Relationship between Sea Level Pressures of the Winter Tropical Western Pacific and the Subsequent Asian Summer Monsoon

Using monthly mean National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data for the period 1958-1996, based on a new circulation index in the tropical western Pacific region, this paper investigates extreme winter circulation conditions in thenorthwestern Pacific and their evolution. The results show that the extreme winter circulation anomalyin the northwestern Pacific exhibits a strong association with those appearing in the high latitudes of theNorthern Hemisphere including the northern Asian continent, part of the Barents Sea, and the northeasternPacific. As the season progresses, an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation anomaly appearing in the north-western Pacific gradually moves northeastwards and extends westwards. Its axis in the west-east directionis also stretched. Therefore, easterly (westerly) anomalies in the southern part of the anticyclonic (cyclonic)circulation anomaly continuously expand westwards to the peninsula of India. Therefore, the South Asiansummer monsoon would be weaker (stronger). Simultaneously, another interesting phenomenon is theevolution of SLP anomalies. As the season progresses (from winter to the following summer), SLP anoma-lies originating from the tropical western Pacific gradually move towards, and finally occupy the Asiancontinent, and further influence the thermal depression over the Asian continent in the following summer.     

Global and Regional Impacts of Vegetation on the Hydrological Cycle and Energy Budget as Represented by the Community Atmosphere Model （CAM3）

The effects of vegetation and its seasonal variation on energy and the hydrological cycle were examined using a state-of-the-art Community Atmosphere Model （CAM3）. Three 15-year numerical experiments were completed： the first with realistic vegetation characteristics varying monthly （VEG run）, the second without vegetation over land （NOVEG run）, and the third with the vegetation characteristics held at their annual mean values （VEGMEAN run）. In these models, the hydrological cycle and land surface energy budget were widely affected by vegetation. Globaland annual-mean evapotranspiration significantly increased compared with the NOVEG by 11.8% in the VEG run run, while runoff decreased by 13.2% when the realistic vegetation is incorporated. Vegetation plays different roles in different regions. In tropical Asia, vegetation-induced cooling of the land surface plays a crucial role in decreasing tropical precipitation. In middle latitudes and the Amazon region, however, the vegetation-induced increase of evapotranspiration plays a more important role in increasing precipitation. The seasonal variation of vegetation also shows clear influences on the hydrological cycle and energy budget. In the boreal mid-high latitudes where vegetation shows a strong seasonal cycle, evapotranspiration and precipitation are higher in the summer in the VEG run than in the VEGMEAN run.     

Performance of the seasonal forecasting of the Asian summer monsoon by BCC_CSM1.1(m)

This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of Asian summer monsoon prediction skill as a function of lead time and its relationship to sea surface temperature prediction using the seasonal hindcasts of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model, BCC_CSM1.1(m). For the South and Southeast Asian summer monsoon, reasonable skill is found in the model's forecasting of certain aspects of monsoon climatology and spatiotemporal variability. Nevertheless, deficiencies such as significant forecast errors over the tropical western North Pacific and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean are also found. In particular, overestimation of the connections of some dynamical monsoon indices with large-scale circulation and precipitation patterns exists in most ensemble mean forecasts, even for short lead-time forecasts. Variations of SST, measured by the first mode over the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans, as well as the spatiotemporal features over the Niño3.4 region, are overall well predicted. However, this does not necessarily translate into successful forecasts of the Asian summer monsoon by the model. Diagnostics of the relationships between monsoon and SST show that difficulties in predicting the South Asian monsoon can be mainly attributed to the limited regional response of monsoon in observations but the extensive and exaggerated response in predictions due partially to the application of ensemble average forecasting methods. In contrast, in spite of a similar deficiency, the Southeast Asian monsoon can still be forecasted reasonably, probably because of its closer relationship with large-scale circulation patterns and El Niño-Southern Oscillation.     

西太平洋副热带高压季节内异常活动与亚洲夏季风系统的时延相关特征

基于西太平洋副热带高压的异常活动与亚洲夏季风系统其他成员之间存在着密切联系的天气事实,运用交叉小波的非线性时滞相关分析方法,对东亚夏季风系统成员与西太平洋副热带高压形态和变异的相互影响的基本事实和物理特征进行研究,得到了西太平洋副热带高压与主要的亚洲夏季风系统成员之间基本的关联结构和演变示意图。研究结果揭示了不同的季风子系统对西太平洋副热带高压的影响不同:影响西太平洋副热带高压强度和脊线位置异常变化的是亚洲夏季风系统中的印度夏季风子系统的5个主要成员;而影响西太平洋副热带高压西脊点异常变化的则是亚洲夏季风系统中的另一个子系统——东亚夏季风子系统的5个主要成员。研究揭示了副热带高压与亚洲夏季风系统主要成员之间的时延特征与统计关联特性,为相应的机理研究提供了事实依据。     

GAMIL1.0大气模式模拟的西北太平洋夏季风：阵风参数化方案的影响

本文分析了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室( LASG/IAP)发展的大气环流格点模式(GAMIL1.0)对1980～1999年西北太平洋夏季风的模拟,讨论了阵风参数化方案对模拟效果的影响.结果表明:GAMIL1.0能合理再现西北太平洋夏季风气候态和年际变率的主要特征,不足之处在于其...     

Relationships between the East Asian-western north pacific monsoon and ENSO simulated by FGOALS-s2

The relationships between ENSO and the East Asian-western North Pacific monsoon simulated by the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2), a state-of-the-art coupled general circulation model (CGCM), are evaluated. For El Nio developing summers, FGOALS-s2 reproduces the anomalous cyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP) and associated negative precipitation anomalies in situ. In the observation, the anomalous cyclone is transformed to an anomalous anticyclone over the WNP (WNPAC) during El Nio mature winters. The model reproduces the WNPAC and associated positive precipitation anomalies over southeastern China during winter. However, the model fails to simulate the asymmetry of the wintertime circulation anomalies over the WNP between El Nio and La Nia. The simulated anomalous cyclone over the WNP (WNPC) associated with La Nia is generally symmetric about the WNPAC associated with El Nio, rather than shifted westward as that in the observation. The discrepancy can partially explain why simulated La Nin a events decay much faster than observed. In the observation, the WNPAC maintains throughout the El Nio decaying summer under the combined effects of local forcing of the WNP cold sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and remote forcing from basinwide warming in the tropical Indian Ocean. FGOALS-s2 captures the two mechanisms and reproduces the WNPAC throughout the summer. However, owing to biases in the mean state, the precipitation anomalies over East Asia, especially those of the Meiyu rain belt, are much weaker than that in the observation.     

前期热带太平洋次表层海温异常与东亚夏季风的可能联系

利用1979—2012年日本气象厅次表层海温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了前期冬季热带太平洋次表层海温与东亚夏季风的关系,并讨论了其可能机制。结果表明,前期冬季热带太平洋次表层海温与后期东亚夏季风强弱有显著的相关关系。冬季次表层海温呈现东正西负的类El Nio分布型时,夏季副热带高压偏强,西北太平洋地区受反气旋型环流控制,能将大量的水汽输送到长江和淮河流域,有利于水汽在该区域辐合,为夏季降水偏多创造了条件,此时东亚夏季风活动整体偏弱,反之亦然。但类El Nio分布型对东亚夏季气候变化的影响较类La Nia分布型更显著。此外,冬季热带太平洋次表层海温可能通过其自身能够持续性地影响东亚—太平洋地区的大气环流异常,次表层海温随季节变化有明显的发展和移动趋势:冬季西太平洋暖池次表层冷(暖)海温不断堆积,沿温跃层向东传播使得中东太平洋次表层海温逐渐变冷(暖),冷(暖)海温上翻加强使得海表温度异常,进一步影响到西太平洋副热带高压的位置和强度,并在东亚地区形成经向遥相关波列,通过西北太平洋地区异常反气旋(气旋)环流的作用,影响东亚地区大气环流以及气候变化。     

欧亚遥相关型对印度夏季风与华北夏季降水间关系的影响

利用国家气候中心160站月平均降水资料、印度热带气象研究所的全印度月平均降水资料和NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料,从年际和年代际角度分别研究了欧亚遥相关型（Eurasian teleconnection,EU）对印度夏季风与华北夏季降水关系的影响,并探究其物理机制。结果表明,EU与印度夏季风之间的相关系数只有-0.078,二者相互独立。印度夏季风与华北夏季降水有正相关关系（Indian Summer Monsoon and North China Summer Rainfall,ISM-NCSR）,且在正EU位相时,ISM-NCSR关系较弱;负EU位相时,ISM-NCSR关系较强。这是由于EU负位相时,贝加尔湖右侧存在反气旋环流,有利于北风及冷空气南下。因此,强印度季风时北上的暖湿气流在华北地区与偏北风相遇形成锋面,有利于华北降水;弱印度季风时华北地区完全被强北风控制,水汽输送通道被阻断,不利于降水,从而导致ISM-NCSR关系强。正EU位相时与此相反,相关关系弱。     

Simulating the intraseasonal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon by IAP AGCM4.0

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the intraseasonal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） simulated by IAP AGCM 4.0, the fourth-generation atmospheric general circulation model recently developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In general, the model simulates the intraseasonal evolution of the EASM and the related rain belt. Besides, the model also simulates the two northward jumps of the westem Pacific subtropical high （WPSH）, which are closely related to the convective activities in the warm pool region and Rossby wave activities in high latitudes. Nevertheless, some evident biases in the model were found to exist. Due to a stronger WPSH, the model fails to simulate the rain belt in southern China during May and June. Besides, the model simulates a later retreat of the EASM, which is attributed to the overestimated land-sea thermal contrast in August. In particular, the timing of the two northward jumps of the WPSH in the model is not coincident with the observation, with a later jump by two pentads for the first jump and an earlier jump by one pentad for the second, i.e., the interval between the two jumps is shorter than the observation. This bias is mainly ascribed to a shorter oscillating periodicity of convection in the tropical northwestern Pacific.     

强弱南海夏季风活动及大气季节内振荡

应用ＮＣＥＰ再分析资料和中国降水资料，分析研究了对应南海强、弱夏季风的环流形势及其与之相应的中国东部的降水异常。其结果表明，由强、弱夏季风所引起的中国气候异常是完全不同（甚至反相）的。分析大气季节内振荡（ＩＳＯ）的活动还表明，对应大气强（弱）南海夏季风，南海地区 ８５０ ｈＰａ也有强（弱）大气 ＩＳＯ；而强、弱南海夏季风环流（２００ ｈＰａ和 ８５０ ｈＰａ）主要由异常的大气ＩＳＯ所激发。本研究还揭示了南海地区大气ＩＳＯ的变化往往与江淮地区大气ＩＳＯ的变化反相，例如南海地区的强（弱）大气ＩＳＯ常与江淮流域的弱（强）大气ＩＳＯ相对应。对于大气ＩＳＯ的强度，一般多表现出局地激发特征，经向传播相对较弱。     

2019年南海夏季风爆发特征及其与10~25 d ISO的关系北大核心

使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对2019年高度场、OLR场和风场进行了环流分析,计算假相当位温、西南风和垂直风切变等物理量,并且使用Lanczos滤波器滤波后进行分位相讨论了ISO与2019年南海夏季风爆发的关系。结果表明,2019年南海夏季风爆发的日期为5月6日,其爆发偏早。在5月6日后具体特征表现为:200 hPa高空急流范围扩大,强度增强;副热带高压不断东撤,南海地区不再盛行西南风;850 hPa上南海地区盛行西南风且对流大面积爆发;假相当位温随高度变化的特征显示出对流增强的趋势。为了探讨2019年南海夏季风爆发与ISO的关系,进一步研究发现2019年存在10~25 d大气季节内振荡。一方面,ISO有利于2019年爆发时间偏早,另一方面,南海夏季风爆发后从孟加拉湾—印度洋东部低频对流多次随时间向东北传播,经历发展—最强—减弱—抑制—最弱—恢复的6个阶段,有利于南海地区偏西风增强以及对流活动的爆发维持,使得其爆发强度增强。     

西北太平洋SST季内振荡及其与中国东部夏季降水季内振荡的关系

利用NOAA逐日海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日风场和比湿资料以及中国国家气象信息中心提供的逐日降水资料,研究了西北太平洋气候SST的低频周期,进一步分析了夏季西北太平洋SST季节内振荡与中国东部同期降水异常的关系。结果表明:夏季西北太平洋季节内SST异常影响中国东部同期季节内降水最显著的三个区域为:长江中游及华南沿海;江淮流域;华北大部。其影响途径主要是通过西北太平洋季节内海温与850 h Pa环流场之间相互作用,在东亚沿岸自南向北逐渐形成气旋—反气旋—气旋(反气旋—气旋—反气旋)的波列结构,引起东亚沿海局地水汽的辐合辐散,使得中国东部夏季季节内雨带从江淮流域向华北推进(从华北南撤到长江中游及华南沿海地区)。