Using input–output methods to assess the effects of fishing and aquaculture on a regional economy: The case of Galicia,Spain

This paper uses an input–output model to quantify the socioeconomic impact of fishing and aquaculture on Galicia, one of Spain's most important maritime regions. Results indicate that the carryover effects of these production activities are important for Galicia's economy because they contribute not only to job creation but also to possibilities for obtaining income in other economic sectors. These sectors’ combined production in 2013 was almost a million euros, and that production was estimated to account for nearly 2% of the regional economy's value added and for more than 17,000 full-time jobs. Together these contributions amounted to some €1.7 billion in production and €975 million in value added to other Galician economic activities. At the same time, fishing and aquaculture were responsible for creating the equivalent of more than 14,000 full-time jobs in other economic activities.     

Patterns of waterbird community composition across a natural and restored wetland landscape mosaic,Yellow River Delta,China

Habitat restoration can help mitigate the extensive loss and degradation of estuarine and coastal wetlands that have consequently eroded the integrity of many migratory flyways and wintering habitat for waterbird populations. Assessing the impact of restoration strategies however relies on empirical data on waterbird community distribution patterns across natural and restored wetland components. We conducted habitat and waterbird surveys across six natural and restored wetland regions in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve (YRDNR), eastern China, between 2007 and 2009. We recorded 93 waterbird species, including populations of 21 global conservation importance species. Community composition was stratified into distinctive clusters with compositional structure changing across these natural, modified and restored wetland components. NMDS ordination revealed that waterbird communities in restored wetlands were significantly different from those in natural and modified wetland components. Community distribution patterns were strongly influenced by environmental gradients (most noticeably salinity), water-level regulation, vegetation composition and differences in protected status. We found marked temporal patterns in waterbird community composition, which may be predictable for the different wetland components across the YRDNR landscape. Our study highlights the conservation benefits of restoring smaller wetland components in improving the ecological integrity of the wider wetland landscape mosaic for waterbird populations. A more coherent and intensive landscape management of water-level regulation and restoration of salinity gradients will be fundamental for wetland and waterbird conservation throughout the YRDNR.     

Modelling the effects and economics of managed realignment on the cycling and storage of nutrients, carbon and sediments in the Blackwater estuary UK

A hydrodynamic model is developed for the Blackwater estuary (UK) and used to estimate nitrate removal by denitrification. Using the model, sediment analysis and estimates of sedimentation rates, we estimate changes in estuarine denitrification and intertidal carbon and nutrient storage and associated value of habitat created under a scenario of extensive managed realignment. We then use this information, together with engineering and land costs, to conduct a cost benefit analysis of the managed realignment. This demonstrates that over a 50–100 year timescale the value of the habitat created and carbon buried is sufficient to make the large scale managed realignment cost effective. The analysis reveals that carbon and nutrient storage plus habitat creation represent major and quantifiable benefits of realignment. The methodology described here can be readily transferred to other coastal systems.     

围填海活动的海洋环境与生物资源影响及对策建议

为缓解沿海地区人地矛盾、拓展城市生存空间,围填海活动在短时间内迅速发展。然而,围填海工程在带来显著经济效益的同时,对近岸区域的海洋环境与生物资源造成了诸多负面影响。为此,文章分析围填海活动对海洋水文动力条件、水体质量、防灾减灾等海洋环境带来的威胁,探讨其对生物多样性、栖息地保护、生态系统服务功能价值产生的损害。最后,在完善围填海国家政策法规管理制度、强化生态修复规划研究、建立围填海生态环境影响评估体系3个层面提出切实可行的对策建议,以期为沿海地区健康可持续发展、围填海生态影响研究及相关管理工作提供科学依据。     

Policy,legal and institutional reforms for public–private partnerships needed to sustain large marine ecosystems of East Asia

The legacy of overfishing, destruction of coastal habitats, and accelerated pollution loading has dramatically reduced the biomass and diversity of marine waters in East Asia. Coasts can no longer support the numbers of people migrating to them, thus risking future economic benefits and social stability. Some countries are adopting needed reforms while, in others, less priority is given to reforms. National budgets for the environment, as well as international financial flows for environmental sustainability, remain disappointing. In the water sector alone, a global shortfall of US$100 billion annually will frustrate the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The paper argues that reforms are essential in the North and the South in order to reverse the gloomy outlook for East Asia, including global trade reforms and reduction of agricultural/fisheries subsidies in the North. Reforms to facilitate creation of public–private partnerships and their international support may be the only viable options for improving water service delivery, sewage/industrial effluent treatment, fisheries, and maritime transport to reduce impacts on coastal and marine waters to meet MDGs. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has supported a series of projects since 1991, totaling US$657 million for East Asia, with an emphasis on practical application of integrated coastal management for the large marine ecosystems. Among reforms identified to mobilize the private sector are revolving funds, reinsurance facilities, sub-sovereign lending, risk mitigation, partnerships, and corporate responsibility. GEF advocated these reforms in the run-up to the World Summit on Sustainable Development and is supporting a new generation of projects for countries desiring to pursue them.     

厦门杏林湾生态修复效果评估和保护对策

为加强杏林湾生态环境保护,强化厦门自然保护地选划和滨海湿地保护管理,文章分析自园博园建设以来,海岸带开发对杏林湾生态功能的影响;基于生态系统服务价值理论,通过构建杏林湾生态修复效果评估指标体系,对杏林湾生态修复效果进行评估和分析。研究结果表明:杏林湾生态系统服务价值由2005年的6313.03万元提升至2018年的10415.93万元,区域开发过程中的保护措施对生态系统服务有促进作用,但尚未完全发挥杏林湾应有的价值,原生生境保护有待加强。运用"山水林田湖草"生命共同体和陆海统筹理念提出保护措施:通过划定自然保护地对荒野地进行严格保护,并开展以自然恢复为主的生态修复,从而进一步提升生态价值;针对杏林湾水污染问题,通过湖海共治提升水质,改善生态环境质量。     

海岸带生境破坏影响因素及整治修复策略研究

海岸带是海陆交汇的地带,也是海洋资源富集区和海洋经济发展的重要基础。海岸带生态系统具有十分重要的经济和生态服务功能,是生态系统平衡的脆弱地带,但目前由于气候变化、生物入侵、海洋污染和人为开发活动等因素,其生境出现退化。文章简述了我国海岸带生境破坏的主要因素,总结国内外海岸带研究与管理,并给出了海岸带整治修复的技术策略,为整治修复工程项目的更好开展提供依据参考,从而促进海岸带的可持续利用,推动沿海地区海洋经济发展和海洋生态文明建设。     

The economic cost and control of marine debris damage in the Asia-Pacific region

Oceans in the Asia-Pacific region are being impacted by increasing levels of marine debris, with many governments unaware of the extent that marine debris damages marine industries, the economy and the marine environment. We examine the economic costs associated with marine debris and present a simple marine debris cycle model to discuss the costs and benefits of prevention, clean-up and the benefits of using biodegradable materials. For the 21 economies of the Asia- Pacific rim we estimate that marine debris-related damage to marine industries costs US$1.26bn per annum in 2008 terms. Marine debris imposes an avoidable cost that can be reduced through policy implementation to economically optimal levels. Options to control debris, using regulations, technical intervention and market based instruments, may have a role. In this pollution policy area, additional economic cost data are required to inform governments on the most economical ways to control levels of marine debris.     

福建省连江县海岸带生态保护修复的现状、问题和对策

为维护和改善海岸带生态环境、提升海岸带生态价值、保障海岸带生态安全以及推进海洋生态文明建设,文章分析当前连江县海岸带面临的主要生态环境问题,并提出未来亟须开展的海岸带保护修复重点工程和对策建议。结果表明:当前连江县海岸带面临外来物种入侵、海洋垃圾量大面广、典型滨海湿地生境被破坏、部分岸线和景观受损严重、渔业生产设施无序堆放、海水水质和生态环境质量下降以及台风和赤潮影响生态安全7个生态环境问题;针对上述问题,亟须重点从滨海湿地保护修复工程、海洋环境综合整治工程、岸线和景观保护修复工程以及海岸带监测预警工程4个方面开展连江县海岸带生态保护修复工作,并从明确责任主体和加强组织领导、拓宽资金投入渠道、加强科技支撑、实行目标责任制以及健全监督管理机制5个方面保障海岸带生态保护修复重点工程的顺利实施。     

典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估研究进展与展望

近年来,海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估研究日益受到关注.本文梳理了国内外在红树林、珊瑚礁、海草床、盐沼湿地等四类典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估指标和评估方法方面的研究进展.结果 表明,典型海洋生态系统在进行生态修复成效评估时,基于修复目标和修复方法,评估指标选取虽各有侧重,但主要包括生物和生境状况两个方面.多数生态修复...     

我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范的现状与分析

滨海湿地是地球上十分重要的一类生态系统, 可为人类社会提供诸如调节气候、降解污染、碳汇氮汇等众多生态服务功能。近年来, 由于气候变化和围填海等开发活动的影响, 我国滨海湿地面积锐减, 功能退化, 面临多种生态问题。为应对滨海湿地退化及日益凸显的生态环境问题, 滨海湿地保护和修复工作逐渐受到重视, 滨海湿地生态修复工程项目的数量和规模也随之急剧增加。滨海湿地生态修复技术规范对滨海湿地生态修复工作具有重要意义, 然而我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范体系尚不完善, 导致滨海湿地生态修复项目实施无序以及生态修复成效低等问题。本文全面搜集了我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范, 对检索到的规范进行分类统计与分析, 从而揭示其存在的问题, 主要包括规范体系系统性不足、生态修复理念滞后、规范之间缺乏协调性、规范可操作性差、规范更新迟滞等。针对存在的问题提出了相应的对策建议, 为完善我国滨海湿地生态修复领域规范体系、不断推进我国生态文明建设进程提供参考。     

From krill to convenience stores: Forecasting the economic and ecological effects of fisheries management on the US West Coast

There is a need to better understand the linkages between marine ecosystems and the human communities and economies that depend on these systems. Here those linkages are drawn for the California Current on the US West Coast, by combining a fishery ecosystem model (Atlantis) with an economic model (IO-PAC) that traces how changes in seafood landings impact the broader economy. The potential effects of broad fisheries management options are explored, including status quo management, switching effort from trawl to other gears, and spatial management scenarios. Relative to Status Quo, the other scenarios here involved short-term ex-vessel revenue losses, primarily to the bottom trawl fleet. Other fleets, particularly the fixed gear fleet that uses pots and demersal longlines, gained revenue in some scenarios, though spatial closures of Rockfish Conservation Areas reduced revenue to fixed gear fleets. Processor and wholesaler revenue tracked trends in the bottom trawl fleet, which accounted for 58% of total landings by value. Income impacts (employee compensation and earnings of business owners) on the broader economy mirrored the revenue trends. The long-term forecast (15 years) from the Atlantis ecosystem model predicted substantial stock rebuilding and increases in fleet catch. The 15 year projection of Status Quo suggested an additional ∼$27 million in revenue for the fisheries sectors, and an additional $23 million in income and 385 jobs in the broader economy, roughly a 25% increase. Linking the ecological and economic models here has allowed evaluation of fishery management policies using multiple criteria, and comparison of potential economic and conservation trade-offs that stem from management actions.     

基于自然资源统一管理的广东省海岸带生态修复

为促进广东省生态文明建设和经济可持续发展,文章以自然资源统一管理为视角,遵循陆海统筹的理念,分析广东省海岸带生态修复的现状、挑战、重点关注的关系以及发展路径。研究结果表明:广东省加大对海岸带生态修复的投入,开展海岸整治修复等一系列生态修复项目,在海水质量、管理机制和人居环境等方面取得初步成效,但仍在统筹规划、管理衔接、技术研究和投入保障等方面存在不足;海岸带生态修复应重点关注并处理好4个关系,即陆地和海洋、修复和保护、修复和发展以及属地和联动的关系;在此基础上,应通过统一规划、机制保障和共同参与,进一步优化海岸带生态修复效果。     

Accommodating ecotourism in multiple use planning of coastal and marine protected areas

Coastal and marine areas the world over provide food, transportation, recreation, and energy resources to increasing numbers of people each year. As demands for these resources rise, the potential for user conflicts is radically heightened. This situation can be avoided or counteracted by instigating proactive multiple use planning. Multiple use zoning plans can only exist in a concrete management framework: marine and coastal protected areas provide just such a foundation. Nature-based or ecotourism can be encouraged in coastal protected areas aimed at achieving sustainability. Well-planned tourism provides economic and political incentives for management and for conservation, and may bring additional benefits to local communities and regional economies. Examples where nature-based tourism has been or is becoming successfully integrated into multiple use planning can be found in Quintana Roo, Mexico; the Lesser Antilles; and Australia, among other areas.     

人工海岸生态化改造及修复效果评价指标体系研究

海岸作为海洋资源开发、沿海经济发展的重要支撑,大量人口、产业向海岸带区域聚集,高强度的人类活动导致海岸带环境日益恶化、自然岸线严重受损、海岸带资源锐减。海岸整治修复成为保护海岸带生态环境、恢复海岸带资源的重要技术手段。为评价人工海岸生态化改造及整治修复工作效果,基于国内外学者对海岸生态修复的研究成果,综合考虑生态指标、经济指标和功能指标三方面,筛选出50项产出性指标构建人工海岸生态化改造及修复效果评价指标体系,力求科学全面、客观合理地评价人工海岸整治修复效果,为人工海岸生态化改造及整治修复工作的检查、考核以及验收提供参考依据。     

杭州湾北岸临港新片区岸段潮滩沉积特征

近年来,海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估研究日益受到关注。本文梳理了国内外在红树林、珊瑚礁、海草床、盐沼湿地等四类典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估指标和评估方法方面的研究进展。结果表明,典型海洋生态系统在进行生态修复成效评估时,基于修复目标和修复方法,评估指标选取虽各有侧重,但主要包括生物和生境状况两个方面。多数生态修复项目的监测、评估都是在短期内进行的,缺乏长期、连续性监测,社会和经济相关指标的研究还相对较为缺乏。成效评估方法目前没有比较清晰、全面的分类。实际应用的评估方法较为单一,对海洋生态系统服务价值揭示不够全面。     

The evolution of coastal wetland policy in developed countries and Korea

This paper reviews the evolution of the coastal wetland policy in developed countries, leading to finding 3 eras of development of the coastal wetland policy. Before having recognized the wetland functions and services until 1960s, the economic focus had been prevalent, allowing wetland to be exploited mainly for economic uses. But as the wetland ecosystem functions came to be realized, policies to preserve them had been introduced in developed countries, by which the wetland policy had transited ‘step by step’ from an economic to an ecological focus. Through these steps, developed countries came to have the legal and institutional systems for wetland preservation, mitigation and restoration, and management for the wise and sustainable use in conformity to the international standards such as the Ramsar Convention and others since 1990. Thus, they have reached more complete ecological focus in their wetland management with the increase in relevant socio-cultural activities such as the ecosystem education, ecotourism, etc. Roughly speaking, it led to the 3 ‘eras’: the wetland exploitive era, policy transition era, wetland conservation era. In this vein, Korea also experienced a similar exploitive era of economic focus when wetland conversion had been dominated by agriculture, residence and industry before 1990s. From then till 2005, Korea had experienced sufferings from conflicts arising from large reclamation projects such as those in Shihwa and Saemangum, through which she had spent policy transition era and then began to introduce a new policy of ecological focus as in developed countries. Korea can be described as entering a new era of ecological focus with the introduction of relevant advanced systems such as reinforced 10 year of wetland conversion plan with stricter review and permit system, wetland protected area system, special plan to restore existing reclaimed areas to original wetlands, etc.     

Valuing recreational and conservation benefits of coral reefs—The case of Bolinao,Philippines

The recognition of recreational and conservation benefits of coral reefs globally provides a sound economic rationale for their management. The value of recreational and conservation benefits of coral reefs along the Lingayen Gulf, Bolinao, Philippines is evaluated using travel cost and contingent valuation methods, respectively. Empirical results generated consumer surplus valued at PhP10,463 (US$223) per person per annum or potential net annual revenues to the local economy worth PhP220.2 million (US$4.7 million) from an estimated 21,042 visitors to Bolinao in 2000. However, willingness to pay (WTP) values (in absolute terms and as a percentage of income) for the conservation of coral reefs at Bolinao that were elicited are low, particularly among domestic tourists. This implies that preservation of natural resources and the environment may not be an immediate priority among local travelers due to socio-economic considerations in developing countries, such as the Philippines and the public goods nature of the recreational services provided by coral reefs. These results have further implications for determining the values of coral reefs to support public investment for their conservation and management. The roles of advocacy, education, and awareness campaigns have been highlighted to create a larger WTP for the management of coral reefs.     

One million dollars per mile? The opportunity costs of Hurricane evacuation

Emergency managers should balance the benefits and costs of voluntary and mandatory evacuation orders when issuing orders prior to a hurricane. The only estimate of hurricane evacuation costs is the often-quoted “one million dollars per mile” of evacuated coastline. The purpose of this paper is to pursue better measures of the opportunity costs of hurricane evacuations that depend on storm intensity, behavior, and population. We model the hurricane evacuation decision of households using revealed and stated preference methods with data from a survey of North Carolina residents who experienced 1998s Hurricane Bonnie. We use the evacuation predictions and estimates of household evacuation costs to estimate the aggregate opportunity costs of hurricane evacuations. We find that hurricane evacuation costs for ocean counties in North Carolina range from about $1 million to $50 million depending on storm intensity and emergency management policy. These costs are much less than “one million dollars per mile” of evacuated coastline.     

Estimating the economic impacts of bycatch in U.S. commercial fisheries

Bycatch presents a challenge to optimizing yield in commercial fisheries, where bycatch can total more than 1 million mt per year in the United States. Yet the economic impacts of bycatch have rarely been evaluated in the scientific literature. These economic impacts largely occur from the loss of landings through (1) early closure of fisheries when catch limits of bycatch species are reached; and (2) discards of marketable catch due to regulatory requirements in the fishery. This paper illustrates the economic impacts of early closures due to bycatch in U.S. fisheries by describing past case studies, as well as evaluating the economic impacts of discarding fish in U.S. commercial fisheries. Premature closures in the fisheries reviewed resulted in potential losses ranging from $34.4 million to $453.0 million annually. Nationally, bycatch estimates in the form of regulatory discards are annually reducing the potential yield of fisheries by $427.0 million in ex-vessel revenues, and as much as $4.2 billion in seafood-related sales, $1.5 billion in income, and 64,000 jobs. Our review also shows that some of the most promising work to reduce bycatch over the last decade has been the development of gears or gear modifications, termed “conservation engineering.”