青岛城市交通可持续发展的思考

随着青岛市城市化进程的加快 ,人口拥挤、交通堵塞、环境污染、供水不足等城市病日渐显露出来 ,其中城市交通的可持续发展是其中一个重要问题。针对青岛市近年汽车、摩托车数量增多 ,造成交通拥挤堵塞和噪声、大气污染。特别是小轿车进入家庭 ,虽然刺激了消费 ,拉动了经济增长 ,但增大了能源消耗 ,加剧了环境污染 ;恶化了城市交通状况 ,降低了交通效益 ;吞蚀了耕地扩展城市 ,挤占了市民的生活空间。针对上述情况 ,为了城市的可持续发展 ,应当制定出可持续发展的交通政策。笔者认为结合青岛市的实际情况 ,城市交通应当坚定不移地发展公共交通(如 :公共汽车、电车、水上巴士、轨道交通 ) ,建立大众交通体系 ;对非公共交通 ,尤其是个人小轿车、摩托车加以合理限制 ,并充分发挥自行车在城市交通中的作用     

深海AUV发展趋势研究

介绍了国内外各型深海AUV产品的基本参数、配置、功能和使用方式,论述了深海AUV发展现状及发展趋势,并着重阐述了深海 AUV 在深海探测、目标识别、深海反制等领域的应用,在此基础上深入分析了深海 AUV 在能源、控制、导航、通行等方面的关键技术,并阐明当前关键技术的现状以及未来的发展方向,同时根据国内外发展趋势提出了深海 AUV 经过 3 个阶段的发展,最终向着使用便捷化、重量轻量化、 外形小型化、智能化、网络信息化的方向发展。     

龙口湾表层沉积物的地球化学

本文对龙口湾表层沉积物中的pH、Eh、S2-、N、P、有机物、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和石油等11种化学要素进行了地球化学特征的研究,并探讨了其相关性及主要影响因素;同时,将其与相同站位海水的相应化学要素进行了对比研究。另外,还初步评价了该湾的污染状况,并提出了底质环境污染直接影响底栖生物的结论。     

红外探测系统在军事海洋中的应用

介绍红外探测系统的性质、特点、主要设备种类和作用,介绍了红外前视、红外搜索跟踪器、红外制导导弹、导弹来袭红外报警器等装备的功能、特点、基本结构,国外装备概况,给出了海上应用的内容,并分析了不同用途和系统参数的关系,分析了红外探测系统在军事海洋中的应用前景.     

“大洋一号”勘查技术体系的设计与建设

介绍了"大洋一号"远洋科学考察船在近1年的改装施工后所建立的现代化船舶勘查技术体系.由于引进了世界先进的调查设备,自主研发和改造了深海浅地层岩芯钻等大型调查设备,自主设计并完成了网络信息集成系统,同时对实验室、住舱等工作、生活环境进行了改造,"大洋一号"远洋科学考察船已集成了具有高精度水下定位、全覆盖地形地貌、可视化海底取样、地球物理(重、磁、震、浅地层)、深拖(声学、光学)、成矿环境(水文、化学)和生物等专业设备的联合探测分析系统,实现了各系统的科学同步作业和信息融合,大大提高了我国海洋科学考察工作的效率和管理水平,使我国的深海探测技术和方法基本实现了与国际接轨.     

青岛地区气候特征及气候资源的评价

本文以系统的资料,分析了青岛地区气候资源的基本特征。概述了本区的地理位置、气候特点和气候形成的基本因素。阐述了本区气温、降水、风能、光能、蒸发、海雾、烟幕等气候要素的分布特征。并就该区的气候资源做出了有益的评价,除科学利用热量、水分资源外,特别对本地区光能资源和风能资源提出了开发利用的建议。     

载人潜水器在深海科学考察中的应用研究进展

载人深潜技术是深海技术的前沿与制高点,也是深海科考最先进的技术手段之一。20世纪60年代以来,随着高新技术的发展,美国、法国、俄罗斯、日本等国在载人潜水器的研制和应用上取得了快速的发展,先后掌握了大深度载人深潜技术,具备了在复杂海况下进行水下作业的能力,实现了对深海和大洋洋底的现场观察、探测和取样等。目前,深海载人潜水器的考察范围已经遍及全球大陆坡深水区、洋中脊、海山、海沟和洋盆等海底区域,获得了大量的深海地质、地球物理、生物、化学和环境方面的信息或样品,取得了一批重大的发现和创新性的研究成果,推动了深海科学的发展。我国自主集成研制的"蛟龙"号载人潜水器顺利完成了7 000m级海试,并于2013年开始开展了试验性应用,取得了丰硕的科考成果。本文简要介绍了世界载人潜水器的发展现状及其在深海科学考察中的技术优势,综述了国内外载人潜水器在深海地质学、生物学和物理海洋学等领域中的应用情况。     

长江口水体活性硅、氮、磷含量的时空变化及相互关系

海水中的活性硅、氮、磷是海洋浮游植物的主要营养元素,其含量与海域的初级生产力有一定的关系,各国海洋学家已进行了大量的研究。我国李法西,顾宏堪,等对河口硅、近海氮等营养要素也进行了很多研究,得出了一些有意义的结论,积累了宝贵的资料。本文根据1981年8月和11月两航次,“曙光07”号轮的观测资料,探讨了长江口水体活性硅、氮、磷诸营养盐的时空变化及各要素的相互关系,并估算了可溶性硅、氮、磷的输入通量。     

浙江省海洋空间资源管理数字化改革探索

国土空间治理是国家治理体系的重要组成部分,对海洋空间资源管理进行数字化改革势在必行。浙江省按照数字化改革要求,针对用海管理中存在的海洋数据分散、用海审批周期长、海洋监管闭环难等问题,统筹建设了省、市、县三级贯通的海洋空间资源智管场景。系统设计并建设了综合驾驶舱、项目用海审批、疑点疑区监管等业务应用,并赋予了项目卡、前置审查、全景三维可视化等特色功能,夯实了海洋资源数据底座,提升了项目审批效率,完善了海洋监管体系,打通了海洋空间资源管理的堵点、痛点。可为各地提高海洋空间资源管理效能、打造海洋管理新模式提供借鉴。     

面向海洋传感与探测的光纤传感器研究进展

调研了近几年光纤传感器在海洋探测方面的研究进展,主要包括测量海水温度、压力、盐度、叶绿素、pH值和溶解氧的相关光纤传感器以及光纤水听器。简要介绍了光纤传感器的基本原理、结构及性能,同时跟踪了国内外相关的最新研究进展,并与传统的测量方法进行了比较,分析得出光纤传感器是对现有传统海洋探测器的重要补充,并在一些探测领域具有独特的优势。文章最后,探讨了光纤传感技术的未来发展趋势,认为在海洋温度、压力、叶绿素、水听器等领域可能会率先突破技术瓶颈并实现商用,同时提出了未来海洋光纤探测技术新的研究方向。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.