1961—2008年淮河流域气温和降水变化趋势

利用淮河流域170个地面气象观测站观测数据,统计分析了淮河流域1961—2008年间气温和降水的时空变化趋势。结果表明:48 a间淮河流域年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,冬季平均气温的增温幅度最大,春、秋次之;年极端最低气温亦呈显著上升趋势,年极端低温日数(满足该站极端低温阈值)则呈明显下降趋势;流域西北部年极端最高气温呈显著下降趋势,流域西部年极端高温日数(满足该站极端高温阈值)呈显著下降趋势;降水量总体变化趋势未通过统计检验,但1990s开始,秋季降水量呈下降趋势,2000年之后年降水量明显增加,夏季降水量亦增加;春季和秋季降水日数呈显著下降趋势,夏季和冬季无明显变化。     

Long-term trend analysis for temperature in the Jinsha River Basin in China

On the basis of the mean annual and seasonal temperatures from 30 meteorological stations in the Jinsha River Basin (JRB) from 1961 to 2008, the temperature trends are analyzed by using Mann–Kendall test and linear trend analysis. There is an increasing trend in mean annual and seasonal temperatures during this period, and the increasing trends in winter seem more significant than those in the other three seasons. The mean annual temperature has increased by 0.0158°C/year during the last 48 years. There are more than 70% of stations exhibiting increasing trends for annual and seasonal temperatures. The increasing trends in the headwater and upper reaches are more dominant than those in the middle and lower reaches. The largest increase magnitude occurred in the low temperature area, while the largest decrease magnitude occurred in the high temperature area. The decreasing trends are mainly characterized for the maximum temperature time series, and summer is the only season showing a slight and insignificant increasing trend. All the time series showed a statistically significant increasing trend at the level of α?=?0.05 for the minimum temperature time series. As a whole, the increasing magnitude of the minimum temperature is significantly greater than the decreasing magnitude of the maximum temperature.     

黄河流域蒸散发与气温和降水以及风速的相关性分析

黄河流经我国干旱半干旱地区,其流域蒸散发变化对当地的生态安全和经济发展尤其重要。本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析产品（ERA5）定量分析了1979-2020年黄河流域蒸散发的时空变化特征,并结合气温、降水和风速数据,对黄河流域蒸散发与3种气候因子进行了相关性分析。结果表明：黄河流域蒸散发在1979-2020年呈波动下降趋势,空间分布差异明显,源区附近蒸散发上升,上游的干旱区附近蒸散发基本不变,而中游和下游地区主要呈现下降趋势。1979-2020年黄河流域气温持续上升,降水呈波动下降趋势,风速呈上升趋势。对黄河流域蒸散发与气候因子的相关性分析表明,蒸散发与气候因子的相关性空间差异较为明显,蒸散发与气温、风速呈负相关,与降水呈正相关的区域占流域的较大部分;而在复相关性方面,黄河流域大部分地区蒸散发与气候因子的相关性较强,其中以流域上游的干旱区附近复相关性最强。研究黄河流域不同地区蒸散发与气候因子的相关性可为黄河流域水资源的开发管理和区域气候调节提供科学参考。     

Quantile regression and clustering analysis of standardized precipitation index in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang, China

Because drought is a very common and widespread natural disaster, it has attracted a great deal of academic interest. Based on 12-month time scale standardized precipitation indices (SPI12) calculated from precipitation data recorded between 1960 and 2015 at 22 weather stations in the Tarim River Basin (TRB), this study aims to identify the trends of SPI and drought duration, severity, and frequency at various quantiles and to perform cluster analysis of drought events in the TRB. The results indicated that (1) both precipitation and temperature at most stations in the TRB exhibited significant positive trends during 1960–2015; (2) multiple scales of SPIs changed significantly around 1986; (3) based on quantile regression analysis of temporal drought changes, the positive SPI slopes indicated less severe and less frequent droughts at lower quantiles, but clear variation was detected in the drought frequency; and (4) significantly different trends were found in drought frequency probably between severe droughts and drought frequency.     

Spatiotemporal variations of precipitation regimes across Yangtze River Basin,China

Daily precipitation data during the period of 1960 to 2005 from 147 rain gauging stations over the Yangtze River Basin are analyzed to investigate precipitation variations based on precipitation indices and also consecutive rainfall regimes in both space and time. Results indicate decreasing annual/monthly mean precipitation. Distinct decreases in rainfall days are observed over most parts of the Yangtze River Basin, but precipitation intensity is increasing over most parts of the Yangtze River Basin, particularly the lower Yangtze River Basin. Besides, durations of precipitation regimes are shortening; however, the fractional contribution of short-lasting precipitation regimes to the total precipitation amount is increasing. In this sense, the precipitation processes in the Yangtze River Basin are dominated by precipitation regimes of shorter durations. These results indicate intensified hydrological cycle reflected by shortening precipitation regimes. This finding is different from that in Europe where the intensifying precipitation changes are reflected mainly by lengthening precipitation regimes, implying different regional responses of hydrological cycle to climate changes. The results of this study will be of considerable relevance in basin-scale water resources management, human mitigation of natural hazards, and in understanding regional hydrological responses to changing climate at regional scales.     

2020年6—7月长江中下游极端梅雨天气特征分析

雨滴谱是反映降水微物理特征的重要参数,研究雨滴谱垂直结构特征有助于认识降水演变过程和改善雷达定量降水估计。基于秭归、荆州和南京三站并址观测的微雨雷达和二维视频雨滴谱仪数据,探讨了2020年梅雨期不同地区、不同降水强度下的雨滴谱垂直结构特征。结果表明,雨滴下落过程中,小雨滴的数浓度和对降水强度的贡献在减少,中等雨滴和大雨滴的数浓度和对降水强度的贡献在增加,最后导致对地面降水强度有最显著贡献的是中等雨滴。不同降水强度的雨滴谱垂直结构存在明显差异,弱降水时,雨滴谱较窄,雨滴蒸发和碰并作用相均衡,雨滴谱参数变化小;强降水时,雨滴谱明显拓宽增高,雨滴间存在明显的碰并过程,中滴和大滴数浓度随高度降低而增大,雨滴谱参数出现明显变化。统计分析显示,雨滴谱有明显的区域性差异,秭归数浓度最高但雨滴直径最小,荆州数浓度中等且雨滴直径中等,南京数浓度最低但雨滴直径最大。不同地区的μ-Λ关系具有差异,采用不同地区构建的Z-R关系估算的降水强度与观测值比较一致。

     

长江流域极端强降水分布特征的统计拟合

基于长江流域147个气象站1960-2005年最大值降水序列(AM)与超门限峰值降水序列(POT),选取4大类20种分布函数,采用极大似然法和线性矩法估算了参数,经柯尔莫洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验,确定了降水极值的最优概率模型.对AM与POT两套极端强降水序列的频率分析均表明,Wakeby分布函数能够较好的拟合长江流域降水极值的概率分布.同时指出了降水极值的拟合存在的不确定性.     

春季陆面植被对长江流域夏季降水可预报性的影响分析

利用美国全球监测与模型研究中心(GIMMS)1982—2006年逐月归一化植被指数(NDVI)、美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)1854—2008年海温资料以及中国国家气候中心(NCC)1951—2006年160站月降水资料,通过旋转经验正交函数分解(REOF)和相关分析获得了长江流域夏季降水预报序列和植被、海温预报因子集。基于最优子集回归方法(OSR),并借助交叉验证(CV)以及空间重建等手段,构建了单独以前期春季海温为预报因子和同时引入前期春季海温与归一化植被指数为因子的两类预报模型,对比分析引入陆面植被因子前后长江流域夏季降水预报效果改善状况,评估春季陆面植被对长江流域夏季降水可预报性的影响及预报效果的稳健性。结果表明:(1)相对于海温因子,春季陆面植被因子对长江流域夏季降水预报具有同样重要性,引入春季归一化植被指数后,长江流域夏季降水预报得到明显改善,相关系数平均由0.49提升到0.66,提高0.17左右,模型解释方差提升平均60%左右,其中单纯海温因子预报效果较差的汉江—淮河地区和淮河流域地区,相关系数更是提高了0.20—0.30,模型解释方差提升1倍左右;(2)交叉验证预报表明,相对于仅考虑海温因子模拟情形,交叉预报相关系数下降较多,模型稳健性较低,引入归一化植被指数后,长江流域夏季降水预报稳健性得到明显提升,长江中下游及其以南的长江三角洲地区、洞庭湖—鄱阳湖地区改善尤为明显;(3)长江流域降水可预报性存在明显的区域差异,嘉陵江流域地区、汉江—洞庭湖地区预报效果最好,汉江—淮河地区、淮河流域地区、长江三角洲地区预报效果最差,但引入归一化植被指数后预报效果提高最明显,而洞庭湖—鄱阳湖地区虽然模拟效果较好,但预报稳健性较低,交叉验证相关系数降幅达到0.27,这也从侧面说明了长江流域夏季降水分区预报的重要性。     

江淮流域夏季低频降水的前期预报信号

基于ERA-Interim逐日4时次再分析资料和753站逐日降水资料,对1980-2013年江淮流域夏季降水特征进行分析,探究江淮流域夏季低频降水的前期预报信号,结果表明:1)江淮流域夏季降水受10～30 d低频振荡影响显著,10～30 d低频分量在江淮流域夏季降水中占较大比重.2)200 hPa上,低频降水过程发生前...     

淮河流域春夏季降水位相变化特征

淮河流域的降水异常容易导致旱涝灾害。本研究从降水位相变化的角度,对淮河流域春夏季降水规律作了分析。在近50 a中,春夏季降水持续偏多的典型事件发生频次较多,强度较大。1960年代初期—1970年代末期和2000年代的两个时期内发生降水位相变化的站次都呈现减少趋势,而在近几年则显著增加。通过S-EOF分解,第1模态代表春、夏季降水持续同位相变化,其时间系数在近年来持续上升;第2模态为春夏季降水反位相变化特征,此模态的时间系数有明显的年代际变化特征。进一步研究发现:前冬和春季,当赤道太平洋持续发生El Ni1o事件,南印度洋偶极子负位相;春季东亚副热带急流偏弱,春夏季中国东部850 hPa均存在南风异常,有利于淮河流域春夏季降水持续正位相变化;持续负位相年则反之。当春季东亚副热带急流偏强(弱),夏季位置偏南(北);中国东部沿海春季海温偏低(高);春夏季间中国东南部850 hPa经向风由北(南)风异常转变为南(北)风异常,可能会导致春季降水负(正)位相—夏季正(负)位相的变化。     

Applications of innovative polygonal trend analyses to precipitation series of Eastern Black Sea Basin,Turkey

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Examining historical variations of hydroclimatic variables can provide crucial information about changes of water resources in a water cycle. In this study,...     

Simulation of extreme precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin using Wakeby distribution

Based on the daily observational precipitation data at 147 stations in the Yangtze River Basin during 1960–2005 and projected daily data of 79 grid cells from the ECHAM5/ MPI-OM model in the 20th and 21st century, time series of precipitation extremes which contain AM (Annual Maximum) and MI (Munger Index) are constructed. The distribution feature of precipitation extremes is analyzed based on the two index series. Three principal results were obtained, as stated in the sequel. (i) In the past half century, the intensity of extreme heavy precipitation and drought events was higher in the mid-lower Yangtze than in the upper Yangtze reaches. Although the ECHAM5 model still can’t capture the precipitation extremes over the Yangtze River Basin satisfactorily, spatial pattern of the observed and the simulated precipitation extremes are much similar to each other. (ii) For quantifying the characteristics of extremely high and extremely low precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin, four probability distributions are used, namely: General Extreme Value (GEV), General Pareto (GPA), General Logistic (GLO), and Wakeby (WAK). It was found that WAK can adequately describe the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observational and projected data. (iii) Return period of precipitation extremes show spatially different changes under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The 50-year heavy precipitation and drought events from simulated data during 1951–2000 will become more frequent, with return period below 25 years, for the most mid-lower Yangtze region in 2001–2050. The changing character of return periods of precipitation extremes should be taken into account for the hydrological design and future water resources management.     

袁河流域极端降水事件成因分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心格点再分析资料和HYSPLIT模式对袁河流域5次极端降水天气过程的平均环流背景、主要影响系统、物理量场以及降水发生过程中的120 h气块后向轨迹特征进行分析。结果发现:(1)极端降水发生时,高层袁河流域处于南亚高压东侧辐散气流中,中层副热带高压位置适中,受584 dagpm线附近的西南气流控制,低层正好处于切变线上,且有强盛的西南气流向降水区输送能量和水汽。(2)物理量场上,袁河流域附近低层辐合、高层辐散,垂直速度场、水汽分布、水汽通量散度场都有利于该区域出现暴雨天气。(3)与袁河流域一般性暴雨的平均t-lnp图对比分析可见,极端暴雨的能量条件更好,降水对流性更强,水汽条件也更为充沛。(4)袁河流域极端降水上空的水汽路径总体上可以归纳为5条。来源于孟加拉湾附近、中南半岛南部和云南南部的西南水汽路径最多,占轨迹总数的59.5%;其次是来源于我国南海的南方路径,主要位于1 500 m以下,占轨迹总数的15.0%。     

国家级降水融合产品在长江流域的适用性评估

挑选2018年发生在长江流域的8次大范围降水过程,对国家信息中心二源降水融合产品和多源降水融合产品进行适用性评估。结果表明:(1)降水融合产品对长江流域降水的估算结果平均较实况数值偏小,降水量级越大估算误差也越大,多源降水融合产品与二源降水融合产品相比,估算误差绝对值平均偏小2～3 mm。(2)与二源降水融合产品相比,多源降水融合产品对5 mm以下量级降水的估算准确率提高最显著,其次对40～49.9 mm量级降水估算准确率提高较大。(3)降水融合产品对嘉陵江、岷沱江、长江中游干流区域的估测降水误差相对较小。     

海河流域近60 a降水极值的频率分析及时空分布特征

以海河流域为研究区域,利用MK和F检验对站点的年最大日降雨序列进行趋势、突变和跳跃分析。基于水文气象分区线性矩法进行一致区的划分、最优分布的选择和降水极值的频率估计值计算,并分析其空间分布特征。结果表明:MK趋势和突变检验显示只有8个站点(22.9%)呈现显著下降趋势,通过了信度为0.1的显著性水平检验,特别是京津唐区域具有显著的下降趋势,突变时段主要发生在1980-1990年。均值和方差的跳跃性显示大部分站点都呈现出显著的向下跳跃,主要分布在流域的滦河子流域和北三河水系;趋势和跳跃的综合分析能够对降水极值有可能引起的旱涝灾害进行更全面合理的判断。不同重现期下的频率估计值的空间分布总体趋势一致,从东南到西北、从沿海到内陆逐渐减少,并与地形表现出很好的一致性;降水极值空间分布的中心主要集中在滦河子流域的遵化和青龙附近;大部分站点50 a一遇的估计值和AMP序列的最大观测值能够保持较好的一致性,间接反映了估计值的合理准确性。     

Temperature and precipitation of Alaska: 50 year trend analysis

Summary  Temperature and precipitation records from 1949 to 1998 were examined for 25 stations throughout the State of Alaska. Mean, maxima, and minima temperatures, diurnal temperature range, and total precipitation were analyzed for linear trends using least squares regressions. Annual and seasonal mean temperature increases were found throughout the entire state, and the majority were found to be statistically significant at the 95% level or better. The highest increases were found in winter in the Interior region (2.2 °C) for the 50 year period of record. Decreases in annual and seasonal mean diurnal temperature range were also found, of which only about half were statistically significant. A state-wide decrease in annual mean diurnal temperature range was found to be 0.3 °C, with substantially higher decreases in the South/Southeastern region in winter. Increases were found in total precipitation for 3 of the 4 seasons throughout most of Alaska, while summer precipitation showed decreases at many stations. Few of the precipitation trends were found to be statistically significant, due to high interannual variability. Barrow, our only station in the Arctic region, shows statistically significant decreases in annual and winter total precipitation. These findings are largely in agreement with existing literature, although they do contradict some of the precipitation trends predicted by the CO₂-doubling GCM’s. Received August 30, 1999/Revised March 21, 2000     

Spatial and temporal trends of extreme temperature and precipitation in the Daqing River Basin,North China

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - According to the daily maximum and minimum temperature and the precipitation at 40 meteorological stations in the Daqing River Basin of China during...     

海河流域东北冷涡背景下的降水预报订正研究

汛期暴雨预报一直是气象预报业务工作中的重点及难点。首先,利用浙江省2 227个气象站2016—2021年每年汛期(4—10月)逐日降水资料,以欧式距离作为相似度度量标准,通过Kmeans聚类算法对浙江汛期降水进行分区;然后,对偏差订正法进行时空上的改进;最后,将改进后的偏差订正法与分区结合形成分区订正方法。以未与分区结合的全区订正作为对比,对浙江多模式客观集成预报(OCF)进行分区订正和检验。结果显示：(1)将浙江省划分为7个降水相似区,其结果呈现明显的区域特征,并与浙江省地形地貌密切相关。(2)经2021年汛期检验,相较于OCF预报,分区订正预报优于全区订正预报,其优势主要体现在能有效降低晴雨预报的降水空报率和大幅提升大雨以上量级降水的命中率,特别是暴雨以上量级预报命中率由0.25提升至0.41。(3)典型过程检验表明,对于系统性降水和对流性降水,分区订正预报均能改善暴雨以上量级降水强度和落区预报。特别是系统性降水,分区订正预报效果更明显,能预报出大暴雨以上强降水。