最大卓越周期估算震级方法的优化研究

震级估算是地震预警系统(EEWs)的核心任务。基于最大卓越周期参数(^p_max)的震级估算方法被广泛研究和应用,但^p_max计算细节被忽视,导致^p_max的震级估算效果存在较大的差异。为此,利用日本的大量井下强震记录,对^p_max计算涉及的滤波范围、滤波阶数和平滑系数的设置进行优化,提出了^p_max的优化计算方法,即滤波范围选用高通0.001 Hz,滤波阶数为1阶,平滑系数取0.95。利用日本和智利的初至3～6 s P波对比分析优化后的^p_max和优化前的^p_max以及_c的震级估算效果,结果表明:优化后的^p_max与震级的相关性和震级估算的误差均好于优化前的^p_max和_c。本文给出的^p_max优化计算方法,可以显著地改善^p_max在EEWs中的震级估算效果。     

基于卷积神经网络的地震预警震级持续估算方法研究

为提高地震预警震级快速持续估算结果的准确性,本文构建了基于多种地震动特征参数的卷积神经网络震级估算CNN-M模型.该模型基于日本KiK-net强震动观测记录,利用其P波触发后3～ 10s时间窗内的幅值参数、周期参数、烈度参数、信噪比参数共11种地震波特征参数以及震中距参数作为输入.本文所建立的CNN-M模型随着地震发生...     

利用2014年云南地震验证与研究四川地震预警快速震级估算模型

地震预警系统是防震减灾中最为行之有效的方法之一,其中对地震震级的估算是非常重要且困难的。目前,比较成熟的地震震级估计方法包括：基于最大卓越周期（τ_p^max）、特征周期（τ_c）和最大位移幅值（P_d）方法。利用2014年云南地3次大地震主震及余震P波初期部分的信息,验证与研究了四川地区地震预警快速震级估算模型在云南地区的适用性,结果表明3种参数模型均能在短时间内有效地进行震级估算。对于本研究数据库而言,P_d-4 s时窗模型最优,3个参数模型求得的估计震级在大震下均没有出现明显的震级饱和现象。但由于目前难以在短时窗下得到准确的震源/中距,因此推荐在云南地区地震预警系统中使用τ_p^max和τ_c模型来估计震级。     

地震预警震级计算方法研究综述

地震预警系统是减轻地震灾害的有效手段之一,世界上多个国家和地区都已经建立了地震预警系统,并在实际应用中取得了显著的减灾实效.由于地震预警系统应用中的高度时效性要求,预警震级计算是整个地震预警系统中最重要也是最困难的一部分.本文回顾总结了地震预警研究中采用的一些震级计算方法,并将其归纳为三大类算法:与初始周期相关的算法、与初始幅值相关的算法和与初始强度相关的算法.对每种算法都做了详尽介绍和仔细分析,同时列举出与该算法相关的研究成果.通过对这些算法的分析总结并结合我国地震观测台网的实际情况,作者推荐τc、Pd两种方法作为我国地震预警系统建设中优先采用的两种预警震级算法.     

基于2014年云南地区地震的地震预警参数与快速震级估算研究

根据2014年云南地区M6.1盈江地震、M6.5鲁甸地震和M6.6景谷地震的主震、余震P波初期部分的信息,研究了地震震级快速估算中3个预警参数（最大卓越周期τ_p^max、特征周期τ_c和最大位移幅值P_d）与震级的相关性,提出了云南地区的震级估计模型,并对其进行分析,再和其它地区的震级估计模型进行对比和评价。结果表明:3种方法均能在短时间内（2~4 s）有效地进行震级估算,P_d方法估算效果最优,τ_c方法次优,τ_p^max方法较弱。在震级较大的主震震级估计中,3种方法均没有出现明显的震级低估（震级饱和）现象。对于τ_p^max方法,云南地区的估计模型与南加州地区较为接近,但与四川地区区别较大,可能与该方法的计算稳定性有关;而τ_c方法的估计模型则与四川及世界其它地区均较为接近,更具有普适性和稳定性。在地震预警系统的实际应用中,由于云南地区尚未建立密集的地震监测台网系统,因此在短时间内难以得到较为准确的震中距。与震源距相独立的τpmax和τc两种算法则显得较为实用,其中:τ_c方法略优于τ_p^max方法,同时能较好地满足地震预警系统的精度要求,因此推荐使用τc方法应用于云南地区地震预警系统中的快速震级估算。     

利用高频GPS资料研究2016年新西兰凯库拉地震的地表形变及预警震级

2016年11月13日,新西兰凯库拉地区发生了M_W7.8级地震.本文利用1 Hz高频GPS观测数据,基于GAMIT track解算模块,采用主分量分析（PCA）空间滤波方法获取了地震地表形变.同时从trackRTr模拟实时解算的动态位移中,提取P波5秒峰值位移（P_d）和地面峰值位移（PGD）,并根据震级统计回归模型计算预警震级.结果表明：测站的动态形变时间长达2 min,距震源最近的HANM和KAIK站出现二次剧烈形变,震源北部测站的形变幅度大于南部,而高频GPS静态同震形变场表现出先逆冲后走滑的震源机制特征.不同GPS台站的P_d预警震级相差较大,最大震级差为M_W2.5.综合考虑预警震级发布的时效性和可靠性,采用顾及空间分布的四台站PGD联合预警方法,其预警震级在震后23 s达到初始稳定（M_W7.56）,在震后110 s达到最终稳定（M_W7.78）,该震级与USGS矩张量反演震级（M_W7.8）基本一致.

     

两种地震预警定位方法的比较

根据福建地震台网的地震目录,利用各个地震事件前4台的P波到时对Tnow定位方法和4台连续定位方法进行检验,结果表明,两种方法的定位结果相差不大,大部分地震事件的定位偏差也都较小;随震中距的增大,两种方法对网外地震的定位偏差可能增大,这可能和台站集中在震中的一侧、参与定位的台站与地震之间的张角较小有关。波速结构对4台连续定位方法的定位结果存在一定的影响,选择合适的速度模型将有助于改善地震预警定位结果。采用Tnow定位方法不能定位的地震事件相对于4台连续定位方法要多,这可能是由于Tnow定位方法应用了未触发台站的信息,而部分P波到时信息因台站断记或震相记录不清晰等原因而未在地震目录中体现导致的;综合考虑两种定位方法的局限性有助于提高地震预警系统的稳定性和可靠性。     

两种地震预警定位方法的比较

In this paper, according to the Fujian Seismic Network earthquake catalog records, the Tnow method and the Four Stations Continuous Location method （hereinafter called FSCL） put forward by Jin Xing are inspected by using P-wave arrival information of the first four stations of each seismic event. Results show that for earthquakes within the network, both methods can obtain similar location results and location deviations are small for the majority of the events. For earthquakes outside the network, the location deviation may be amplified as the epicentral distance increases, owing to the seismic station distribution which spread toward the side of the epicenter and the small opening angle between seismic stations used for locating and epicenter. For the FSCL method, the impacts of the wave velocity on the location results may be significant for earthquakes outside the network. Thus, selecting a velocity model which is similar to the actual structure of the wave velocity will contribute to improving location results of earthquakes. The FSCL method can locate more seismic events than the Tnow method. It concludes that the Tnow method makes use of mistake information from some non-triggering stations in earthquake catalog, and some P-wave arrivals are not included in the earthquake catalog due to discontinuous records or unclear records of the seismic phase, which induces incorrect location.     

Comparison of two earthquake early warning location methods

According to earthquake catalog records of Fujian Seismic Network, the T _now method and the four-station continuous location method put forward by Jin Xing are inspected by using P-wave arrival information of the first four stations in each earthquake. It shows that the four-station continuous location method can locate more seismic events than the T _now method. By analyzing the results, it is concluded that the reason for this is that the T _now method makes use of information from stations without being triggered, while some stations failed to be reflected in earthquake catalog because of discontinuous records or unclear records of seismic phases. For seismic events whose location results can be given, there is no obvious difference in location results of the two methods and positioning deviation of most seismic events is also not significant. For earthquakes outside the network, the positioning deviation may amplify as the epicentral distance enlarges, which may relate to the situation that the seismic stations are centered on one side of epicenter and the opening angle between seismic stations used for location and epicenter is small.     

地震预警震级确定方法研究

地震预警技术是减轻地震灾害损失的有效手段之一．地震预警系统中,地震震级计算是最重要也是最困难的部分之一．利用日本KiK-net台网和四川汶川余震共142次地震事件的记录,分别采用tau;c和Pd方法统计得到了地震预警震级的计算公式,震级计算的方差分别为0.62和0.56个震级单位．为消除震级计算过程中出现的震级饱和现象,作者拓展了Pd方法,提出了一套对位移幅值连续追踪测定的算法．当时间窗长度为10 s时,采用该方法的震级计算方差仅为0.37个震级单位,充分满足地震预警系统的需求．同时,该方法也实现了信息的连续过渡,提高了对现有信息的利用率．最后,还对位移幅值Pd用于地震动峰值PGV的估计以及不同特征参数间的相容性等内容进行了讨论．      

地震预警定位方法研究

实时地震定位是地震预警系统中必须解决的关键问题之一.文中在借鉴已有实时地震定位方法的基础上并结合我国台网的实际情况,推导得到一套利用前三/四台P波、S波到时信息进行实时定位的算法.作者选取2000年至2008年问福建省地震监测台网记录到的68个3.0级以上地震对该算法进行验证.研究结果表明,采用文中方法的定位结果具有一...     

New magnitude scaling relations for earthquake early warning in the Alborz region,Iran

Rapid magnitude estimation relations for earthquake early warning systems in the Alborz region have been developed based on the initial first seconds of the P-wave arrival. For this purpose, a total of 717 accelerograms recorded by the Building and Housing Research Center in the Alborz region with the magnitude (M_w) range of 4.8–6.5 in the period between 1995 and 2013 were employed. Average ground motion period (\( \tau_{\text{c}} \)) and peak displacement (\( P_{\text{d}} \)) in different time windows from the P-wave arrival were calculated, and their relation with magnitude was examined. Four earthquakes that were excluded from the analysis process were used to validate the results, and the estimated magnitudes were found to be in good agreement with the observed ones. The results show that using the proposed relations for the Alborz region, earthquake magnitude could be estimated with acceptable accuracy even after 1 s of the P-wave arrival.     

Continuous estimates on the earthquake early warning magnitude by use of the near-field acceleration records

In this article, the seismic records of Japan’s Kik-net are selected to measure the acceleration, displacement, and effective peak acceleration of each seismic record within a certain time after P wave, then a continuous estimation is given on earthquake early warning magnitude through statistical analysis method, and Wenchuan earthquake record is utilized to check the method. The results show that the reliability of earthquake early warning magnitude continuously increases with the increase of the seismic information, the biggest residual happens if the acceleration is adopted to fit earthquake magnitude, which may be caused by rich high-frequency components and large dispersion of peak value in acceleration record, the influence caused by the high-frequency components can be effectively reduced if the effective peak acceleration and peak displacement is adopted, it is estimated that the dispersion of earthquake magnitude obviously reduces, but it is easy for peak displacement to be affected by long-period drifting. In various components, the residual enlargement phenomenon at vertical direction is almost unobvious, thus it is recommended in this article that the effective peak acceleration at vertical direction is preferred to estimate earthquake early warning magnitude. Through adopting Wenchuan strong earthquake record to check the method mentioned in this article, it is found that this method can be used to quickly, stably, and accurately estimate the early warning magnitude of this earthquake, which shows that this method is completely applicable for earthquake early warning.