Estimation of Land Surface Temperature over the Tibetan Plateau Using AVHRR and MODIS Data

Estimation of large-scale land surface temperature from satellite images is of great importance for the study of climate change. This is especially true for the most challenging areas, such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this paper, two split window algorithms (SWAs), one for the NOAA’s Advanced Very High Resolu-tion Radiometer (AVHRR), and the other for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), were applied to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) over the TP simultaneously. AVHRR and M...     

5月青藏高原5套地表感热通量资料的对比分析

基于1979-2017年5月青藏高原地区149个站点观测资料计算的地表感热通量（OBCH）和4套再分析资料提供的地表感热通量,对比分析了青藏高原地表感热通量的时空变化特征。结果表明：5月各地表感热再分析资料在高原主体部分（3 000 m以上部分）的气候平均值均为正值,说明高原主体5月为同一热源,且均呈高原西部（90°E为界）感热通量偏大,东部偏小的特征。5月高原主体各套平均地表感热通量均呈减弱趋势,除ERA感热表现为增强外,其余3套再分析资料在高原西部均表现为减弱,减弱趋势显著;5套资料在高原东部均表现为减弱趋势,除OBCH资料外,均表现为显著减弱。EOF分析发现,除了ERA-Interim资料,其余4套资料在高原主体第一模态主要表现为一致性变化,第二模态空间分布呈明显差异。从各套资料与OBCH资料的时间相关来看,ERA-Interim资料与OBCH资料相关系数可达0.70,说明二者在5月具有较好的年际变化一致性特征,而NCEP2资料与OBCH资料相关系数仅为0.33,说明二者具有较大的年际变化差异。     

青藏高原MODIS地表反照率和GLASS地表反照率的对比分析

对比分析了青藏高原MODIS地表反照率产品和GLASS地表反照率产品的空间分布连续性、高质量反演结果的比例,应用青藏高原CAMP/Tibet试验期间的高精度观测数据评估了两种产品的精度,通过人工目视解译MODIS地表反射率图像并结合MODIS积雪产品分析了影响两种产品精度的原因,结果表明：1）GLASS地表反照率产品具有比MODIS地表反照率产品更好的空间分布连续性和更高的反演质量;2）绝大多数时段内两种产品都能与地面观测结果保持较好的一致性,能准确地反映地表反照率的异常变化过程;3）局地积雪是影响两种产品精度的重要因素之一;4）积雪条件下,GLASS地表反照率反演算法比MODIS地表反照率反演算法更具优势。研究结果有助于促进人们对地表反照率卫星遥感反演产品的认识,改进青藏高原地表反照率卫星遥感反演算法,提高青藏高原地表反照率卫星遥感反演结果的精度、反演质量和空间分布连续性。     

Influence of wintertime surface sensible heat flux variability over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau on the East Asian winter monsoon

Climate Dynamics - Analyses of in situ and reanalysis output are performed to examine linkages between surface sensible heat fluxes over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau (CETP) and indices...     

应用MODIS数据反演青藏高原地区地表反照率

应用RossThick-LiTransit核驱动BRDF（bidirectional reflectance distribution function）模型,选择2004年Terra MODIS（moderate resolution imaging spectraradiometer）500 m分辨率数据,对青藏高原地区的地表反照率进行了反演研究,并以平均气溶胶光学厚度值0.11计算了正午时（北京时间12：00）实际的地表反照率,反演结果与当地的地表覆盖类型和地形具有较好的一致性。此外,藏北高原4个辐射观测站点观测资料与反演结果的比较表明,500 m分辨率反演结果不仅可以满足气候和陆面过程模式的精度要求,而且精度高于美国1 km分辨率反照率反演结果。     

三种再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原区域的适用性分析

利用气象台站观测地表温度,比较和分析了ERA-Interim、NCEP/NCAR和NCEP/DOE再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原的适用性.结果表明:三种再分析资料都揭示了青藏高原地表温度的基本特征,并较好地描述了高原地表温度的季节变化和年际变化特征;但三种再分析资料都比观测地表温度明显偏低,且对地表温度的长期变化趋势估计不足.比较而言,ERA-1nterim再分析地表温度产品在青藏高原的适用性最好,与观测地表温度的相关最显著,且能较好地反映高原地表温度的异常变化强度,可作为研究高原地表温度年际变化的代用资料;而NCEP/NCAR和NCEP/DOE 再分析地表温度产品在青藏高原的适用性不佳,其适用时段和适用区域需要进一步考察.     

南亚夏季风爆发前后青藏高原地表热通量的长期变化特征分析

青藏高原作为世界第三极,其热力强迫作用不仅对亚洲季风系统的发展和维持十分重要,也会对大气环流场产生深远影响。利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的ERA-Interim中1979-2016年3-10月青藏高原及其周边地区的地表热通量月平均再分析资料,通过分析得出以下结论:3-5月青藏高原主体由感热占据,感热强度快速上升且呈西高东低的分布态势,潜热强度较小但随时间而增强。季风爆发后的6-8月,青藏高原感热强度减弱,潜热强度迅速增强且呈东高西低的分布特征。季风消退后的9-10月,感热与潜热强度相当,但感热呈现出西高东低的分布特征。过去38年,青藏高原地表感热总体呈现微弱下降趋势,潜热呈较弱上升趋势。青藏高原西部地区感热呈微弱下降趋势,潜热呈上升趋势。东部感热呈较为明显的下降趋势且近年来变化趋势增强,东部潜热通量则呈现较为明显的上升趋势,分析结论与近期全球变暖条件下青藏高原气候变暖变湿这一变化状况一致,通过对青藏高原地表热通量的变化分析为下一步运用第三次青藏高原大气科学试验所获资料分析青藏高原上空大气热源的变化以及地表加热场如何影响大气环流奠定基础。      

青藏高原地区MODIS反照率的精度分析

应用2002-2004年青藏高原CAMP／Tibet试验期间4个地面站点的反照率观测结果定量分析Te丌aMODISlkm分辨率短波SW波段（0．3—5．0μm）反照率全反演结果和当量反演结果的精度。对于全反演结果,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0．0187和0．0168;对于当量反演结果,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0．0766和0．0761。综合全反演结果和当量反演结果,则黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0．0679和0．0675。当地面观测结果与MODIS反照率当量反演结果均为“无雪”状态时,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0．0352和0．0364;当地面观测结果为“积雪”状态,MODIS反照率当量反演结果为“无雪”状态时,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别高达0．1556和0．1541。     

Impacts of the atmospheric apparent heat source over the Tibetan Plateau on summertime ozone vertical distributions over Lhasa

青藏高原(TP)是一个对气候变化敏感的地区,其上空的臭氧分布影响着青藏高原及其周边地区的大气环境,北半球夏季青藏高原上空臭氧柱总量相对较低的现象,及其时空变化受到广泛关注.本研究利用北半球夏季5年的拉萨上空臭氧的气球测量数据,研究高原上空大气视热源(Q1)对臭氧垂直分布的影响并探讨了该过程的机制.结果表明,当TP上空对流层整体的Q1相对较高时,拉萨上空对流层臭氧浓度下降.大气更强的上升运动伴随着TP主体区域上空的Q1的增大.因此,当夏季Q1较高时,由于近地表低浓度臭氧空气向上输送,拉萨上空的对流层臭氧浓度下降.     

Connections between surface sensible heat net flux and regional summer precipitation over China

Using the observed monthly precipitation and NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction)reanalysis surface flux data from 1951-2000, the connections between the seasonal SSHNF (Surface Sensible Heat Net Flux) over the Asian continent and the regional summer precipitation of China were examined.The patterns of collective and individual correlations were identified. The results indicate that the responseof the regional summer precipitation of China to the seasonal SSHNF over the study area varies according to region and season. The interannual variability of summer precipitation anomalies over Xinjiang, the northernmost Northeast China, and the North China Plain are most sensitive to the anomaly of the seasonal SSHNF. There are significant collective correlations between the interannual anomalies of the seasonal SSHNF and summer precipitation over these regions. In contrast, the Southeast Tibetan Plateau,Huaihe River Valley, and surrounding areas exhibit the least significant correlation. Significant individual correlations exist between the summer precipitation over the southernmost Northeast China, East Inner Mongolia, South of the Yangtze River and South China and the seasonal SSHNF in certain seasons over the following areas: near Lake Baikal and Lake Balkhash, near Da Hinggan Mountains and Xiao Hinggan Mountains, as well as the Tibetan Plateau.     

Diurnal and inter-monthly variation of land surface heat fluxes over the central Tibetan Plateau area

Summary The energy and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau play an important role in the Asian monsoon system, which in turn is a major component of both the energy and water cycles of the global climate system. Using field observational data observed from the GAME/Tibet (GEWEX (Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment) Asian Monsoon Experiment on the Tibetan Plateau) and the CAMP/Tibet (CEOP (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau), some results on the local surface energy partitioning (diurnal variation, inter-monthly variation and vertical variation etc.) are presented in this study.The study on the regional surface energy partitioning is of paramount importance over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau and it is also one of the main scientific objectives of the GAME/Tibet and the CAMP/Tibet. Therefore, the regional distributions and their inter-monthly variations of surface heat fluxes (net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) are also derived by combining NOAA-14/AVHRR data with field observations. The derived results were validated by using the ground truth, and it shows that the derived regional distributions and their inter-monthly variations of land surface heat fluxes are reasonable by using the method proposed in this study. Further improvement of the method and its applying field were also discussed.     

青藏高原中东部地区地表感热通量的时空变化特征

基于1970—2015年青藏高原地区78个站点的观测资料,应用物理方法计算了高原中东部地区的感热通量。利用小波分析、相关性分析等研究了高原中东部感热通量的时空特征和影响因子。结果表明,高原年平均和春夏季节,感热通量周期为3~4 a,而秋冬季节为2~3 a;感热通量的变化趋势为,1970—1980年和2001—2015年感热通量呈增加趋势,而1981—2000年呈减小趋势;高原年平均和各季节的最强感热加热中心均位于高原南坡E区（除冬季外),最弱加热区域位于高原西北部A区（夏季除外);高原春秋季节感热通量的空间分布均匀,冬夏季节有明显的梯度分布且梯度相反,夏季呈现自东到西的梯度;春季、夏季及秋季,高原感热通量和降水呈负相关;高原10 m风速的极值中心随季节北上南撤变化与地气温差的强弱变化共同决定了感热通量的季节变化。     

The Regional Surface Heating Field over the Heterogeneous Landscape of the Tibetan Plateau Using MODIS and In-Situ Data

In this study,a parameterization scheme based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and in-situ data was tested for deriving the regional surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape.As a case study,the methodology was applied to the whole Tibetan Plateau (TP) area.Four images of MODIS data (i.e.,30 January 2007,15 April 2007,1 August 2007,and 25 October 2007) were used in this study for comparison among winter,spring,summer,and autumn.The results were validated using the observations measured at the stations of the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform (TORP).The results show the following:(1) The derived surface heating field for the TP area was in good accord with the land-surface status,showing a wide range of values due to the strong contrast of surface features in the area.(2) The derived surface heating field for the TP was very close to the field measurements (observations).The APD (absolute percent difference) between the derived results and the field observations was <10%.(3) The mean surface heating field over the TP increased from January to April to August,and decreased in October.Therefore,the reasonable regional distribution of the surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape can be obtained using this methodology.The limitations and further improvement of this method are also discussed.     

春季青藏高原感热对中国东部夏季降水的影响和预测作用

利用1980-2012年青藏高原中、东部71个站点观测资料、全中国756站的月降水资料、哈得来中心提供的HadISST v1.1海温资料以及ERA-Interim再分析资料,综合青藏高原的感热加热以及全球海温,研究了春季青藏高原感热对中国东部夏季降水的影响,并建立预报方程,探讨了青藏高原春季感热对中国降水的预报作用。结果表明,青藏高原春季感热与中国东部降水关系密切,青藏高原春季感热异常增强伴随着长江流域中下游同期降水增多,后期夏季长江流域整流域降水也持续偏多,华南东部降水偏少。春季青藏高原感热的增强与环北半球中高纬度的罗斯贝波列密切相关,扰动在北太平洋形成的反气旋环流向西南方向延伸至西北太平洋,为长江流域输送大量的水汽,有利于降水的发生。夏季,伴随着前期青藏高原感热的增强,南亚高压位置偏东,西北太平洋副热带高压（西太副高）位置偏西偏南,西太副高北侧为气旋式环流异常。在西太副高的控制下,华南东部降水减少;西太副高西侧的偏南气流为长江流域带来大量水汽,并与来自北部气旋式环流异常西侧的偏北风发生辐合,降水增多。青藏高原春季感热异常是华南和长江流域夏季降水异常的重要前兆信号。加入青藏高原春季感热后,利用海温预报的华南、长江流域夏季降水量与观测值的相关系数有所提高,预报方程对区域降水的解释方差提高约15%。      

青藏高原不同季节地表温度变化特征分析

基于欧洲中尺度气象预报中心(ECMWF)提供的ERA-Interim地表温度,利用经验正交函数(EOF)等方法,分析了青藏高原四季地表温度的时空变化特征.结果发现:青藏高原春、夏、冬季地表温度变化以整体型为主,并且大部地区地表温度呈现升高的趋势;秋季地表温度略有下降趋势,并且以东部和西部地表温度的反向型异常变化最为显著.此外还发现,青藏高原不同季节地表温度的异常变化具有一定的联系,其中整体型变化可以持续3个季节.     

青藏高原大气热源及其估算的不确定性因素

基于1980—2016年的4套再分析资料(NCEP/DOE资料、MERRA2资料、ERA-Interim资料和JRA-55资料),采用计算大气热源的正算法和倒算法,研究青藏高原大气热源及其计算的不确定性因素,得到以下结论：(1)计算方法和资料均会导致结果的不确定性,正算法只能得到整层热源,而倒算法可得到热源垂直结构,但其结果准确性依赖于再分析资料精度;(2)对比4套再分析资料计算结果发现,正算法结果较倒算法结果普遍偏高,采用ERA-Interim资料,基于两种方法计算的大气热源年代际变化趋势一致。基于4套资料,采用倒算法计算的热源在1980—2016年呈现明显的年代际变化特征;(3)夏半年(3—8月)强热源区主要分布在青藏高原中东部,热源自下而上呈源-汇-源分布;(4)基于正算法和ERA-Interim资料估算的夏半年的降水潜热在喜马拉雅山南坡显著偏小,高原西部地区和南部冈底斯山一带则明显偏大。     

青藏高原积雪异常对高原地面加热的影响

On the basis of snow data and AWS (Automatic Weather Station) data obtained from the Tibetan Plateau in recent years (1993 to 1999), the features of sensible heat, latent heat and net long-wave radiations are estimated, and their variations in more-snow year (1997/1998) and less-snow year (1996/1997) are analyzed comparatively. The relationships between snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau and plateau＇s surface heating to the atmospheric heating are also discussed. The difference between more-snow and less-snow year in spring is remarkably larger than that in winter. Therefore, the effect of anomalous snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau in winter on the plateau heating appears more clearly in the following spring of anomalous snow cover.     

The impact of surface properties on downward surface shortwave radiation over the Tibetan Plateau

The complexity of inhomogeneous surface–atmosphere radiation transfer is one of the foremost problems in the field of atmospheric physics and atmospheric radiation. To date, the influence of surface properties on shortwave radiation has not been well studied. The daily downward surface shortwave radiation of the latest FLASHFlux/CERES(Fast Longwave And Shortwave Fluxes Time Interpolated and Spatially Averaged/Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System) satellite data was evaluated against in situ data. The comparison indicated that the differences between the two data sets are unstable and large over rugged terrain compared with relatively flat terrain, and the mean absolute error of the satellite products reaches 31.4 W m-2(12.3%) over rugged terrain. Based on the SSF(single satellite footprint)/CERES product, the influence of surface properties on the distribution of downward surface shortwave radiation(DSSR) was analyzed. The influence of surface properties on DSSR over the Tibetan Plateau is about twice as large as that in two other regions located at the same latitude(eastern China–western Pacific and subtropical North Pacific). A simulation was carried out with the help of the I3RC(International Intercomparision of Three-Dimensional Radiation Code) Monte Carlo 3D radiative transfer community model. The results showed that DSSR increases as surface albedo increases. Moreover, the impact of surface albedo on DSSR is larger if the spatial distribution of clouds is more non-uniform. It is hoped that these results will contribute to the development of 3D radiative transfer models and the improvement of satellite inversion algorithms.     

青藏高原大气热力异常对西风急流的影响

本文基于NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分析了对流层上层200 hPa纬向西风的时空变化特征,并通过EOF分解得到一个表征西风急流位置的指数(Westerly Jet Position Index,WJPI);同时基于对流层中上层(500～200 hPa)温度纬向偏差,构建了一个描述青藏高原(简称高原)大气热力特征的指标(Plateau Atmosphere Heating Index,PAHI),定量分析了该指数与西风急流位置的关系。结果表明:由冬到夏西风急流轴不断北抬西伸,风速逐渐减小;各季西风急流轴均处于西风变率的小值区,表明各季急流均轴的位置较稳定。各季PAHI与200 hPa纬向风的显著正相关区均分布在高原北侧,即高原PAHI增强时,其北侧西风增强,南侧西风减弱,对流层上层西风急流北移;各季WJPI与PAHI之间均存在显著相关,表明PAHI异常对西风急流位置的变化有重要作用。