水温增加对西北太平洋柔鱼潜在栖息地的影响

In the Northwest Pacific Ocean, the squid jigging fisheries from China, Japan and other countries and regions have targeted the west winter-spring cohort of neon flying squid(Ommastrephes bartramii) from August to November since the 1970 s. This squid is a short-lived ecological opportunist with a life-span of about one year,and its population is labile and recruitment variability is driven by the environment or climate change. This variability provides a challenge for ones to forecast the key habitats affected by climate change. The catch data of O. bartramii from Chinese squid jigging fishery and the satellite-derived sea surface temperature(SST) data are used in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from August to November of 1998 to 2004, the SST preferences of O.bartramii corresponding to high values of catch per fishing day(CPUE) are determined and monthly potential habitats are predicted using a histogram analysis of the SST data. The possible changes in the potential habitats of O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean are estimated under four climate change scenarios based on the Fourth Assessment Report(AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, i.e., 0.5, 1, 2 and 4°C increases in the SST because of the climate change. The results reveal an obvious poleward shift of the potential habitats of O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.     

Influence of oceanological conditions on the distribution and biological features of the mass squid species in the South Kuril region

The distribution of the three mass commercial cephalopod species (the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus, the neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii, and the boreal clubhook squid Onychoteuthis borealijaponica) on the Pacific side of the South Kuril Islands is analyzed in relation to oceanological conditions using the data of scientific catches of squids and oceanographic observations obtained by Japanese and Russians research vessels in August–September of 1994–1999. With respect to the extension of the waters of subtropical origin, three types of oceanological conditions are distinguished: the “conventionally cold” (1996, 1997), “conventionally warm” (1998, 1999) and “conventionally normal” (1994, 1995) conditions. It is shown that conventionally cold years are more favorable for the fishery of the Japanese common squid and the boreal clubhook squid and conventionally normal years are favorable for the fishery of all three squid species, while conventionally cold years are only favorable for the fishery of the neon flying squid. Particular features of the distribution and biology of each of the squid species considered are discussed.     

Export market influence on the development of the Pacific shrimp fishery of Sonora,Mexico

The Pacific shrimp fishery is the most economically important and ecologically impactful fishery in Mexico. Strong export markets have had a tremendous influence on the technological development and structure of this fishery. This article describes the historical development, current status, ecological impacts and management of the open ocean trawling component of the shrimp fishery in the Sonoran waters of the Gulf of California. We trace the economic factors influencing the development of the Mexican Pacific trawler-based shrimp fishery, with a focus on the port of Guaymas, Sonora, and summarize the events leading to the current overcapitalized and inefficient state of that fishery. The Sonoran shrimp fishery is characterized by high rates of by-catch and a decline in catch per boat trends. A review of economic factors indicates that the decision-making process in this fishery is driven by export markets and does not adequately consider the local ecosystems and fishing communities impacted by shrimp trawling. Management priorities for the fishery include fleet size reduction, habitat protection and alternative technology development. Successful management depends on the participation of powerful export–import companies, along side producers, government resource management agencies, NGOs and scientists. This paper describes recent efforts in collaborative management and calls for the expansion of these efforts.     

Deemed value arbitrage in the New Zealand annual catch entitlement market

New Zealand's Quota Management System (QMS) consists of a two tier operational structure: Quota shares in a fishstock provide an Annual Catch Entitlement (ACE) of the total allowable commercial catch (TACC) of the specific fishstock. Fishers operating in a multispecies fishery need a portfolio of ACE that matches the mix of their annual catch. Fishers may own quota shares, and thereby receive the needed ACE allocations or they may operate without quota shares and rely on acquiring ACE in the ACE market. Whatever the fisher's situation, it is common for fishers to both buy and sell ACE during a fishing year as they seek to balance their actual catch against ACE. The incentive to achieve a balance is strong because at year-end fishers whose catch exceeds ACE are required to pay a fee called ‘deemed value’. For many fishstocks the deemed value fee increases sharply as the percentage by which a fisher's catch exceeds their ACE increases. When no ‘unbalanced’ ACE is available for purchase, an overfished fisher may attempt to mitigate their deemed value liability by engaging in arbitrage trading in ACE whereby they buy ACE from other overfished fishers. This study examines the nature and extent of ACE arbitrage behaviour in the New Zealand quota managed fishery. The study finds that the number of fishstocks where arbitrage trading occurs is relatively small and is declining. However, sizeable deemed value mitigation transactions are still evident.     

ITQs under illegal fishing: An application to the red shrimp fishery in Chile

We study an individual transferable quota system with imperfect enforcement. We apply a model of individual fisherman behavior to the red shrimp (Pleuroncodes monodon) fishery in central-southern Chile. Simulation results suggest that illegal fishing could generate a 21% increase in fishing effort, resulting in a 13% increase in catch and a 2% lower quota price in comparison with the results of a system that operates under perfect compliance. The results are sensitive to changes in the level of fish abundance, total allowable catch, and the design of enforcement to induce compliance.     

基于世代分析法的西北太平洋柔鱼冬春生西部群体资源评估

根据1996-2006年7～11月中国大陆鱿钓船在西北太平洋38°N～46°N、150°E～165°E海域的生产统计、平均渔获个体等数据,基于Pope提出的世代分析法估算了不同自然死亡系数下(M＝0.03～0.1/10 d)柔鱼冬春生西部群体7月的初始资源量,以及该群体为对象的渔业管理参考点,包括最大可持续产量(MSY)和逃逸率,并且拟合了该群体补充量与亲体量的关系,推测了2006-2020年资源量和渔获量的变化.结果表明,M为0.06/10 d为1个临界点,若实际M＜0.06/10 d则该群体处于过度开发状态;若M=0.06/10 d则该群体处于充分利用状态;若M＞0.06/10 d则该群体还有进一步开发利用的空间.补充量亲体关系表明,Beverton-Holt模型拟合效果略优于Ricker模型.要持续利用该资源,逃逸率应设在40%左右,其相应的MSY为10万t左右.文章模拟了M=0.06/10 d时不同捕捞强度下资源量变化状况,认为维持目前的捕捞努力量下,到2020年该群体的资源量都将处在稳定状态,且能保持每年9～10万t的渔获量.     

利用基于表温因子的栖息地模型预测西北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)渔场

根据1999—2004年8—10月主渔汛期间我国鱿钓船在150—165°E海域的鱿钓生产数据,结合其表温及表温梯度,分别将作业次数百分比和单位渔船日产量作为适应性指数,利用算术平均法(AM)和联乘法(GM)分别建立基于表温因子(表温和表温水平梯度)的综合栖息地指数模型。结果表明,AM栖息地指数模型和GM栖息地指数模型均拟合较好,在HSI大于0.6的海域,1999—2004年间其作业次数平均比重分别在70%以上,平均日产量均在2t/d以上。但AM模型稍优于GM模型。利用2005年8—10月生产数据及表温资料对AM模型进行验证,分析认为作业渔场主要分布在HSI大于0.6海域,其作业次数比重达到80%以上,各月平均CPUE均在3.0t/d以上。研究表明,基于表温和表温水平梯度的AM栖息地模型能获得较好预测西北太平洋柔鱼中心渔场。     

An assessment of the current status of the chokka squid fishery in South Africa and an evaluation of alternative allocation strategies

The South African squid fishery is based on a single species, Loligo reynaudi, locally referred to as chokka and commonly found around the Agulhas Bank and West Coast shelf of South Africa. The existing long term rights for participation in the fishery expire at the end of 2013 and a new set of rights will have to be issued. Progress made to date in achieving the objectives of the South African Marine Living Resources Act of 1998 (MLRA), including progress towards greater equity, will be an important consideration in allocation decisions. The draft Small-Scale Fisheries Policy, scheduled to be adopted in 2013, could also influence the criteria to be used. This study updates the information on the current structure and functioning of the squid jig sector and considers the likely performance of two alternative access allocation scenarios against the current and evolving policy goals. The study reaffirms that the squid fishery is an important contributor to human well-being in South Africa and particularly in the Eastern Cape Province but there is scope for improvement in the extent of transformation and equity. The study concludes that, as a result of a common lack of experience and capital amongst potential new entrants, the risks associated with transformation in this fishery are likely to be high, especially if the option of allocating rights to community-based legal entities was to be used. The risks could be reduced by ensuring that a number of pre-conditions were met. These include, amongst others, not allowing total effort in the fishery to increase; ensuring effective management by the responsible government authorities; adequate capacity building of new entrants, whether individuals or cooperatives; and ensuring new entrants have viable business plans.     

Analysis of bycatch in the South African midwater trawl fishery for horse mackerel Trachurus capensis based on observer data

The South African midwater trawl fishery targets adult horse mackerel Trachurus capensis. The bulk of the catch is taken by a single freezer-trawler, the biggest fishing vessel operating in South African waters. As fishing takes place off the south coast in ecologically sensitive areas, there are concerns about the potential impacts of this fishing operation on non-target species. Fishing behaviour and bycatch of this fishery from 2004 to 2014 were investigated by analysing observer records with regard to catch composition, volume and temporal and spatial patterns. The midwater trawl fishery was estimated to have caught 25 415 tonnes annually, with a bycatch of 6.9% of the total catch, by weight. There are species overlaps with various fisheries, namely the demersal trawl, small-pelagic, line, shark longline and squid fisheries, yet the total bycatch estimates from this fishery are generally small relative to catches taken in the target fisheries. Bycatch species with the highest average annual catches were chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, redeye roundherring Etrumeus whiteheadi, ribbonfish Lepidopus caudatus and hake Merluccius spp. Large-fauna bycatch species included sunfish Mola mola as well as a number of CITES II- and IUCN-listed species, such as Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus, dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus, smooth hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena and thresher sharks Alopias spp. The 97.9% observer coverage is high and the 6.9% bycatch rate low compared to other South African fisheries; however, due to the large size of the individual hauls (average of 46.3 t), the average sampling rate of 1.56% is low. Our analyses suggest that bycatch in the South African midwater trawl fishery has been lower than in other South African fisheries and similar fisheries elsewhere, but due to the combination of high catch volumes and low sampling rates, estimation errors for rare species are high and there is a substantial risk of incidental unmonitored bycatch of rare large fauna and aggregations of small fauna. This could be mitigated by spatio-temporal management of this fishery, to avoid fishing in high-risk areas, and the introduction of an electronic monitoring programme.     

我国海洋渔业地理信息系统发展现状

详细总结了我国海洋渔业地理信息系统的研究与应用现状,远洋渔业地理信息系统主要应用于金枪鱼、鱿钓业和秋刀鱼的资源分布、渔获量与渔场环境关系、渔情预报、渔场图绘制等方面,近海主要用于分析东海渔业资源分布和漂移特征、渔场环境分布、部分种类渔获量分布与环境关系及渔情预报等方面。除渔业资源与渔场领域外,渔业地理信息系统还被应用到渔船跟踪、捕捞违法行为判别、渔业信息发布和水产品查询,以及渔港建设等领域,国内学者在进行渔业地理信息系统技术应用的同时,还注重了其技术的研究及改进。     

Economic incentives for sustainable hilsa fishing in Bangladesh: An analysis of the legal and institutional framework

Bangladesh's hilsa shad (Tenulosa ilisha) comprises the largest single-species fishery in the country, constituting 11 per cent of the total catch and employing 2.5 million people directly or indirectly. Since 2003, following a sharp decline in catch figures, the hilsa fish has been the subject of a government conservation programme offering fishers economic incentives or payments for ecosystem services (PES). While PES schemes are widely used to conserve natural resources such as forests and watersheds, Bangladesh's programme is a rare example of PES for sustainable fishery management. Catch figures have improved since the programme was introduced; but concerns remain about fishers’ socioeconomic conditions and the long-term sustainability of Bangladesh's hilsa fishery. This paper analyses the conservation scheme's legal and institutional frameworks, identifying challenges to its design and implementation, and makes recommendations to overcome them.     

Transferable quotas,efficiency and crew ownership in Whalsay,Shetland

The resource economic theory tells us that individual transferable quotas (ITQs) improve efficiency in the fishing industry by removing the least efficient actors from a fishery and allowing ownership to concentrate in the hands of the most efficient operators. Assertions about the nature of this allocative efficiency are, however, often based on purely theoretical assumptions. This paper presents a case study of the efficient operators remaining in the UK pelagic fishing fleet. After over 30 years of rights-based management (RBM) and 12 years of ITQs, the UK pelagic fleet numbers only 31 large-scale boats. Seven of these operate from the island of Whalsay in Shetland, which, with a population of approximately 1000 people (0.000016% of the population of the UK), is entitled to land around 22% of the UK pelagic catch. A key characteristic of the economically efficient Whalsay fleet is a crew ownership structure. This is now under threat from the long-term dynamics of the UK's ITQ system, as the high price of quota prevents the renewal of the fishery through new entrants. In the majority of global fisheries, where vessel ownership structures do not follow an assumed economic norm, fully marketised transferable rights may not be the most efficient method of management.     

Identification and Lagrangian analysis of oceanographic structures favorable for fishery of neon flying squid (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ommastrephes bartramii</Emphasis>) in the South Kuril area

Based on the AVISO velocity field, we compute daily synoptic Lagrangian maps in the South Kuril area for the fishery seasons of 1998, 1999, and 2001–2005 from available catching data on neon flying squid (NFS). With the help of drift maps for artificial particles, we found that the majority of NFS fishing grounds featuring maximum catches are situated near large-scale Lagrangian intrusions: tongues of water penetrating the surrounding water of other Lagrangian properties. It is shown that the NFS catch locations tend to accumulate at places where waters with different magnitudes of certain Lagrangian indicators converge, mix, and produce filaments, swirls, and tendrils typical of chaotic advection. Potential NFS fishing grounds are mainly located near (1) Lagrangian intrusions of the Subarctic front, (2) intrusions of Okhotsk Sea and Oyashio waters around mesoscale anticyclones east of Hokkaido with subsequent penetration of catch locations inside eddies and (3) intrusions of subtropical waters into the central part of the South Kuril area due to interaction with eddies of different size and polarity. Possible reasons for increased biological production and fishery in the vicinity of Lagrangian intrusions are discussed.     

Catch shares and the main Hawaiian Islands bottomfish fishery: Linking fishery conditions and fisher perceptions

To address overfishing concerns, a total allowable catch (TAC) management program was instituted in the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) bottomfish fishery during 2007. Using results from a recent survey of bottomfish fishermen, this paper details behavioral and social aspects of bottomfish fishing in Hawaii and explores fisher perceptions towards current fishery conditions and future management alternatives. The paper further discusses the applicability of potential catch share management for this fishery. Bottomfish fishermen expressed uncertainty towards catch share programs and appear to be reluctant about any movement towards catch share management. This paper describes many preexisting conditions in the fishery that suggest a catch share program may not be practical at this time.     

Ecological risk assessment of the Marshall Islands longline tuna fishery

To support implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, ecological risk assessment (ERA) methods have recently been developed for the continuum of data-deficient to data-rich fisheries. A semi-quantitative ERA was conducted for the Marshall Islands longline bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) fishery. The study used information from analyses of observer data, surveys of captains and crew and inventories of gear and equipment. Relative risks were evaluated through a consideration of phylogenetic uniqueness, risk of population extirpation, risk of species extinction and importance in ecosystem regulation. The fishery presents a highest relative risk to leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), green (Chelonia mydas) and olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtle Regional Management Units that overlap with the fishery, in that order. The next highest relative risk is to affected stocks of oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus), blue (Prionace glauca), and silky (Carcharhinus falciformis) sharks, in that sequence. Seabird bycatch is likely not problematic. There was inadequate information to assess risks to cetacean populations. Risks to stocks of market and non-market species of marine fishes with r-selected life history characteristics were not assessed. This is because estimates of critical threshold levels of local and absolute abundance and current biomass are not known for many of these stocks. Several best practice gear technology methods to mitigate problematic catch of vulnerable species groups are currently employed: monofilament leaders, whole fish for bait, single-hooking fish bait, no lightsticks, and no fishing at shallow submerged features. Setting terminal tackle below 100 m and carrying and using best practice handling and release equipment were methods identified to reduce fishing mortality and injury of vulnerable species. More information is needed to determine if weaker hooks should be prescribed to mitigate cetacean bycatch. The large benefit to sea turtles of replacing remaining J-shaped hooks with circle hooks might outweigh a possible small increase in elasmobranch catch rates. The consumption of 2024 l of fuel per tonne of landed catch, which is within the range of available estimated rates from similar fisheries, could be reduced, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, through more frequent maintenance and upgrading vessel equipment and materials. Observer data quality may be adequate to support a quantitative Level 3 ERA to determine the significance of the effect of various factors on standardized catch rates and to estimate population-level effects from fishing mortality.     

基于复合模型的西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼（Illex argentinus）时空分布研究

本文利用2003-2011年西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼渔业数据和海洋环境数据,包括海表温度（sea surface temperature, SST）,海面高度（sea surface height, SSH）和叶绿素浓度（chlorophyll a, Chl a）,开发基于广义加性模型（GAM）和神经网络模型（NNM）的复合模型研究滑柔鱼资源时空分布。GAM用于选择关键影响因子,并分析与单位捕捞努力量渔获量（catch per unit effort, CPUE）的关系,NNM用于建立关键影响因子与CPUE之间的预报模型。结果表明：GAM选择的影响因子的偏差解释率为53.8%,空间变量（经度和纬度）,环境变量（SST、SSH、Chl a）均匀CPUE之间存在显著相关性。CPUE与SST和SSH之间为非线性关系,与Chl a之间为线性关系。NNM模型的MSE和ARV较低,其精度高且稳定。此复合模型也能够解释解释西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼时空变化趋势和迁徙模式。     

基于灰色系统的西北太平洋柔鱼冬春生群资源丰度预测模型

柔鱼（Ommastrephes bartramii）是西北太平洋重要的经济头足类之一,科学预测柔鱼资源丰度有利于其合理的开发和利用。研究结合1998-2008年北太平洋柔鱼生产统计数据和产卵场环境及其气候因子,使用灰色关联分析和灰色预测建模的方法,对产卵期内（1-4月）影响柔鱼冬春生群体资源丰度（CPUE）的产卵场环境以及气候指标进行分析,并建立柔鱼冬春生群体资源丰度的预报模型。结果表明,产卵期内影响柔鱼冬春生群体资源丰度的因子依次是:3月份产卵场平均海表面温度SST（average sea surface temperature）、1月份太平洋年代际震荡指数PDO（Pacific Decadal Oscillatio index）,4月份Niño3.4指标和4月份平均叶绿素浓度Chl a（average chlorophyll a concentration）。灰色预报模型分析表明,基于3月份SST、1月份PDO和4月份Chl a的GM（1,4）模型有着较好的预测效果,其预测准确率在80%以上,可用于西北太平洋柔鱼冬春群体资源丰度的预测。     

西北太平洋柔鱼丰度的灰色灾变预测

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)为短生命周期的头足类,其资源丰度极易受海洋环境变化影响,年间波动较大。根据1995?2017年西北太平洋柔鱼渔业生产统计数据,以单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)作为资源丰度指数,运用灰色灾变预测方法对上、下限灾变年份建立GM(1, 1)模型,预测未来灾变年份。结果显示,以GLM模型标准化CPUE建立的下限灾变预测模型的平均相对误差为15.32%,上限灾变预测模型的平均相对误差为8.19%,模型精度检验等级均为Ⅰ级。研究认为,下一个资源丰年(CPUE大于2.39 t/(船·a))将出现在2021年,资源歉年(CPUE小于2.13 t/(船·a))将出现在2027年;太平洋年代际涛动与El Ni?o-La Ni?a事件是驱使柔鱼丰度大幅度波动的重要因素。该预测结果可为西北太平洋鱿钓生产企业和管理部门提供参考。     

基于不同权重的栖息地指数模型预报阿根廷滑柔鱼中心渔场

本文根据2003-2009年1-5月和2011年1-5月西南大西洋海域阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)的生产数据,结合遥感获得的海表面温度(SST)和海表面高度(SSH)数据,利用不同权重的栖息地指数模型来预报阿根廷滑柔鱼的中心渔场。采用外包络法,利用作业次数与SST、SSH建立适应性指数(SI)模型,依据作业次数比重和产量比重来比较不同权重的算术加权模型(AWM),从而筛选出最佳模型,并对最佳模型进行验证。结果显示,确定AWM(a=0.3,SST权重为0.3,SSH的权重为0.7)为最佳模型,当栖息地适应性指数(HSI)大于0.6时,作业次数的比重为93.23%,产量比重为89.28%,当HSI小于0.4时,作业次数的比重为2.12%,产量比重为3.35%。利用2011年1-5月的生产数据和环境数据对AWM(a=0.3)进行验证,结果显示,在HSI大于0.6的海域,各月作业次数比重均在91%以上,产量比重均在95%以上。研究表明,在阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场形成中SSH比SST更为重要,基于SST和SSH的AWM(a=0.3)能够较好地预测西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼的中心渔场。     

Variations of oceanic fronts and their influence on the fishing grounds of Ommastrephes bartramii in the Northwest Pacific

Two predominant currents, the warm Kuroshio Current and the cold Oyashio Current, meet in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The dynamics of physical oceanographic structures in this region, including frontal zones and meandering eddies, result in a highly productive habitat that serves as a favorable feeding ground for various commercially important species. Neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, is an important oceanic squid, which is widely distributed in the North Pacific Ocean. Based on the catch data collected by Chinese squid jigging fleets and relevant environmental data, including sea surface temperature(SST) and fronts(represented by gradients of SST and thermocline) during 1998–2009, the variations of oceanic fronts and their influence on the fishing grounds of O. bartramii were evaluated, and the differences in distribution of fishing grounds of O. bartramii in 2000 and 2002 were compared by describing the differences in vertical temperature between 0–300 m. It was found that the preferred horizontal temperature gradient of SST for O. bartramii tended to be centered at 0.01–0.02°C/nm, which attracted nearly 80% of the total fishing effort, and the preferred horizontal temperature gradients at the 50 m and 105 m layers were mainly located at 0.01–0.03°C/nm, which accounted for more than 70% of the total fishing effort during August–October. The preferred vertical temperature gradient within the 0–50 m layer for O. bartramii tended to be centered at 0.15–0.25°C/m during August and September and at 0.10–0.15°C/m in October, implying that the mixed surface layer was distributed at depths of 0–50 m. It was concluded that the vertical temperature gradient was more important than the horizontal temperature gradient in playing a role in forming the fishing ground. The results improved our understanding of the spatial dynamics of the O. bartramii fishery.