基于斜坡单元与信息量法结合的宝塔区黄土滑坡易发性评价

滑坡易发性评价对滑坡灾害的防治与管理具有重要意义。为了评价延安宝塔区黄土滑坡易发性,以斜坡为基本评价单元,选取斜坡坡度、坡高、坡向、坡形、斜坡结构类型、植被和人类工程活动7个指标作为评价因子,在Arc GIS平台下,利用信息量模型对研究区的黄土滑坡进行易发性分区评价。评价结果表明,宝塔区滑坡高易发区面积1092.39km~2,占全区面积的30.81%,主要分布于宝塔区的中部及北部地区,低易发区集中于宝塔区南部汾川河流域。以斜坡作为评价单元提高了与实际地形地貌的吻合度。应用信息量模型进行滑坡易发性评价具有较高的预测精度,已有滑坡点落在很高易发区和高易发区中的比例为95.7%,较真实地反映了客观实际。     

基于GIS的龙桥镇地质灾害易发分区评价

本文结合地质灾害形成的区域地质条件、人类工程活动等诱发条件和地灾发育现状条件,以定性评价为基础,通过信息系统空间分析定量计算对庐江县龙桥镇1∶10 000地质灾害易发性进行分区并评价。依据危险性等级阀值将其划分为高易发、中易发、低易发3个区,其中地质灾害高易发区面积为22.45 km²,占全区总面积的21.34%;中易发区面积为26.44 km²,占全区面积为25.13%;低易发区面积为56.31 km²,占全区面积为53.52%。     

基于GIS的白龙江流域甘肃段滑坡易发性评价

在甘肃省白龙江流域地质灾害资料收集及现场调查的基础上, 统计分析了该区滑坡发育与地层岩性、坡度、坡向、高程、断裂、植被等因素之间的关系, 建立了白龙江流域滑坡易发性评价指标体系。采用基于GIS的层次分析法评价模型, 完成了滑坡易发性分区评价, 将研究区滑坡按易发程度划分为高易发区、中易发区、低易发区和极低易发区, 其中, 高易发区占研究区总面积的13.59%, 主要分布在断裂带、白龙江两侧以及软弱岩土体分布的区域; 中易发区占27.85%;主要分布在白龙江支流以及主要道路两侧的一定范围内; 低易发区占33.09%, 主要分布在海拔相对较高、植被覆盖度较高、基本上无断裂带通过的区域; 其余区域为极低易发区, 占25.46%。对比分析显示评价结果与实际滑坡发育情况吻合, 可以较好地反映区内滑坡灾害发育的总体特征。      

基于CF与Logistic回归模型耦合的地质灾害易发性评价——以北京市大清河流域生态涵养区为例

在北京市大清河流域生态涵养区1450 km²的区域内，以遥感影像解译为基础，结合1∶50 000地质灾害详细调查，获取全区888个地质灾害隐患点作为样本数据库，选取基岩类型、地貌类型、地形坡度、河流、公路、断裂6个评价因子，采用确定性系数(CF)与Logistic回归耦合模型评价地质灾害易发性，依照自然间断点分级法(Jenks)将研究区划分为极高易发区、高易发区、中易发区、低易发区和极低易发区。将未参与模型训练的20%地质灾害隐患点作为检验点与易发性分区结果进行叠加分析，通过频率比和ROC曲线进行精度检验。结果显示：基岩类型对地质灾害的发育具有控制作用；公路、断裂对地质灾害的空间分布影响明显；CF与Logistic回归耦合模型在实际应用中具有较高的准确性，是一种地质灾害易发性评价可靠性高的模型。     

地质灾害易发性评价单元划分方法——以陕西省黄陵县为例

为了提高区域地质灾害易发性评价精度,采用斜坡单元作为研究对象,以GIS技术作为平台,利用水文解析工具,提出了一种将大面积研究区自动划分为最小适宜评价单元的新方法。使用此方法将陕西省黄陵县划分为6 258个最小适宜评价单元后,再通过一个地质灾害易发程度贡献分值模型计算每个评价单元易发度的分布,并以此进行黄陵县地质灾害易发程度分区评价。评价结果为:据易发度分值将黄陵县分为5个地质灾害易发区,其中高易发区占全县面积的9.94%,主要分布于洛河、沮河及寇家河河谷区,是今后地质灾害防治的重点区域。     

基于GIS和信息量模型的安徽池州地质灾害易发性评价

以安徽省池州市为研究区,选取坡度、坡向、工程地质岩组、断裂、道路、河流、降雨量、土地利用类型8个影响因子进行地质灾害易发性评价。基于全市345个地质灾害点(崩塌和滑坡)样本数据,采用信息量模型对研究区各影响因子的信息量进行计算,依据灾害点密度将区域灾害易发性划分为5个等级:低易发区、较低易发区、中易发区、较高易发区和高易发区。结果表明:安徽省池州市地质灾害高易发区和较高易发区主要分布在坡度较大的山区河谷两侧,反映人类工程活动破坏、流水冲刷作用和地形地貌因素是影响该区地质灾害的主要因素。其中,高易发区和较高易发区面积为1 801.47 km~2,分别占全区总面积的7.89%和13.88%,高易发区和较高易发区内的灾害点分别占所有灾害点的48.7%和21.5%,其中高易发区的灾积比为6.17,明显高于其他易发等级。对地质灾害易发性的方法与技术的研究,旨在为该区的灾害防治和经济建设提供技术参考。     

基于信息量模型的地质灾害易发性评价——以贵州省荔波县为例

地质灾害易发性是地质灾害风险评价的基础,是国土空间规划、地质灾害防治及工程建设的重要依据。以贵州省荔波县为例,采用信息量法对研究区地质灾害易发性进行评价。以遥感解译、现有灾害点、隐患点、历史灾害数据为评价基础数据,获取地质灾害信息量。以地形坡度、坡高、坡形、断层、地层、斜坡结构、水系距离7个固有地质环境影响因素为评价指标,开展易发性评价。研究结果显示：荔波县极高易发区4个,占31.65%;高易发区5个,占30.26%;中易发区4个,占29.11%;低易发区3个,占8.98%。经野外验证,符合度较高,评价结果可信。     

陕西宝鸡市地质灾害基本类型和空间分布

宝鸡是中国地质灾害发育较强的地区之一。为揭示其地质灾害分布规律,在2006—2012年持续7年的地质灾害详细调查资料和综合研究成果分析的基础上,统计宝鸡市地质灾害的主要类型和空间分布特征,结果显示宝鸡市地质灾害主要类型为滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和不稳定斜坡4类,其中滑坡数量最多达887处,约占总数的57%,主要沿渭河谷地、东北部黄土丘陵区、南部和西部山区中人类工程活动频繁的山间盆地和主干道路切坡沿线密集分布;其次为崩塌328处,约占总数的21.23%,再次为不稳定斜坡234处,约占总数的15.15%,崩塌和不稳定斜坡主要分布于渭河盆地周边的塬边和丘陵斜坡带、东北部典型黄土丘陵区高陡斜坡带和基岩山区交通干线道路沿线的切坡地段;泥石流灾害数量最少为96处,约占总数的6.21%,集中分布在西南部陇山、秦岭山区沟谷和黄土丘陵区的沟壑中。目前,频繁发生的浅层小型滑坡和崩塌灾害,特别是黄土地区房前屋后和山区公路边坡地段的小型滑坡和崩塌灾害,是宝鸡市减灾、防灾关注的重点。     

基于GIS的昆明市五华区地质灾害易发性评价

五华区共查证崩滑流及地面塌陷灾害点60处,灾情堪称严重。基于ArcGIS平台,利用信息量法对全区地质灾害易发程度进行评价分区。高易发区面积31.35km^2,中等易发区面积247km^2,低易发区面积101.65km^2。科学评估分区结果为政府进一步制定全区地质灾害防治规划提供科学依据。     

逻辑回归和信息量模型在山区滑坡易发性评价中适宜性的分析

以万山区为例,在区域滑坡孕灾条件的基础上,筛选工程地质岩组、斜坡结构、平均坡度、地貌、距构造距离及距河流距离共6个易发条件因子,选取逻辑回归模型和信息量模型对山区滑坡进行易发性评价。结果显示逻辑回归模型中中高易发区面积占比分别为1578%和1970%,82%的地质灾害点落在该区域内;信息量模型中中高易发区面积占比为1241%、2519%,包含了区域88%的滑坡灾害点。最后通过实际发生的灾害点在各易发区的分布情况进行检验,逻辑回归模型中灾害点落在高易发区的比例远小于信息量模型,且高易发等级中灾害点实际发生的比值较小,说明针对山区区域滑坡地质灾害易发性评价结果预测上,信息量模型的评价结果更为客观准确。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.