曹娥江下游XYC孔粒度特征及沉积记录

基于曹娥江下游星一村钻孔(XYC)1717个沉积物样品的粒度分析,探讨钱塘江南岸地区全新世沉积环境记录。初步结论如下：①基于粒度组成,XYC孔沉积物分为粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂、粘土质粉砂等4种岩性,自下而上分为9个单元,组成多个粒度粗细变化旋回。其中,第1、4两层为粉砂质砂,砂含量高于粉砂,粘粒含量10%~15%,分选差,动力条件复杂;第3、5两层属砂质粉砂,粉砂为主但含量不超过70%,砂含量20%以上,粘粒含量低;第2、7、9三层为粉砂,粉砂含量超过70%,粘粒、砂含量均低于20%;第6、8两层为粘土质粉砂,粉砂含量高于70%,粘粒含量20%以上。②基于C-M图最大搬运动能和平均搬运动能强弱及其变化幅度分析,初步识别出4种沉积相,自下而上依次为河流相、潮坪相、浅海相、湖沼相。第1、2两层为高能且不稳定的水动力搬运环境,属河流相沉积;第3~7层,最大搬运动能减弱,搬运动力与上虞近海滩涂样品SYTT相似,为潮坪相沉积;第8~9层,搬运动能低且变幅小,属低能静水沉积环境;第8层下段为浅海相,该层上段至第9层为湖沼相。③粒度纵向变化表明,粘粒含量自下而上波动增加;砂含量自下而上波动减少,平均粒径向上变细、分选性向上变好。XYC孔记录了该地区9690~5131 cal.a BP时段海面上升,达到高海面继而又海退的过程。研究结果有利于进一步探索钱塘江流域的古环境演变特征。     

察尔汗盐湖雅丹地貌沉积物粒度特征研究

对雅丹地貌沉积物的研究可以判别雅丹地貌沉积物形成的沉积环境。主要采用了粒度分析方法对察尔汗盐湖雅丹地貌的沉积物进行分析研究。结果表明:①形成雅丹地貌的沉积物主要包括粉沙、极细沙、黏土和细沙;②粒度分布曲线主要有呈不对称的双峰分布、近乎对称的双峰分布和单峰分布等4种类型。呈双峰态的分布曲线,主、次峰均位于粉沙粒级和极细沙粒级,区别仅是两个粒级含量的高低;③雅丹地貌沉积物的平均粒径介于3.95～7.18 Φ之间,平均值为5.97 Φ;标准离差变化范围为1.37～2.47,平均值为1.99;偏度的变化范围为-0.27～0.58,平均值为0.10;峰态的值介于0.71～1.28之间,平均值为0.93。运用萨胡判别公式及沉积物粒度组成和粒度分布曲线特征进行判断,可知察尔汗盐湖雅丹地貌沉积物的形成环境主要为湖相、滨湖相和河流、三角洲沉积环境,同时还有浊流沉积和极少的风沙沉积环境,形成环境十分复杂。     

Integrated acoustic and coring investigation of glacigenic deposits in Spitsbergen fjords

In many areas of Svalbard, the Neoglacial terminal deposits represent the Holocene glacial maximum. The glaciers began the retreat from their Neoglacial maximum positions around 1900 AD. Based on high resolution acoustic data and sediment cores, sedimentation patterns in four tidewater glacier-influenced inlets of the fjord Isfjorden (Tempelfjorden, Billefjorden, Yoldiabukta and Borebukta), Spitsbergen, were investigated. A model for sedimentation of tidewater glaciers in these High Arctic environments is proposed. Glacigenic deposits occur in proximal and distal basins. The proximal basins comprise morainal ridges and hummocky moraines, bounded by terminal moraines marking the maximum Neoglacial ice extent. The distal basins are characterized by debris lobes and draping stratified glacimarine sediments beyond, and to some extent beneath and above, the lobes. The debris lobe in Tempelfjorden is composed of massive clayey silt with scattered clasts. Distal glacimarine sediments comprise stratified clayey silt with low ice-rafted debris (IRD) content. The average sedimentation rate for the glacimarine sediments in Tempelfjorden is 17 mm/yr for the last ca. 130 years. It is suggested that the stratified sediments in Tempelfjorden are glacimarine varves. The high sedimentation rate and low IRD content are explained by input from rivers, in addition to sedimentation from suspension of glacial meltwater. The debris lobes in Borebukta are composed of massive clayey silt with high clast content. Distal glacimarine sediments in Yoldiabukta comprise clayey silt with high IRD content. The average sedimentation rate for these sediments is 0.6 mm/yr for the last 2300 years.     

An analysis of mechanisms of ice-wedge casting based on geotechnical centrifuge simulations

Here we interpret the outcomes of scaled geotechnical centrifuge simulation of ice-wedge casting in terms of the likely significance of Quaternary ice-wedge pseudomorphs observed within different host sediments. Six experiments were completed in which 1/30th scale models of an ice-wedge embedded within frozen host sediments beneath a 25 mm thick unfrozen active layer were thawed from the surface downwards in the geotechnical centrifuge under a 30 times gravity (30×g) acceleration. Host sediment granulometry and/or ice contents were varied in each model, with host materials comprising medium sands, fine sandy silts and silty clays. The model ice-wedge was 50 mm at the top, 150 mm deep, and extended across the full width of the 450 mm wide test box. Centrifuge scaling laws indicate that under an acceleration of 30×g, stress distribution was equivalent to a 13.5 m long section of a 4.5 m high and 1.5 m wide full-scale prototype ice-wedge, covered in an active layer of thickness equivalent to 0.75 m. Thermal regimes, measured pore pressures during thaw, observed thaw consolidation and measured host sediment geotechnical properties are utilised in the interpretation of casting mechanisms. During a single uniform thaw event it is shown that arching of infilling sediment and the formation of a void is likely if negative pore pressures are developed in the host sediment. In fine silt and clays high ice contents are more likely than in sands, thaw consolidation is greater, positive pore pressures encourage complete filling of the ice-wedge void, and soft sediment deformation is likely to cause deformation of the cast and reduce its width and depth. Though natural casting mechanisms are likely to be more complex than those simulated here, modelling experiments highlight the need for care when inferring original ice-wedge geometry from observed shape and size of Quaternary ice-wedge casts.     

沙坡头铁路防护体系内风沙沉积的粒度特征

包兰铁路沙坡头段铁路防护体系内,由于下垫面性质发生变化,流沙区至人工植被带地表沉积物中表层土壤的黏粒和粉沙含量显著增大,平均粒径减小,颗粒分选性显著变差。防护体系内表层沉积物中的粉沙含量与地表相对高程反相关,黏粒含量与地形起伏没有直接关系,颗粒平均粒径、分选性与地表相对高程正相关。在土层垂直方向上,表层0~5cm内土壤粉沙含量较高,颗粒分选性差;5cm以下深度内土壤粉沙含量减少,颗粒分选性变好。在防护体系内沙丘地貌的不同部位,沙尘沉积速率不同。据此估算表明防护体系内固定沙丘迎风坡顶部沉积速率为0.147 cm/a左右;背风坡和丘间地平均堆积速率大于0.588cm/a。     

Forward modelling of porosity and pore pressure evolution in sedimentary basins

The gravitational compaction of sediments is an important process in forward basin modelling. This paper presents a mathematical model for the one-dimensional compaction of an accreting layer of argillaceous sediments. Realistic constitutive laws for the clay compressibility and the clay permeability, based on soil mechanics tests, were incorporated into the model. The governing equations were put in dimensionless form and the extent of abnormal pore fluid pressure development was found to depend on the sedimentation parameter, a dimensionless group representing the ratio of the sediment hydraulic conductivity to the sediment accumulation rate. The effects of clay compressibility were studied and highly colloidal clays such as montmorillonite developed higher overpressures than less compressible materials. The results also showed that overpressuring developed in shales for cases in which the clay permeability did not go to zero in the limit of zero porosity. Linear models based on simplifying assumptions inappropriate for sedimentary basins were found to give significantly different estimates for the conditions leading to overpressuring. Using reasonable parameters, the model adequately reproduced porosity and pore pressure profiles measured in the sand-shale sequences of the South Caspian Sea.     

现代黄河三角洲叶瓣的划分和识别

黄河分流河道摆动频繁,自1855年以来形成了8个三角洲叶瓣。1904-1929年的三角洲沉积物划归一个叶瓣较为合适。1934-1938年和1947-1964年也应该划归一个叶瓣。叶瓣活动时间短,平均活动时间只有16年。单个叶瓣形成的沉积物厚度有限。一个钻孔剖面上的三角洲沉积物常常分层于数个叶瓣。叶瓣废弃后改造时间短,还没有形成较粗的改造,沉积物便被新的叶瓣所覆盖。两个叶瓣的界线不很清楚。但根据沉积结构和构造,微体化石,²¹⁰pb测年方法,土壤层以及历史记录,可以识别出不同的叶瓣。     

试论干旱区河流在沙漠地貌发育中的作用：以塔克拉玛干沙漠和田河流域为例

和田河是典型的干旱荒漠河流,也是塔里木盆地惟一南北向横贯塔克拉玛干沙漠的河流,流域的第四纪沉积以风成相与河流相冲洪物为主,其厚度达到250m以上,据其沉积特征推断时代为中更新世。18 ka MP以来麻扎塔格山下60km处河流向东摆动了3次,形成了三道古砂堤,造成河流摆动的原因是新构造运动、强烈的风沙活动和河流季节变化,河流及其摆动对沙漠及沙漠地貌影响主要表现在两方面：一是给沙漠及其风沙地貌发育提供丰富的碎屑物质;二是控制风沙地貌发育的活动性,并抑制了风沙地貌向高大复合沙山发育的速度。     

鲁北平原黄河古河道初步研究

鲁北平原黄河古河道可分为地面古河道(埋藏深度0—8m)和浅埋古河道(埋藏深度8—40m)。两类古河道部大致可分为三条古河道带,呈SW-NE向近平行展布,每带一般宽5—15km,最宽处可达20km。 古河道沉积层主要由细砂或粉砂组成,为古河床之曲流砂堤或天然堤沉积。各期古河道沉积层之顶、底板主要为粘土或亚粘土和淤泥层所构成,为古黄河泛滥相沉积物。 本区古河道按形成时间顺序可分为三期,下部第一期古河道大约形成于晚更新世晚期—全新世早期,中部第二期古河道形成于全新世早—中期,上部第三期古河道形成于全新世中—晚期。     

A geochemical method for removing the effect of tephra on lake diatom oxygen isotope records

The analysis of oxygen isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O) in biogenic silica (e.g. diatoms, sponge spicules, phytoliths) is an increasingly utilised palaeoclimatic proxy for lakes and oceans, providing an alternative to carbonate δ¹⁸O. Currently, the problems associated with the cleaning and extraction of pure diatom silica, especially from lake sediments, may compromise the precision associated with δ¹⁸O_diatom records. This is because, despite improvements in cleaning techniques, it is still difficult to remove silica-containing contaminants (e.g. tephra, silts and clays) from biogenic silica. Where it has proved difficult to remove all the silica bearing contaminants from a sample, mass balance calculations involving point counting have been used, but these are inherently inaccurate as they only consider the surface area of the contaminant, rather than volume. The new method described here assesses the volume of contamination in each sample of biogenic silica by using major and trace element geochemistry, allowing the δ¹⁸O of the contamination to be removed from the biogenic silica δ¹⁸O value by linear mass balance. In this case, diatom silica was contaminated with tephra, however the method should also be applicable to other contaminants such as silts and clays.     

地表风化作用对楼兰地区雅丹地貌发育的影响

风蚀是雅丹地貌发育的主要控制因素,但在特定环境中,其他环境因素也可能起重要作用。通过对楼兰地区雅丹地貌野外调查、测试及室内实验分析,探讨风化作用对雅丹发育的影响。结果发现：新疆罗布泊地区广泛发育雅丹地貌,其中楼兰地区雅丹相对较为矮小,主要发育于全新世沉积岩上,地表没有植被或松散沉积物等覆盖,地层裸露。楼兰雅丹体为黏土质粉砂岩,干燥条件下较为坚硬（硬度>20 kg·cm^-2）,抗风蚀能力较强,但是雅丹体表层岩性发生明显软化（硬度<10 kg·cm^-2）。这主要是由于罗布泊地区少量且集中的降水、显著的昼夜温差以及强烈太阳辐射等相互作用造成的。从这些广泛存在的松软层表明,雅丹体表层风化作用速度快于风蚀作用,而表层首先进行的风化作用,对雅丹风蚀作用起很大的促进作用,明显加速了楼兰地区雅丹地貌的发育。因此,受少量降水、昼夜温差和强烈的太阳辐射等影响的风化作用对楼兰地区雅丹地貌发育具有重要的影响。     

Influence of late holocene pyroclastic eruptions on the sedimentary geochemistry of Lake Rotoiti,North Island,New Zealand

Lake Rotoiti in Taupo Volcanic Zone was formed by damming of the drainage system through the floor of Okataina Caldera. Basin sediments are predominantly silt or sand, with mineralogy consistent with derivation from local silicic rocks and airfall tephras. Sandy lithofacies around the shoreline are wave worked deposits. Sand and gravel lithofacies in deeper water and on steep slopes are largely relict or airfall tephras, or both. Profundal sediments are diatomaceous silts. Organic-rich diatomaceous silts also accumulate in near-shore wave-damped zones under weed beds.Short cores penetrated the Tarawera (1886 AD) and Kaharoa (1180 AD) Tephras, identified by their stratigraphic position, geochemistry and mineralogy. Localised slumping is evidenced from secondary tephras interbedded and redeposited within the basin silts. Sedimentation rates in the basins, estimated from the age of bounding tephras, are 0.9 to 4.0 mm y^-1, and are highest under the influence of inflowing water from adjacent Lake Rotorua. For several hundred years prior to the Tarawera eruption sediment accumulation rates and the sediment geochemistry remained unchanged; deposition was predominantly biogenic opaline silica with a small terrestrial component. The Tarawera eruption deposited a terrestrial-silica, aluminum-rich primary tephra across the lake, which was followed by reworked tephra from within the catchment, the effects of which were progressively diluted by biogenic opaline silica as conditions stabilised. While the major effects of the eruption have been rapidly absorbed the lake has not returned to pre-eruption background conditions. A new equilibrium has been attained in which Tarawera Tephra continues to be eroded into the lake and is the principal source for a doubling of sedimentation rates following the eruption. High arsenic levels in some diatomaceous silts are attributed to episodic venting of hydrothermal fluids or gases into the water column.     

The recent sedimentation history of Aqualate Mere (central England): assessing the potential for lake restoration

As part of English Natures Lakes Flagship Project to address adverse environmental impacts on selected, important lakes, a proposal has been made to dredge Aqualate Mere. The site has experienced rapid, recent sedimentation thought to be derived from a nearby canal. The aim of this study has been to determine the recent sedimentation history of the site in order to assess the possibility of the disposal to land of its sediments and the efficacy of this form of lake restoration. A predominantly clayey silt layer was found across the lake beneath which darker, organic-rich sediments were noted. This transition may represent the input of canal-derived sediments, although it may reflect other environmental changes at this time. The radiometric dating technique employed was unable to date this sediment boundary. A further change in the characteristics of the upper part of the clayey silt layer may represent an additional influence of the canal. Heavy metal levels were modest, whereas nutrient levels were relatively high and some pesticides were detected. Topsoil erosion supplying nutrients and other compounds associated with agriculture have been an important source of the lower layers of the clayey silt sediments in particular. The highest levels of most pollutants were found in the finer sediments in the uppermost (post-1950s) part of the sediment profile. These sediments appear to reflect a change in the characteristics of the sediments of the canal, which was associated with a change in the nature of its water supply. The key geochemical properties of the sediments should not preclude the land-based disposal of dredged materials under current UK regulations for waste management. Accurate estimation of sediment quantities was limited, as the interface between the recent and underlying sediments was not positively identified at all sample points.     

Holocene sediments of Sägistalsee, a small lake at the present-day tree-line in the Swiss Alps

Sägistalsee is a small lake located at the modern tree-line in the Swiss Alps. A 13.5 m long core taken in the central part of the 9.5 m deep basin consists of clayey silts and sands and dates back to about 9000 cal. BP. These sediments have a low organic content that steadily increases from 4–8% loss-on-ignition at 550 °C towards the top of the core, whereas the carbonate content decreases from 20 to about 10% loss-on-ignition at 950 %C. We outline the aims of an interdisciplinary research project centred on the Holocene sediments of Sägistalsee. We also present information about the lake, its sediments, and its catchment that forms the basis for different biotic and abiotic multi-proxy studies carried out on the sediments of Sägistalsee.     

Sedimentological and stratigraphic investigations of a sequence of 106 varves from glacial Lake Assiniboine,Saskatchewan

Sediments retrieved from a long core on the floor of glacial Lake Assiniboine, Saskatchewan, expose 106 couplets, consisting of thick, light coloured, silt-rich beds and thin, dark, clay-rich beds. The couplets contain sharp lower and upper contacts of the silt bed, silty and clayey laminations within both the silt and clay beds, and ice-rafted debris in the silt beds, which are features characteristic of glacial varves.Seasonal variations in runoff are reflected in grain size profiles of individual silt beds in the varves. Mean grain size maxima in the lower portion of the silt bed suggest that snow accumulation during the previous winter had been substantial and that a warm spring combined with a rapid melting rate generated significant volumes of nival meltwater runoff. Coarse laminae higher in the silty part of the couplet imply that substantial meltwater inflow was produced by summer melting of glacier ice.Vertical trends in clay bed thicknesses, silt bed thicknesses, and total couplet thicknesses were strongly influenced by the proximity of meltwater inflow channels and lake depth. These interpretations, and correlation of the core to varve exposures at the surface, formed the framework for a paleohydrological reconstruction. Close to 11,000 BP, ice dammed the outlet of glacial Lake Assiniboine and the water depth rose about 2 m yr^–1. Eventually the lake became deep enough for couplets to form. Varve years 1–40 contain thick clay beds, silt beds, and couplets as a result of the proximal inflow of meltwater. A decline in silt bed and couplet thicknesses from varve years 41–85 occurred in response to ice retreat and more distal inflow. Varve deposition ceased in the shallow part of the basin probably because underflow currents from the distal source were redirected. Varve years 86–106 are distinguished by an increase in silt bed and couplet thicknesses and a decrease in clay bed thickness caused by a reduction in water depth and a return to proximal inflow. Varved sedimentation terminated when Lake Assiniboine drained through the Assiniboine valley to Lake Agassiz.     

Overflow sedimentation in an alpine cave system

Laminated silts and clays occur throughout the 400 m vertical range of CastJeguard Cave, an alpine cave in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. Coarser sediments have accumulated at the base of phreatic lifting chimneys. Presently a lower level cave, Castleguard II is hydrologically active. The fine sediments are believed to have resulted from turbid water backing up from Castleguard II into the cave with a loss of the coarser fraction in the process. At present the water emerging from Castleguard II is clear, and during glacial maxima the system would be inactive. It is hypothesised that turbid water to furnish the sediments would only be available during glacial minima in the environment of Castleguard.     

The sediment properties of glacial diamicts from the Jutulsessen area of Gjelsvikfjella,East Antarctica: A reflection of source materials and regional climate

The glacial diamicts deposited in the Jutulsessen area of Gjelsvikfjella, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica show the effects of localized meltwater channels and wind processes, as well as of the dominant glacial processes. These glacial sediments are characterized by poor sorting and a variable mean particle size, and the localized meltwater channels have removed silt- and clay-sized sediments, resulting in the relative enrichment of coarser sediments. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of clay minerals in samples collected across the study area show very similar characteristics. Biotite is the dominant mica mineral in the clay together with chlorite and K-feldspar. The presence of illite, and small amounts of smectite, demonstrates the limited extent of chemical weathering due to the cold and arid conditions. The samples from the glacial fan area contain mixed-layer clays, suggesting the effects of localized meltwater and limited chemical activity which has altered the crystal structure of biotite at lower topographic level. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of surface microtextures from representative quartz grains suggest the dominance of glacial and glaciofluvial processes. The low rates of biogenic activity in this area are indicated by the low total organic carbon (TOC) content of the sediments.     

巢湖沉积物粒度特征及其沉积学意义

对采自西巢湖湖心的一根长为143 cm的沉积柱进行了粒度分析,重建了粒度组成的演变过程。湖心沉积物主要为粉砂和黏土,粒度参数（平均粒径、标准偏差、偏度、尖度、分维值）分析表明沉积物分选程度较好,均为正偏态,峰态为很窄到非常窄,且具有一定的分形特征。C-M图解和概率累积曲线揭示了较弱的水动力环境,颗粒的搬运方式主要为跃移和悬移,比例分别约为70%和25%~30%。结合因子分析,识别出第一主因子（PC1）对细粒物质含量存在显著影响,其值反映了碎屑物质在湖泊中的搬运距离,PC1因子与平均粒径M_z可作为巢湖湖泊水位的替代性指标。     

柴达木盆地西北部长垄状雅丹沉积物粒度特征

雅丹是干旱区常见的风蚀地貌,也是风沙地貌学界关注和争论的焦点。以柴达木盆地西北部冷湖地区的典型长垄状雅丹为对象,对其出露剖面的沉积物粒度特征进行了研究。结果表明:长垄状雅丹沉积物中粉沙组分含量最高,平均为44.03%;沙粒组分含量次之,平均为35.99%;黏粒组含量最低,平均为19.98%。沉积物频率曲线既有主次峰明确的双峰分布曲线,也有主次峰不明确的双峰和单峰分布曲线;前者可能为风力搬运堆积形成的沉积物,后两种曲线宽平,沉积物分选性差,可能为湖相沉积形成。沉积粒度参数在垂直剖面呈现出一定的变化规律,但是粒度参数之间没有显著的相关关系。长垄状雅丹沉积物呈明显的软硬岩层(即沙质亚砂土与粉质黏土或沙质亚黏土与粉质亚黏土)互层的现象,这为风力的吹蚀和磨蚀作用创造了有利条件。     

Grain size characteristics and environmental indication of the sediments around Great Wall Station,Antarctica

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