Exploitation of mineral resource and its influence on regional development and urban evolution in Xinjiang,China

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between mineral resources exploitation and economic and urban development in Xinjiang. The article summarizes the mineral resource exploitation development of Xinjiang especially over the last 50 years, and investigates energy industries and their driving forces, directions, and economic impact on the oasis urban system evolution in Xinjiang. Methods like correlation analysis, location quotient and elastic coefficient are employed in the presentation and discussion, and also field reconnaissance surveys, interviews and secondary sources are used. The result shows Xinjiang＇s economic growth is promoted by the contributions of the increasing mineral resource industry which promotes economic development by accelerating infrastructure construction, developing industry and raising revenue and fixed investment. Mineral exploitation in recent years had profound impacts on urban development as a growth engine. The evolution of urban system has a close relationship with resource exploitation, and statistical results provide strong evidence to support the argument that mineral resource exploitation has promoted the growth of built-up areas and its expansion patterns in Xinjiang, especially regions along the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains.     

资源约束下的三元函数区域增长模式

区域经济动力学的核心问题是区域增长,本文将资源要素引进生产函数,建立了资源约束下的三元区域增长模式,研究揭示:(1)模式不仅可以较好地模拟区域发展的不同阶段,还可以较客观地描写、预测区域发展与环境资源等区域因素的关系;(2)在区域经济(区域社会生产)这个经济“大木桶”里,起到主要约束作用的因素是资源,而不是通常备受关注的资金或管理因素;(3)资源指数越小越有利于区域资本的积累和社会生产总量的增加。     

新疆矿产资源开发对区域发展和城市演化的影响(英文)

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between mineral resources exploitation and economic and urban development in Xinjiang. The article summarizes the mineral resource exploitation development of Xinjiang especially over the last 50 years, and investigates energy industries and their driving forces, directions, and economic impact on the oasis urban system evolution in Xinjiang. Methods like correlation analysis, location quotient and elastic coefficient are employed in the presentation and discussion, and also field reconnaissance surveys, interviews and secondary sources are used. The result shows Xinjiang's economic growth is promoted by the contributions of the increasing mineral resource industry which promotes economic development by accelerating infrastructure construction, developing industry and raising revenue and fixed investment. Mineral exploitation in recent years had profound impacts on urban development as a growth engine. The evolution of urban system has a close relationship with resource exploitation, and statistical results provide strong evidence to support the argument that mineral resource exploitation has promoted the growth of built-up areas and its expansion patterns in Xinjiang, especially regions along the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains.     

Reviewing the Guayana project: Lifetime migration to and from Bolivar state,Venezuela, 1950–2001

By the mid‐twentieth century the population and economic resources in many developing economies had become concentrated in the capital city. Planned industrial cities became an important mechanism to encourage more balanced urban systems as well as development in peripheralized regions. Venezuela boasts one of the most impressive planned industrial cities, Ciudad Guayana, constructed in 1959 in the resource rich but inaccessible Bolivar state in the southeast. This paper summarizes the lifetime migration to and from Bolivar state for the years 1950, 1971 and 2001. Whereas the majority of lifetime migrants originated from the neighbouring northeast region in 1950 and 1971, by 2001 more migrants arrived from the capital region. For lifetime outmigrants, the destination states became more diverse and less focused on the capital region. Gender ratios of lifetime migrants to and from Bolivar became more equitable as women became more prominent in migration flows. The level of urban primacy in Venezuela declined substantially after 1971 as the country became more internally integrated, although this more equitable distribution of the country's population may not have been solely a result of the creation of the growth pole, but a result of wider economic development.     

闽台人力资源对区域经济增长作用的比较实证研究

本文从人力资源数量、人力资源素质和人力资源配置的角度,分析了闽台人力资源状况对区域经济发展的关系,并利用人力资本外部性模型对闽台1978～2003年经济增长的各要素进行了计量分析,结果表明福建省经济增长的主要动力依然是物质资本的投入,与此同时人力资本投入对经济增长的贡献日益明显;台湾人力资本投资对台湾经济增长起着重要的作用,而资本投入对经济增长的拉动作用相对较小。     

攀西地区特色生物资源开发产业化发展战略

在当今经济全球化和我国加入WTO的宏观背景下,自20世纪后期以来,我国经济发展进入一个新的转型时期。20世纪90年代以前的40年间形成的原有产业布局,特别是工业布局近年来发生相当大的变化。传统意义上的矿产资源等曾经是中外大多数国家工业化过程中起关键作用的因素,其地位和作用正在下降。就经济增长的贡献率而言,资源型产业的衰减趋势已经在我国出现。攀西地区特色生物资源的开发,是区域可持续发展的必然要求,是走出传统矿产资源开发陷阱效应的途径。攀西地区生物资源的产业化是区域协调持续发展的需要;是构建区域创新体系的重要组成部分。     

教育投入对中国经济增长作用的区域差异分析——基于多指标面板数据聚类结果

进入21 世纪,人力资本在经济增长中的作用越来越突出,作为人力资本形成的重要途径,教育在中国已经被提高到优先发展的战略地位。以2001-2010 年中国31 个省份的面板数据为基础,基于人均受教育年限、人均教育经费、教育经费占地区GDP比例三项指标的多指标面板数据聚类结果,进行“微观”面板数据建模,具体比较和分析中国教育发展水平、GDP对教育投入弹性的区域差异。研究发现：教育投入对不同发展水平、不同类型经济区域的影响作用不同。总体来看,GDP对教育投入富有弹性,尤其是对于经济基础好、居民文化素质较低的省份,GDP对教育投入的弹性通常较大。但中西部9 个省份则出现教育与经济消极互动的局面,表现为GDP对教育投入缺乏弹性。     

Globalisation and Border Dynamics: impacts on the urban development of Darwin,Australia

National boundaries and border cities have been transformed globally. This is partly due to neoliberal globalisation, the continuous formation of a ‘borderless world’ and partly to the global ‘war on terror’. Darwin, the capital city of the Northern Territory (NT), is on the northern coast of Australia, bordering its overseas Asian neighbours. Far away from the main Australian population centres in the south, the city grows slowly, relying mainly on Australian government investments, infrastructure, and the incorporation of defence programs in the north. The rise of Asia, as well as Australia's increasing economic reliance on Asia, has created new opportunities for Darwin's growth. The development of Asian economies has resulted in growing global investment in resource extraction in NT. Asia, though, has been seen as a key threat in the modern history of Australia. This national sensitivity is underpinned by the global ‘war on terror’ in which Australia is deeply involved. Australia has tight border control regimes and a growing military presence on the northern border area. This paper examines how these co-existing but contradictory dynamics have reshaped the urban development of Darwin City. The consequential social and spatial patterns are identified and discussed.     

THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL EXPANSIONS OF CHINA'S CITY SYSTEM

Most studies of the size, growth, and distribution of cities have been based on Western economies and have identified economic factors such as scale and agglomeration economies and level of economic development as major determinants of urban growth. It is unclear whether these generalizations are applicable in socialist economies. In this paper, I argue that institutional factors have played key roles in shaping China's city system, which is characterized by declining population concentration across cities and by tremendous vertical (population growth of cities) and horizontal (addition of new cities) expansions. The empirical analysis focuses on describing the size distribution of cities, estimating a multivariate model predicting the population growth of cities, and performing a logistic regression analysis of new and existing cities. The findings underscore the effects of urban and regional development policies, socialist institutions, changes in the urban administrative system, and state and local government interests, and suggest that they as a whole are more important than economic factors in explaining the attributes and changes of China's city system. [Key words: urban growth, city system, institutional factors, China.]     

Industrialisation and South Australia

Like Australia as a whole, South Australia experienced rapid industrialisation from the 1930s, but employment growth rates in the state were generally well above national levels. Conversely, restructuring of Australian manufacturing since the mid 1970s has had especially severe consequences in the state. This paper documents and seeks to explain the distinctive pattern of industrial change in South Australia. Drawing on the contemporary literature on geographically uneven development, it argues that the state's experience must be explored in the wider context of the dynamics of capitalist development. International, national and local forces have combined in a complex fashion to produce the specific pattern of manufacturing growth and restructuring evident in South Australia. Analysis focuses on the activities of capital, labour and the institutions of the state, key agents of economic change.     

The spatial dynamics of foreign investment in the Pearl River Delta, south China

The Pearl River Delta region in south China has experienced dramatic economic development, industrialization and urbanization since the late 1970s. Foreign investment, especially the capital from Hong Kong, has been one of the major driving forces underlying the process. The spatial concentration/diffusion of foreign investment in a region also has important bearing on the balanced/unbalanced urban and regional development. This issue remains unexamined and critical analysis is needed to unveil the spatial impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) activities in China. This paper will focus on the Pearl River Delta region to examine the spatial diffusion and the determinants of foreign investment. The diffusion of foreign investment from the provincial capital, Guangzhou and two special economic zones near Hong Kong to surrounding areas is clearly identified. The diffusion is the result of the widespread implementation of open-door policy in the region and significant improvement in infrastructure. Four models of foreign investment are developed to explain the spatial incidence of foreign investment in the region. The findings of this paper can shed light on the regional development process in China and other developing countries under the influence of foreign capital.     

Urban Infrastructure Financing and Economic Performance in China

Research points to a strong association between infrastructure investment and economic performance. Despite China's great strides in providing basic services, there is increasing disparity among cities of different regions in their ability and performance to finance infrastructure development. Such unevenness has a long-term effect on urban economic growth. This study explores patterns and the expanding range of mechanisms for urban infrastructure financing in general and across the country's regions. It also investigates whether and how infrastructure investment is related to urban economic performance, using lagged variables to demonstrate both short- and medium-term effects. It is clear that such investment has responded to past unmet demands and paved the way for future growth.     

经济聚集与产业结构对城市土地利用效率的影响

<中作者单位三>=河南大学 环境与规划学院,河南 开封 475004从经济集聚、产业结构两方面构建城市土地利用效率影响因素分析框架,并通过计量经济模型定量考察经济集聚、产业结构对城市土地利用效率的影响.结果表明:① 现阶段中国城市土地利用效率处于随集聚程度的提高而增加的阶段,拥挤效应还不明显.同时,集聚程度的不同方面对土地利用效率的贡献大小存在差异,资本密度对城市土地利用效率的影响大于就业密度和人口规模,这表明现阶段中国城市经济增长主要由资本投入推动的.② 城市产业结构优化能够提高土地利用效率.资本有机构成的提高,意味着资本对劳动的替代作用增强,其进一步加大了资本对城市土地产出的推动作用,有利于土地利用效率的提升,但不利于城市就业水平的提升.     

A Scenario-Based Hydrocarbon Production Forecast for Louisiana

Conventional oil and gas productions in Louisiana has been in decline for four decades, but in recent years, new technology and capital investment have opened up a significant new resource play in the Haynesville shale, reversing Louisiana’s gas production decline. The need for long-term forecasting has become more important for state planning and for facilitating efficient regulatory development and incentive programs, as the largest oil and gas fields diminish in productivity and the promise of unconventional resources are realized. The purpose of this article is to present a hydrocarbon production forecast for Louisiana using disaggregate resource classes and a transparent analytic framework. A field-level evaluation is employed for producing fields categorized by primary product, resource category, geographic area, and production class. Undiscovered fields are classified according to conventional and unconventional categories and are modeled using a probabilistic and scenario-based forecast. The analytic framework is described along with a discussion of the model results and limitations of the analysis. Louisiana is in the early stages of transitioning to a primarily gas-producing state, and the manner in which the Haynesville shale develops will play a critical role in deliverability and economic prospects in the future.     

黑龙江省能源资源开发的经济效应分析

在分析黑龙江省经济发展的周期波动与能源资源开发增长在时间序列上的耦合关系的基础上,引入资源“诅咒系数”理论来测定资源开发对区域经济发展的诅咒现象出现时间、发展走向、不同年份诅咒强度,并通过诅咒的传导机制研究剖析诅咒效应长期作用的原因。结果表明:黑龙江省资源开发与经济发展轨迹之间存在着良好的耦合关系,资源开发长期上看对经济发展存在着严重的诅咒效应;近年来资源开发的诅咒程度虽然呈持续下降态势,但诅咒的延迟性致使诅咒效应仍阻碍着黑龙江省经济的发展并还会持续较长一段时间。诅咒效应形成与财政开支不断增大,能源开发投入导致科技、教育财政支出大幅度减少存在着密切的关联,也与资源对经济发展路径锁定性密切相关。     

外来投资与西部城市发展的关系——以兰州市为例

通过外来投资与城市发展关系的理论分析,研究了外来投资对西部城市发展的影响机制和影响模式,认为随着外资投入类型、方式和规模的差异,将对所投入城市造成不同程度的影响。并以兰州市为例,利用近年来兰州市外来投资的资料,分析了外来投资对兰州市发展可能造成的直接和间接影响,对前述理论进行了实证,最后提出了兰州市引进外来投资的政策建议。     

经济地理学视角下创新网络与区域增长研究述评

创新是引领经济发展的第一动力,创新与区域增长之间的关系成为经济地理学者关注的重点领域。文章通过梳理近年来有关创新网络测度、创新网络与区域增长关系、创新网络作用于区域增长方式等方面的文献发现：网络资本可以弥补社会资本在解释企业创新结网经济价值方面的不足,区域增长呈现出网络化特征已成为学界共识,知识流与邻近性能较好地解释创新网络与区域增长的关系机理。然而,当前研究对社会资本如何促进区域增长,网络资本与区域增长关系模型如何构建,不同类型的邻近性与知识对区域增长的影响有何差异等问题尚不明确,建议重视网络资本对区域增长的作用并实证检验二者的关联,同时还应重视创新网络中企业家精神、创新个体心理行为特征等因素对区域增长的影响。     

Foreign Direct Investment,Ecological Withdrawals,and Natural-Resource-Dependent Economies

This article examines the relationships between foreign direct investment (FDI) and natural resource depletion and natural resource rents for a longitudinal (2005–2013: N?=?125 nations) sample of less developed countries (LDCs). Theoretically, we argue that FDI contributes to increased ecological withdrawals and dependence on the natural resource sector for economic growth within countries. We hypothesized that LDCs with higher levels of FDI would also have higher levels of natural resource depletion and income (i.e., rents). We assess whether this hypothesized relationship holds across nations in our sample for four different natural resource depletion and rents measures (energy, forest, mineral, and total natural resources). We find strong support for our hypotheses regarding natural resource depletion and resource rents, with the exception of energy rents. The outcome lends support to the ecological withdrawal and ecostructural theory of foreign investment dependence perspectives.     

俄罗斯东部区域经济发展差异研究

区域差异历来是国内外学者关注的热点问题,区域差异长期扩大、过分悬殊,会产生严重的负面影响;而处于转轨时期的俄罗斯,由于各种矛盾导致经济发展缓慢、区域差异不断扩大。针对俄罗斯东部地区人口分布特点,利用超越对数计量模型深入分析后发现,俄罗斯东部地区科技贡献率都较低,经济增长主要是依靠劳动力和物质资本的投入,并且劳动力对经济贡献率远高出物质资本的贡献率。要转化优势、加快经济增长,就必须把自然资源与科技创新和劳动力发展等结合起来,提高人力与物质资本的直接产出弹性和外溢弹性,是俄罗斯东部、乃至整个俄联邦增强经济实力,在国际贸易中争取最大利益的重要途径之一。     

河南城乡居民家庭人力资本投资差异分析

人力资本投资是经济增长的重要源泉。20世纪90年代以来,河南经济增长速度相对较快,但城乡之间经济发展差异较大,究其原因,人力资本投资城乡差异是其重要影响因素之一。河南城乡居民家庭人力资本投资差异较大,并有逐渐扩大趋势,这种现状如果得不到根治,将直接影响到河南经济的发展以及和谐社会的构建。根据城镇居民和农村居民消费价格定基指数,建立指数曲线趋势模型,分别从教育文化娱乐服务、医疗保健、交通通信3个方面分析河南居民家庭人力资本投资在城乡之间的差异以及与全国的差异,并利用聚类分析等方法探讨河南18个省辖市居民家庭人力资本投资的差异。