要影响。③ 中国海洋经济转型的时空格局演变是多种因素综合作用的结果,主要包括资源禀赋、区位条件、产业基础及腹地经济差异等。未来影响各省份海洋经济转型的主要因素包括国家政策、科技水平、海洋管理体制等。     

论乡村重构

快速城镇化进程驱动中国乡村地域发生巨大变化。乡村重构,即为适应乡村内部要素和外部调控的变化,通过优化配置和有效管理影响乡村发展的物质和非物质要素,重构乡村社会经济形态和优化地域空间格局,以实现乡村地域系统内部结构优化、功能提升以及城乡地域系统之间结构协调、功能互补的过程。本文在界定乡村重构的概念内涵,构建基于“要素—结构—功能”演变助推乡村重构的理论框架基础上,从空间重构、经济重构、社会重构视角探讨了乡村重构的实现路径,并着眼于服务当前国家重大战略需求和解决城乡转型发展进程中乡村地域系统面临的现实困境,提出了未来中国乡村重构研究需重点关注的内容。最后,就现有旨在促进乡村社会经济发展的重大引导性战略和政府干预性政策及其在实践操作中引发的一系列问题,展开批判性分析和讨论。     

中国国家级经济技术开发区及其产业空间格局演化——基于地级及以上市面板数据实证研究

选取1989~2015年地级市国家级经济技术开发区数量及主导产业面板数据,运用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）技术,探讨国家级经济技术开发区及其产业空间格局演化特征。研究发现：① 国家级经济技术开发区整体经历探索阶段、推广阶段、完善阶段和升级阶段等4个阶段;空间格局演化体现出“点轴结构、T型结构、π型结构和网状结构”4种空间形态;空间扩散方式有“点-线-面”扩散、梯度扩散、等级扩散、邻近扩散、集聚扩散和升级扩散6种扩散模式;空间相关性整体呈波动起伏且逐渐上升态势,高-高集聚区从青岛-烟台逐渐演变为长三角、京津冀和福建沿海。② 五大主导产业集中稳定,装备制造始终处于集聚态势,其余4个主导产业呈“分散-集聚”态势;三大类型产业空间布局演化与上述空间格局演化态势基本一致,空间集聚性整体呈“N型”变化态势,技术密集型产业集聚特征最为明显。     

论汽车工业空间组织之变化——生产方式转变的影响

汽车工业出现一百多年来空间组织发生了几次重要变化,而生产方式的转变是导致空间演化的主导因素之一。本文首先回顾了８０年代以前世界汽车工业空间组织的主要特征,并将其演化过程归纳为四个阶段,即初始分散阶段、大规模生产初期的高度集中阶段、“核心—边缘”结构阶段和网络化分散阶段。其次介绍了８０年代以来世界汽车工业发展的新特点,特别是精益生产方式的广泛扩散。最后归纳了新的生产方式下汽车工业空间组织的影响因素和特征,即网络化聚集,并简要地讨论了这种发展趋势对中国汽车工业的启示。