洞头‘科教兴县’做好‘渔’字文章

浙江省洞头县紧紧围绕实施“科教兴县”战略,提高渔业科技综合开发能力,努力做好“渔”字文章。     

长岛营造海上‘大寨田’

时下正值海带收获季节,长岛县大钦岛乡小浩村的渔民个个喜笑颜开。他们在专家指导下运用立体化养殖技术,使海带亩均增收28％,增效1000元以上,鲍鱼、虾夷贝等海珍品综合效益翻了一番多。目前,像小浩村用的这种立体化养殖技术推广面积占长岛县养殖总面积80％以上,诸岛70万亩海域已形成一个陆海滩养殖一齐上,上、中、下水层综合     

海带也能‘克隆’啦……

风靡一时的“克隆”羊曾让全世界为之震惊,一时间在生物工程中“克隆”成了最时髦最通俗的词语。日前,在烟台市科委组织的“海带克隆苗养殖高产早厚成品系验收会”上,笔者惊     

荣成重点抓好‘海洋三品’开发

山东省荣成市在渔业经济主要指标连续17年位居全国之首后,继续放眼整个海洋经济,把海洋经济作为全市的主导产业和最大的经     

我国对‘开辟区’开展环境调查研究

在高压、低温又黑暗的深达5000多米的太平洋底,海参有四五十厘米长,虾、蟹和许多不知名的鱼类在爬行或游动,洋底还有成堆的生物排泄物,那里竟然是一个生机盎然的动物世界。 这是刚结束的我国大洋多金属结核DY95-8航次考察队带回的深海录相的镜头,参加调查的环境项目责     

Estimating population parameters in an ‘open’ fish population

A model for an ‘open’ fish population is described. Basically an expansion of the classical catch equation, it includes a ‘population change’ coefficient to allow for changes in population size induced by causes other than fishing. The model relates this coefficient to catch, fishing effort, initial population size, and catchability coefficient. With observed catch and fishing effort data incorporated, the remaining parameters are estimated by minimising sums of squares. This estimation process is applied to data from both real and simulated fisheries, and is shown to be effective if the basic assumptions of the model are met. If this is not so considerable errors occur, and these are investigated with respect to the examples.     

Climatic ‘norms’ of the main properties of the world's oceans

The important values in the ocean's climatology — the norms of the main parameters of seawater such as temperature, salinity, density and dissolved oxygen — have been studied. The results of computation of the multi-annual average values of these parameters were analysed for the entire world's oceans and their separate regions. General regularities adherent in the global structure of the main hydrophysical and hydrochemical fields are revealed. A series of fundamental conclusions was derived that indicate the exclusive stability of the ocean's climate.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Planktonic cephalopods collected off East Antarctica during the ‘BROKE’ survey

The composition and distribution of squid captured between January and March during the 1996 baseline research on oceanography, krill and the environment survey off East Antarctica (80–150°E) was investigated. A total of 195 individuals were captured. The species collected were Galiteuthis glacialis, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, Histioteuthis atlantica, H. eltaninae, Alluroteuthis antarcticus, Batoteuthis skolops and Pholidoteuthis boschmai. Concentrations of squid were low, ranging from 4.4 to 174.7 individuals 100,000⁻³. The majority of squid captured were G. glacialis (174 individuals, 89.2% of all squid captured), and most of these (n=171) were small paralarvae <25 mm in mantle length. G. glacialis were distributed predominantly west of 120°E in water that was colder, and where the distance from the coastline of the southern boundary of the Antarctic circumpolar current (SB-ACC) was maximal. This water mass had greater concentrations of phytoplankton, was more productive and had maximal sea-ice extent compared to the water mass east of 120°E. G. glacialis was therefore more abundant in water where the majority of krill and krill predators were present compared to warmer oceanic waters of the ACC to the east, where salps dominated.     

Geologic evolution and hydrocarbon habitat of the ‘Arctic Alaska Microplate’

Depositional sequence mapping has been used to analyse the late Devonian to Recent geologic evolution and hydrocarbon habitat of north Alaska and northwest Canada. Eight depositional megasequences have been identified, each of which records a discrete, major phase of basin evolution. The three oldest megasequences are named the Ellesmerian and reflect deposition on a subsiding fold belt terrane. We name the subsequent two megasequences of early Jurassic to Aptian age, the Beaufortian. They record a 100 m.y. period of extension during which a Jurassic failed rift episode was followed by onset of the successful rift episode in the Hauterivian. This extension led to the opening of the oceanic Canada Basin. The final three megasequences record geographically distinct pulses of Brookian orogenesis.The major proven hydrocarbon habitat occurs on the Barrow Arch of north Alaska. This is a volumetrically large, but greatly restricted, hydrocarbon province, which developed as a result of constructive interference between Beaufortian rift and Brookian orogenic tectonics. Two other, relatively minor, hydrocarbon provinces have also been discovered. They are the Mackenzie Delta and Kugmallit Trough provinces of northwest Canada, which developed in passively subsided basins, located just beyond the influence of Brookian orogenic uplift.     

Long-term change in the abyssal NE Atlantic: The ‘Amperima Event’ revisited

The results from a time series study (1989–2005) at a depth of 4850 m on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, NE Atlantic, are presented, showing radical changes in the density of large invertebrates (megafauna) over time. Major changes occurred in a number of different taxa between 1996 and 1999 and then again in 2002. One species of holothurian, Amperima rosea, was particularly important, increasing in density by over three orders of magnitude. There were no significant changes in total megafaunal biomass during the same period. Peaks in density were correlated to reductions in mean body size, indicating that the increases were related to large-scale recruitment events. The changes occurred over a wide area of the Porcupine Abyssal Plain. Comparisons made with changes in the density of protozoan and metazoan meiofauna, and with macrofauna, showed that major changes in community structure occurred in all size fractions of the benthic community at the same time. This suggests that the faunal changes were driven by environmental factors rather than being stochastic population imbalances of one or two species. Large-scale changes in the flux of organic matter to the abyssal seafloor have been noted in the time series, particularly in 2001, and may be related to the sudden mass occurrence of A. rosea the following year. Time-varying environmental factors are important in influencing the occurrence of megafauna on the abyssal seafloor.     

The development and initial implementation of Australia's ‘integrated and comprehensive’ Oceans Policy

Australia's ratification of the Law of the Sea Convention has led to the declaration of an 11 million square kilometre exclusive economic zone. The increased responsibilities which go with this zone has resulted in the Australian Government preparing an “integrated and comprehensive” Oceans Policy. This paper reviews international progress in the development of oceans policy before describing and discussing the development and initial implementation of the Australian Oceans Policy. The development of the policy is analysed in terms of the interplay between various stakeholders and the issues included in the policy, with reference to lessons which may be of value to other countries in developing and implementing their own responses to the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention.     

‘Future Ocean’ – Communicating and conserving the blue heart of the planet

This key note presentation opened the conference. It provides a context to deliberations and discussions, and it sets out a range of options to help make better progress in the effective management and protection of the ocean. These range from improving the quality of protection through to how technology and new approaches can be used to ignite a broader interest and engagement with ocean conservation.     

Unique ‘spring-loaded’ gnathopod in the recently re-discovered and highly range-restricted estuarine amphipod Quadrivisio aviceps

The amphipod Quadrivisio aviceps (KH Barnard 1940), previously known from just three records collected at two small estuaries in the Western Cape, South Africa, was re-discovered at one of the original collection sites (the Palmiet River lagoon). The population at the second site (the Klein River estuary) appears to have died out, and surveys of other nearby estuaries failed to detect any additional populations. The species thus now appears to be restricted to a few hundred metres within a single small estuary, making it perhaps South Africa's most range-restricted marine crustacean. The gnathopod 2 of males has an extremely unusual shortened and elbowed dactyl, as well as a newly discovered and unique horseshoe-shaped ‘spring’ of elastic resilin tissue inserted within the muscles of the propodus. The function of the structure could not be confirmed, but it is thought to be a previously unknown vibration or sound-generating mechanism.     

‘The Hare and the Tortoise’: Lessons from Baltic Sea and Mediterranean Sea governance

Commonly, the Baltic Sea is pictured as a proactive region with a long-standing tradition for cooperation and surrounded by the “greenest” EU countries. In contrast, southern countries often suffer from the “Mediterranean Syndrome” in which the heterogenous socio political situation is given as the “proof” that cooperation would not work. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive adopted by European Union in 2008 is an important step towards ecosystem-based marine management and provides a legal document suggesting marine regions as a scale for cooperation. In this paper, we aim to explore stakeholders׳ perspectives on key factors for good governance at the regional sea level covering the Eastern Baltic States and the south of France. We targeted a broad panel of professionals from different sectors with a political, economic or societal importance in the respective seas. We suggest that Baltic and Mediterranean stakeholders are going through very different stages of governance adjustment fitting the purpose of ecosystem-based marine management. Baltic institutions are well established, which in some way prevents structural analysis of whether the current governance model is the most appropriate reaching GES. In the Mediterranean, the EU strategies faces institutional challenges, which is leading stakeholders to think “out of the box” about what is really needed for implementing ecosystem-based marine management for this sea. It is suggested that a golden opportunity exists at present in the Mediterranean to create a regional platform of cooperation, not only to fit the MSFD implementation, but also to improve governance of the Mediterranean Sea and its environmental status.     

The ‘devils triangle’ of MSC certification: Balancing credibility,accessibility and continuous improvement

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has continued to strengthen its position in the market based on its credibility as a transparent, accountable and science-based third party certification scheme. However, the consolidation of MSC's credibility risks being undermined by the poor representation of developing world fisheries and concerns that the scheme provides little incentive for continual improvement for fisheries once certified. This paper argues that the challenge of maintaining credibility while increasing access and fisheries improvement constitutes a ‘devils triangle’. In the absence of a clear policy from MSC for balancing this triangle fisheries are taking their own actions to differentiate themselves both above (MSC-plus) and below (MSC-minus) the certification threshold. To avoid further undermining of the MSC the organisation should internalise such externally-led differentiation by moving towards an internally controlled tiered certification system based on its already existing metric-based principle indicator system. Doing so would communicate on equity and continual improvement both before and after certification, and create on-going incentives for fishers to enter into the MSC programme.     

Spatial distribution of sedimentary P pools in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon ‘Albufera d’es Grau’ (Minorca Island,Spain)

The method for the sequential extraction of P proposed by Jensen et al. [Mcglathery, K.J., Marino, R., Howarth, R.W. (1998) Limnol. Oceanogr. 43, 799–810] was used to study the spatial distribution of sedimentary P in superficial sediments of a mesohaline coastal lagoon located in a watershed formed by carboniferous sandstone in the Western Mediterranean (Minorca Island, Spain). Dissolved inorganic phosphate (IP), dissolved organic phosphate (OP), Fe, Ca, Al, and F were analyzed in the extractions to assess adequacy of this method to clay sediments. The elemental composition of the solid phase (Al, Fe, K, Ti, Si, Mg and Ca) was also analyzed to relate concentrations of P pools to the mineral composition. Samples from marine carbonated sediments, rock and some materials of biological origin (tubes of polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus, bivalve shell debris) were analyzed for comparative purposes. The sequential procedure allowed to extract almost all sedimentary P from carbonate sediments and biogenic debris, but only 70% of total phosphorus (TP) from clay sediments and rock. Main IP pools in the lagoon were Fe-bound P (16.6% of TP), CaCO₃-bound P mainly from Ficopomatus tubes (12.0% of TP), and detrital carbonate fluorapatite (7.8% of TP). The most abundant P pool was refractory P (20.3% of TP), which appeared associated to the (Fe,K)Al-silicate fraction and to humic P. This indicated that clay–humic–organic P complexes were the main P reservoir in the lagoon. Spatial distribution of P pools reflected differential sedimentation of allochthonous materials, authigenic precipitation of Fe-oxides, and Fe-bound P as well as the differential distribution of organisms such as Ficopomatus.     

‘All in’: Snow crab,capitalization, and the future of small-scale fisheries in Newfoundland

The collapse of cod stocks off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador in the early 1990s has been widely identified as one of the greatest human-ecological catastrophes of the 20th century. In the aftermath of the crisis, heated debates took place about how the fishery should be structured in the future in order to facilitate the recovery of stocks and sustain coastal livelihoods. In the end, the trade union representing fishers and fish processing plant workers in the province proved successful in resisting pressures from fish processing companies to introduce full-scale privatization. It was also able to expand access to the lucrative snow crab fishery, thereby improving incomes for most remaining independent fishers in the province. Nevertheless, this paper argues that policy changes made shortly after cod moratorium, in combination with changing environmental, demographic, and market conditions, have created a situation which now threatens to undermine the capacity for small-scale fishing enterprises to remain independently owned and operated into the future.     

Institutionalizing environmental reform with sense-making: West and Central Africa ports and the ‘green port’ phenomenon

Harmonizing economic activities with environmental considerations has emerged as a new globalizing phenomenon for ports. The phenomenon is labelled as ‘green port’. There is however no canonical way of turning green port into business reality. Some advanced ports have adapted it and African ports are also beginning to follow. The Freeport of Monrovia in West and Central Africa had its process of incorporating environmental considerations into its operational practices in an environmental reform labelled as ‘going green’, akin to the green port phenomenon. The process interrupted routinized port activities and behavior. Employees of Freeport of Monrovia and stakeholders could not foresee the meaning and consequences of such reform. The uncertainty triggered a process for employees and stakeholders to collectively make sense of and react to their new situation. This paper integrates Weick's sense-making properties with Weber and Glynn's institutional mechanisms affiliated to sense-making as a conceptual tool to analyze and understand the process by which meaning was assigned to Freeport of Monrovia's environmental reform and also how it became institutionalized. The analysis is based on hands-on empirical research on an environmental capacity strengthening project executed in 2013 in the Freeport of Monrovia as part of its institutional reform from a service port into landlord port. Findings bring to light the dynamic interplay of institutions and sense-making in the greening of Freeport of Monrovia.     

Minimising errors in estimating fish population and biomass densities using the ‘acoustic volume backscattering strength’ method

The basic acoustical methods for estimating the volume backscattering strength and the absolute biomass density are commonly known. However, the detailed techniques for minimising errors in fitting the calibrated parameters of an echo sounding system in these computations are still not adequately examined and discussed. This paper describes and discusses the following computing techniques involved in the absolute biomass estimation: (i) the fitting of the calibrated time varied gain (TVG) curve, the selection of its operating interval, and the correction of its response; (ii) the compensation for the limitation of the signal bandwidth; (iii) the computation of the equivalent beam width of a transducer using its calibrated beam patterns; and (iv) the accuracy in the conversion from the volume backscattering to the absolute fish density using individual fish target strength measurements.