Water-inrush mechanism research mining above karst confined aquifer and applications in North China coalmines

Karst water poses great menace to vast and extensive coal-bearing region in China. The large water bodies which are highly pressurized have caused appalling disasters. This study takes example from the North China coal-bearing region and introduces karst aquifer distribution. It points out the major contributors to karst water burst and its relation with bottom plate deformation under mining activities. The analysis of criteria to determine karst water burst focuses on two elements (water burst coefficient and critical water burst index) and their positive application in Huaibei Luling coalmine, North China coal-bearing region. All achievements can be of reference to other coal-producing countries which are confronted with karst water hazards.     

Hydrodynamic behavior of Kangan gas-capped deep confined aquifer in Iran

The Kangan aquifer (KA) is located beneath the Kangan gas reservoir (KGR), 2,885 m below the ground surface. The gas reservoir formations are classified into nine non-gas reservoir units and eight gas reservoir units based on the porosity, water and gas saturation, lithology, and gas production potential using the logs of 36 production wells. The gas reservoir units are composed of limestone and dolomite, whereas the non-gas reservoir units consist of compacted limestone and dolomite, gypsum and shale. The lithology of KA is the same as KGR with a total dissolved solid of 333,000 mg/l. The source of aquifer water is evaporated seawater. The static pressure on the Gas–Water Contact (GWC) was 244 atm before gas production, but it has continuously decreased during 15 years of gas production, resulting in a 50 m uprising of the GWC and the expansion of KA water and intergranular water inside the gas reservoir. The general flow direction of the KA is toward the northern coast of the Persian Gulf due to the migration of water to the overlying formations via a trust fault. The KA is a gas-capped deep confined aquifer (GCDCA) with special characteristics differing from a shallow confined aquifer. The main characteristics of a GCDCA are unsaturated intergranular water below the confining layers, no direct contact of the water table (GWC) with the confining layers, no vertical flow via the cap rock, permanent uprising of the GWC during gas production, and permanent descend of GWC during water exploitation.     

天山北麓黄土记录的30万年以来古气候演变

对天山北麓黄土分布特点与形成年代的研究,以及以此为载体应用各代用指标的古气候重建已经取得了不少进展。在前人工作的基础上,选取黄土—古土壤序列分明,底部S3古土壤发育的鹿角湾剖面为主要研究对象,结合天山北麓的其他多个典型黄土剖面,运用色度、粒度、常量地球化学元素含量和环境磁学参数等指标,探讨大约30万年以来的古气候演变。鹿角湾黄土实验结果显示,各古气候代用指标随剖面深度变化与黄土—古土壤更替大概一致,剖面上部（L2及其以上）与下部区别明显。粒度分布揭示黄土物源输入主要受控于两股不同风系,随黄土古土壤的更替两者的主次地位发生变化。环境磁学实验结果显示,剖面下部磁性弱,频率磁化率低,但古土壤层稳定单畴含量较高,反映湿润成壤环境下超顺磁亚铁磁性矿物溶解或转化为弱磁性矿物;剖面上部比剖面下部的磁性要强,磁性矿物粒度更粗;S0为磁性成壤增强模式,与其他黄土古土壤层不同。再结合其他典型剖面的记录,可以推断研究区30万年以来有干旱化的趋势,但S2发育阶段总体上可能比S3发育阶段略为湿润,这一阶段之后气候明显变干,S1发育阶段明显比S2与S3发育阶段干旱,干旱化趋势一直保持至全新世开始之前。     

Migration and transformation of manganese during the artificial recharging of a deep confined aquifer

Field tests and laboratory experiments were performed, using an artificial groundwater recharging site in Southeast China as an example, to investigate the migration and transformation of manganese during the artificial recharging of a deep confined aquifer. The migration and transformation of total manganese and divalent manganese (Mn(II)) were influenced by mixing, oxidation reactions, and the dissolution of minerals containing manganese, and increasing the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was found to promote the dissolution of minerals containing manganese. The laboratory experiments showed that the retardation factors were higher upstream than downstream of the recharging hole. The amount of dissolution that occurred decreased, and the amount of mixing that occurred increased as the distance from the recharging hole increased. The DO concentration decreased as the amount of dissolution of minerals containing manganese that occurred decreased. A high temperature, a high DO concentration, and the presence of microorganisms were found to promote the dissolution of minerals containing manganese, which caused the total manganese and Mn(II) concentrations to increase.     

Hydrogeology and geochemistry of the multilayered confined aquifer of the Pisa plain (Tuscany – central Italy)

The Pisa plain contains a multilayered confined aquifer made up of Pleistocene sands and gravels. The groundwater from the wells tapping these horizons are generally of poor quality: they exhibit significant TDS, relatively high Cl content and considerable hardness. During geothermal prospecting of the Pisa plain, about 80 wells ranging in depth from 20 to 250 m were sampled, and both chemical (major ions) and isotope analyses were conducted. The data collected show that TDS is strongly influenced by HCO₃ and Cl, and that a 3-component mixing process affects the groundwater’s chemical composition. The end members of this mixing process have been identified as: (a) diluted HCO₃ meteoric water, which enters the plain mainly from the eastern and northern sides of the study area; (b) Cl-rich water, which largely characterizes the shallow sandy horizons of the multilayered aquifer system and has been attributed to the presence of seawater, as also suggested by δ¹⁸O data; and (c) SO₄-rich groundwater, which is linked to the hot groundwater circulation within Mesozoic carbonate formations and, at first sight, seemed to affect only the gravelly aquifer. A SO₄-rich water also contributes to the sandy aquifer; it probably enters the plain both laterally, from the margins of the Pisan Mountains and from depth, but promptly undergoes substantial SO₄ reduction processes by bacteria. That such processes are at work is suggested both by the low SO₄ and high HCO₃ concentrations found in the well waters and by their C and S isotope compositions. The collected data have allowed zones with higher quality waters to be identified, which may someday be used for the local water supply.     

华北克拉通中、新生代典型火山岩的岩石成因：Hf同位素新证据

本文首次报道了华北克拉通中、新生代典型火山岩（碱性玄武岩、拉斑玄武岩和高镁安山岩）的高精度Hf同位素数据。结果表明，这些中、新生代火山岩具有完全不同的Hf同位素组成，即具有很宽的εHf（t）（-18．4～9．6）变化范围，并和Nd同住素有很好的正相关性。其中新生代昌乐-临朐地区和晚白垩世碱锅（～105Ma）地区的碱性玄武岩具有高Hf同位素（εHf（t）=6．8～9．6）和高Nd同位素组成（εd（t）=0．4～4．9），表明其来源于亏损的软流圈，代表未分异无混染的原始岩浆组成；早白垩世方城（125Ma）碱性玄武岩和拉斑玄武岩具有极低的Hf同位素（εNd（t）=-15．6～-18．4）和低Nd同住素组成（εNd（t）=-12．8--4．4），代表了富集的大陆岩石圈地幔的Hf同位素组成；乌拉哈达（142Ma）地区的高镁安山岩具有较低的Hf同位素（εHf（t）=-2．1～-2．6）和低的Nd同位素组成，代表古老难熔的岩石圈地幔橄榄岩与俯冲的地壳物质相互作用的结果。玄武岩中较大的Hf同位素组成范围（εHf（t）／εNd（t）〉1）说明Hf同位素比Nd同位素具有更好的源区示踪结果。     

冀东新太古代晚期界岭口闪长岩成因:U-Pb-Nd-Hf-O同位素研究

本文报道了华北克拉通东部冀东地区界岭口闪长岩及其中基性岩包体的锆石定年结果和地球化学组成。界岭口闪长岩是华北克拉通规模最大的太古宙闪长质侵入体,总面积约650km2。界岭口闪长岩由闪长岩和石英闪长岩组成,两者渐变过渡。在界岭口闪长岩中存在基性岩包体,包括辉绿岩、细粒辉长岩和辉长岩,一些基性岩包体边部存在冷凝边。石英闪长岩和细粒辉长岩包体的岩浆锆石年龄分别为2533±5Ma和2534±8Ma。闪长岩和石英闪长岩元素组成类似(13个样品),主要区别是后者SiO_2相对较高一些。它们稀土总量较高(TREE=93. 0×10~(-6)~234. 2×10~(-6)),轻重稀土分异程度不强((La/Yb)N=10. 4～23. 9),无明显铕异常(Eu/Eu*=0. 80～1. 05)。在MORB标准化的微量元素图解上,大离子亲石元素相对富集,高场强元素相对亏损。全岩εNd(t)和tDM1(Nd)分别为-1. 20～2. 13和2. 73～2. 95Ga(7个样品),岩浆锆石εHf(t)和tDM1(Hf)分别为1. 66～4. 37和2. 60～2. 78Ga(13个数据点),δ~(18)O值为5. 00‰～6. 83‰(13个数据点)。相对于闪长岩-石英闪长岩,基性岩包体(3个样品)的MgO和CaO含量明显增高。岩石稀土总量偏低(TREE=82. 4×10~(-6)～155. 7×10~(-6)),轻重稀土分离不强((La/Yb)N=3. 3～6. 0),出现较弱的负铕异常(Eu/Eu*=0. 71～0. 88),在MORB标准化的微量元素图解上,大离子亲石元素相对富集,高场强元素相对亏损。全岩εNd(t)和tDM1(Nd)分别为-0. 70和2. 97Ga(1个样品),岩浆锆石εHf(t)和tDM1(Hf)分别为0. 52～4. 72和2. 66～2. 82Ga(16个数据点),δ~(18)O值为4. 88‰～6. 72‰(13个数据点)。结合前人研究,可得出如下结论:1)界岭口闪长岩是基性岩浆结晶分异和陆壳物质影响双重作用的产物,而陆壳物质参与可能起了更重要的作用; 2)界岭口闪长岩形成于新太古代晚期总体上仍处于挤压的岛弧构造环境; 3)在华北克拉通,至少一部分具有中太古代晚期-新太古代早期Nd-Hf模式年龄的新太古代晚期TTG岩石形成与新太古代晚期富集地幔添加有关或是新太古代晚期亏损地幔添加与陆壳物质影响共同作用的结果。     

Hydrochemical and isotopic study of groundwater in the Yinchuan plain, China

The Yinchuan plain is located in the arid climate zone of NW China. The western margin of the plain is the Helan mountain connecting a series of normal slip faults. The eastern margin of the plain connects with the Yellow River and adjacents with the Ordos platform. The south of the plain is bordered by the EN fault of the Niushou mountain. The bottom of the plain is the Carboniferous, Permian, or Ordovician rocks. Based on the analysis of groundwater hydrochemical and isotopic indicators, this study aims to identify the groundwater recharge and discharge in the Yinchuan plain, China. The hydrochemical types of the groundwater are HCO₃–SO₄ in the west, HCO₃–Cl in the middle, and Cl–SO₄ in the east. The hydrochemical types are HCO₃–SO₄ in the south, HCO₃–Cl and SO₄–HCO₃ in the middle. The hydrochemical types are complex in the north, mainly SO₄–HCO₃ and Cl–SO₄. Deuterium, ¹⁸O, and tritium values of groundwater indicate that groundwater recharge sources include precipitation, bedrock fissure water, and irrigation return water. Groundwater discharges include evaporation, abstraction, and discharge to surface water. According to the EW isotopic profile, the groundwater flow system (GFS) in the Yinchuan plain can be divided into local flow systems (LFS) and regional flow systems (RFS). Groundwater has lower TDS and higher tritium in the southern Yellow River alluvial plain and groundwater age ranges from 6 to 25 years. The range of groundwater renewal rates is from 11 to 15 % a^?1. The depth of the water cycle is small, and groundwater circulates fast and has high renewal rates. Groundwater has higher TDS and lower tritium in the northern Yellow River alluvial plain. The range of groundwater age is from 45 to 57 years, and renewal rate is from 6 to 0.1 % a^?1. The depth of the water cycle is larger. Groundwater circulates slowly and has low renewal rates.     

江汉平原江陵地区近9 ka b．p．以来的气候演化：有机碳同位素记录

通过对江陵剖面沉积物的高密度采样和有机碳同位素分析,重建了江汉平原江陵地区近9.0kaB.P.以来的古气候古环境演化。江汉平原江陵地区9.0～6.31kaB.P.属相对温暖湿润的气候环境,晚期向干旱方向发展;6.31～4.97kaB.P.为冷干气候环境,在5.78kaB.P.达到极盛;4.97～2.50kaB.P.为暖湿气候时期,其间3.44～2.50kaB.P.湖沼泥炭发育,3360aB.P.、3110aB.P.、2935aB.P.和2710aB.P.为明显的降温期,尤以2710aB.P.的降温幅度最大;2.50kaB.P.以来温度相对较低,为冷期。江陵地区近9kaB.P.以来的气候变化与国内相邻区域的研究资料相一致,但又有区域的差异性。     

Paleoclimatic record of a long deep sea core from the eastern Mediterranean

A deep-sea core over 16 m long from the crestal area of the Mediterranean Ridge has been investigated with different techniques, including quantitative micropaleontology, stable isotopes (measured on the epipelagic species Globigerinoides ruber and on the mesopelagic species Globorotalia inflata), and clay mineralogy. The resulting record of climatic fluctuations can be cross correlated to other Mediterranean cores by means of isochronous lithologies (tephra layers and sapropels). The climatic record of the Mediterranean is similar in character, phase, and chronology to the records investigated in the equatorial Pacific and in the Caribbean. Isotope stages 1 to 17 have been recognized. Cyclically repeated stagnant cycles resulting in sapropel deposition complicate both the isotopic and the faunal signal. The isotopic investigations reveal that the temperature change in the surface layers of the eastern Mediterranean was no greater than 8°C in the late “glacial” Pleistocene. The chronostratigraphic and biostratigraphic interpretation of Core KS09 indicate that the mean sedimentation rate was 2.4 cm/1000 years, a value very close to the 2.5 cm/1000 years calculated for the entire Quaternary section at DSDP Site 125, also located in the crestal area of the Mediterranean Ridge in the Ionian Basin. The base of KS09 is likely to be very close to the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary dated at 0.7 my.     

Groundwater outbursts from faults above a confined aquifer in the coal mining

Groundwater outburst has an impartible relationship with geological structures such as water-conducting faults, which are widely distributed in north China. In order to study the seepage property and mechanism of water outburst from the faults above a confined aquifer in the coal mining, the simulation model of ground water inrush for fault was designed. The water outburst parameters, such as water inflow, permeability, seepage velocity, porosity and other variables under different material combination and water pressures, were obtained; the research results indicate as follows: (1) The changes of the water inflow can be divided into three stages, i.e., the water inflow slowly increases at the early stage, rapidly increases at the middle stage and keeps unchanged at the late stage. (2) The seepage process can be represented by the seepage combination types, which are composed of pore flow, fissure flow and pipe flow, and the seepage changes not only with time but also with different conditions. (3) Mining would lead to the reactivation of faults and further enhance the permeability of fault zone potentially. The tiny granules in fault would be eroded and moved to exterior as the time under the high water pressure and lead to the change of porosity parameters. In this case, the seepage velocity would increase ceaselessly, and then the seepage would convert into pipe flow and finally lead to water inrush accidents.     

The geochemical and isotopic composition of aquifer systems in the deltaic region of the Po River plain (northern Italy)

The chemical and hydrodynamic characteristics of groundwater in deltaic regions are strongly influenced by the complex stratigraphy of these areas, caused by the continuously varying depositional environments associated with their recent hydrographic evolution. As a case study, the eastern sector of the Po River plain, northern Italy, has been investigated to understand the quality of the available groundwater resources. Based on the analysis of hydrochemical and isotopic data, the recharge characteristics, the groundwater residence time and the aquifer vulnerability are defined. The results show significant qualitative degradation of the unconfined aquifer due to the shallow depth to water, while in the underlying confined aquifer, a hydrochemical facies of Ca–HCO₃ type prevails. The spatial variation and relationship between oxygen-18 and deuterium determine: firstly, hydraulic separation of the two hydrogeological units; secondly, direct infiltration of local precipitation to the unconfined aquifer; thirdly, the occurrence of waters originating in the Alps and locally from the Apennines, pervading the confined aquifer. The tritium results suggest local mixing between the superficial waters and the confined aquifer, occurring along the palaeo-river channels. This increases the pollution vulnerability of the confined hydrogeological unit within the plain, which is the only natural groundwater resource exploited for water supply.     

The identification of fault zones in deep karst aquifer of North China coal mine using parallel directional well logs

Water inrush from Ordovician karst aquifer in North China coal mine has become a key issue on underground coal mining. To address this problem, it is necessary to identify fault zones, because fault zones might connect limestone aquifers and coal seams, enabling Ordovician karst water to enter the mine. In the study area, a series of parallel directional holes were drilled along Ordovician limestone at depths between 70 and 90 m under Ordovician limestone boundary. To conveniently detect fault zones and govern mine water disasters, a series of natural gamma-ray logging while drilling (GRLWD) were undertaken. The entire detecting region can be comprehensively covered by several directional borehole groups. Then, fast Fourier transform and short-time Fourier transform approaches were employed on the basis of GRLWD data and geological data to extract faults information. A segmented identification method for deep fault zones was established in this study. This method can be used to markedly improve the identification of fault zones within Ordovician limestone or the unitary lithology formation and provide crucial information relevant for deep coal mining safety.     

冀北北岔沟门铅锌矿床中辉钼矿的铼-锇同位素年龄

北岔沟门铅锌矿床是华北地台北缘中段最近发现的一个极具成矿远景的新矿床,对矿床成因和成矿规律 的研究刚刚起步。本文介绍了用同位素稀释－等离子质谱法,直接测定了矿床中辉钼矿的Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ等时线年龄,证明成 矿作用发生在燕山中晚期,其等时线年龄为（１５２ ± ３） Ｍａ。这一年龄反映了成矿与浅成花岗岩浆侵入活动有关,并为区内进一步找矿勘探提供了一定的依据。     

Paleoclimatic field studies in and along the Qinling Shan (Central China)

Recent investigations in and along the mountains south of the Loess Plateau (Central China) give no evidence of Pleistocene glaciations below 2800 m asl. Reliable Late-Pleistocene glacial landforms and till only occur in the Qinling Shan (3767 m). The paleosnowline in altitudes of 3250–3300 m was more than 1000 m lower than at present. A Late-Pleistocene periglacial region has been descended to about 2300 m asl, resulting an increase of the sediment yield of the rivers and intensified sediment aggradation in the valleys in and along the Qinling Shan. The Late-Pleistocene descend of the coniferous forest was comparable to the snowline depression. A spruce-fir forest dominated along the northern flank of the mountain range during the time 30-20 ka BP. Towards the end of the Pleistocene glacial periods respectively at the beginning of the following interglacial phase, dissection of alluvial deposits and terracing began in the mountain valleys and in the northern foreland. The replacement of forest vegetation by a more steppe-like vegetation as well as the loess accumulation along the northern Qinling Shan indicates increasing aridity as the climate warmed at the end of the last glacial period and during the Early Holocene. The widespread occurrence of Mid-Holocene paleosols within the loess proves a more moist and warm interval, which is followed by a drier and cooler Late Holocene period.     

华北克拉通东部含金刚石金伯利岩的侵位年龄和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素地球化学特征

本文首次报道了我国华北克拉通内部金伯利岩中金云母巨晶的Ar-Ar同位素年龄和含金刚石金伯利岩的Hf同位素组成特征,并结合金伯利岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成特征对华北金伯利岩的岩石成因及其构造背景进行了探讨.金伯利岩中金云母巨晶的年代学分析显示华北克拉通内部的蒙阴和复县金伯利岩具有一致的侵位年龄,约465±2 Ma.这与以前发表的金伯利岩中钙钛矿的U-Pb年龄和金云母的Rb-Sr等时线年龄一致.Sr-Nd同位素结果表明蒙阴和复县金伯利岩皆具有很小的Nd同位素变化范围（εNd分别为-0.4～0.2和-3.4～-2.3）.然而,这些金伯利岩却具有极大的Sr同位素组成范围（ISr分布为-0.2～28.1和0～75）.其中复县比蒙阴金伯利岩具有较低的Nd同位素和更宽的Sr同位素组成.Hf同位素分析结果表明蒙阴和复县两岩区内部各金伯利岩岩管具有非常一致的铪同位素组成,类似于Nd同位素组成特征,其中蒙阴金伯利岩的^176Hf/^177Hf初始值为0.282474～0.282416,相应的εHf值为-2.37～-0.30;复县金伯利岩的^176Hf/^177Hf初始值为0.282305～0.282369;相应的εHf值为-6.29～-4.04.这说明蒙阴金伯利岩与复县金伯利岩相比具有较高的Hf同位素组成.结合Sr-Nd同位素组成,暗示蒙阴和复县金伯利岩的Hf同位素组成的不同可能反映金伯利岩岩浆形成时软流圈、岩石圈地幔以及俯冲的洋壳物质参与比例的不同.Sr-Nd-Hf同位素特征说明我国华北古生代金伯利岩的形成同样与华北周边的古大洋岩石圈向华北内部俯冲作用有关.     

带压开采煤层底板突水安全可靠性分析

为合理评价孙疃煤矿10煤层带压开采的安全可靠性,建立了10煤层隔水底板稳定性可靠度分析模型。考虑底板隔水层厚度、底板岩石容重、抗拉强度等参数为随机变量,采用斯列萨列夫安全隔水层厚度计算公式建立极限状态方程。在研究随机变量概型的基础上,采用JC法、最优化法以及基于最优化的蒙特卡罗法计算隔水底板的可靠度以及失效概率,并探讨了该矿10煤层安全开采的可靠指标,避免了单纯依据定值作为突水判据的某些不合理性。     

中国某些金属矿床矿石铅来源的铅同位素诠释

在矿质来源研究中,铅同位素组成作为一种有效手段,已应用于几乎所有的金属甚至非金属矿床,起到了重要的作用。随着矿床地球化学研究所的不断深入,一个矿床的矿质来源已不能简单地说来自地球的某个圈层,需要把矿质来源定位到矿区某个具体的岩体或层位,这样才具有实际意义,这样才具有实际意义。本文采取矿石、岩浆岩、地层及基底铅同位素对比的方法研究了４种矿床类型中９个金属矿床铅的来源。结果表明,与岩浆活动有关的夕卡岩     

Initiating collective action for the management of deep confined aquifer systems: application of a participatory scenario approach in France

Hydrogeology Journal - Large deep confined aquifer systems play a crucial role for water and food security and the economic development of rural areas. However, there are few cases, worldwide, of...