黔东南冰雹事件年内非均匀性特征分析

基于贵州省黔东南地区1961～2008年16个台站冰雹观测资料,引入了表征时间分配特征的新参数--冰雹事件集中度和集中期,对黔东南地区冰雹事件年内非均匀性特征进行分析,结果表明:黔东南地区冰雹事件集中度及集中期的平均和异常空间分布都存在很大的区域差异,异常空间分布根据地形均可分为4个区域;而从时间演变来看,各个区域年冰雹事件的集中度与集中期均表现出了显著的年代振荡特征,各区域年代际变化特征不一致;另外黔东南区域内冰雹事件的集中度和集中期有表现出反向变化趋势.     

沂源县冰雹气候特征与防雹作业

分析沂源县1959～1998年的降雹特征及主要天气系统，根据雹云移动路径。对人工增雨防雹炮位进行科学布设，制定了相应的防雹作业流程，作业效果显著。     

黔西南州冰雹时空分布及春夏冰雹环境条件分析

使用1961—2008年48年黔西南州8个县市气象站逐月冰雹日资料以及周边4个探空站资料,分析该州冰雹日数时空分布特征和冰雹天气发生的环境条件。结果表明,近48年来该州冰雹日数总体呈逐年减少趋势,其地区差异较大,大致是北多南少;全州一年12个月均有冰雹出现,春季冰雹日数最多,冬季次之,夏季再次之,秋季最少,4月冰雹最多,9月冰雹日数最少;该州年均冰雹日数与海拔高度呈较好的正相关,相关系数达0.934;通过对2004—2009年春夏冰雹天气发生前的CAPE值和垂直风切变分析发现,春季冰雹发生前,要求700hPa到200hPa垂直风切变达到0.002s-1以上,而对CAPE值要求不高,多在800J·kg-1以下;夏季冰雹发生前,一般要求CAPE值在700～2000J·kg-1之间,而垂直风切变大多在0.002s-1以下。     

1965—2016年乌审旗冰雹时空分布特征

利用乌审旗3个站的1965—2016年逐时、逐日冰雹资料,分析乌审旗近52a来冰雹发生的空间分布、年际变化、月际变化和持续时间等特征。结果表明,乌审旗近52a平均降雹日数总体呈减少趋势,平均每10a减少0.8d;1965-1990年冰雹较多;2000—2015年相对较少;3—10月为降雹月,主要集中在6—9月,其中8月最多;一日发生降雹的时间主要集中在14—18时,以15—16、17—18时最多;降雹持续时间以5min以内居多;空间分布为北部降雹日数多于中部及南部。     

贵州省黔东南地区降雹频率统计分析

利用贵州省黔东南地区１７个气象观测站１９６０￣１９９９年冰雹资料,统计分析了全区冰雹的年、季、月、日分布特征,得到了全区历年来降雹的气候规律,以期能在中、长期预报本区降雹重（轻）趋势方面提供一些预报依据。     

基于灾情信息的1981—2017年北京地区降雹特征

该文对1981—2017年北京地区1010个高精度冰雹灾情信息进行统计分析。从年代际变化看,1981—1990年平均降雹日数为10 d,1991—2000年和2001—2010年年平均降雹日数均有所减少（5.67 d和4.33 d）,而从2011年起,年平均降雹日数急剧增加到21 d。1981—1995年年平均最大冰雹直径总体呈增加趋势,2002年开始总体较小。从年变化看,冰雹日数的年变化呈明显的单峰型即初夏峰型,4月起降雹日数逐渐增加并在6月达到峰值,其后缓慢下降。从空间分布看,北京地区的降雹分布十分广泛,但高频次降雹区域主要集中在北京西北部延庆区,平均每年至少发生两次降雹,此外降雹高值区还出现在城区的海淀区。2010年后,降雹范围明显增大,同时降雹分布也由相对集中变为相对均匀。     

黔东南大雾气候特征

利用1961~2007年黔东南州16个地面气象观测站逐日大雾日数资料,对黔东南州大雾日数的日、年、季分布特点、长期变化趋势、年代际的变化特征等进行分析。结果表明:20世纪60年代平均雾日最多,80年代最少,进入21世纪后具有逐渐增多的趋势;以秋季雾日最多,冬季次之,春季最少;以11月为最多,2月为最少。并且大雾日数有准40年的周期,在大雾多发期存在着准5年的周期性。大雾主要分布在黔东南州的中部,东南部和西北部相对较少。     

延安市冰雹时空分布及灾害特征

利用延安市2011—2020年13个国家气象站的冰雹观测资料和各县区防雹作业点收集的冰雹资料,对延安市冰雹时空分布及灾害特征进行了分析。结果表明：延安市2011—2020年每年均有冰雹出现,年均冰雹日23.2 d;冰雹主要出现在6—8月,占总冰雹日数的75%,7月最多;15—18时为一日中出现冰雹的高峰时段;冰雹直径主要在10 mm以下,最大冰雹直径为60 mm;冰雹落区离散性强,单个冰雹日主要以影响1～2个县区为主,占总冰雹日数的63%。1日内影响范围涉及11个县区的仅有1次;冰雹日以出现1 d为主,2016年连续11 d出现冰雹天气过程,期间有10 d造成雹灾,属历史罕见。宝塔区、黄龙县、洛川县、富县、延长县、宜川县为冰雹多发地带,也是雹灾多发区。全市冰雹成灾率为50.0%;4—10月均有冰雹灾害发生,9月成灾率最高;10 a间因冰雹灾害造成的直接经济损失累计达30余亿元。     

阿克苏地区降雹特征及成雹条件的分析

通过阿克苏地区30多年600多个冰雹日资料分析,得出地区冰雹的主要特点是:次数多、灾情重、范围广、离散性强、强度大、出现早、结束迟、全天降雹。并且分析了地区的特殊地形、下垫面以及地理位置和冷空气活动路径等有利冰雹形成的条件。     

承德市冰雹时空分布特征及雷达预警指标分析

利用1981—2016年承德市9个气象观测站的冰雹观测资料及2012—2016年11次冰雹天气过程的多普勒雷达回波资料,对承德市冰雹的时空分布特征、冰雹云的雷达回波特征进行统计分析.结果表明:承德冰雹主要发生在东北部的高海拔地区.20世纪80年代是承德市冰雹高峰期,90年代后逐渐减少.承德冰雹次数的月分布呈"单峰型"变...     

Can market mechanisms ameliorate the effects of long-term climate change?

Land prices, insurance rates, future markets, mortgage terms, and other market mechanisms may be expected to guide short-term economic response to climatic change as its effects become apparent to investors. On the other hand, the pervasive influence of discount rates on investment decisions makes it unlikely that the market will give satisfactory guidance to investments that must be undertaken long before the appearance of the climatic effect they are intended to mitigate. For this reason, only government is likely to undertake such long-term investments as large civil works intended to modify hydrology (irrigation, seawall dikes), and research and development in agriculture or other technologies which need to be adapted to new climatic conditions, while the effects of climate change are still distant and uncertain.Decisions regarding very large macroprojects, as well as decisions which determine the siting of installations that have long-term consequences for the environment (e.g., dump sites for disposal of long-term hazardous wastes) should carefully consider the effects of climate change regardless of current market signals. Strategic planners for government and industry should take steps now to identify those decisions for which planning is now beginning, and which need to take into account the effects of long-term climate change.     

重庆市大风冰雹气候规律研究

提出了重庆市大风、冰雹的分区指标和年型划分指标，据此对重庆市大风、冰雹的发生、分布和变化情况进行了分析，揭示了重庆市大风、冰雹的时空分布规律。     

重庆市大风冰雹气候规律研究

提出了重庆市大风、冰雹的分区指标和年型划分指标,据此对重庆市大风、冰雹的发生、分布和变化情况进行了分析,揭示了重庆市大风、冰雹的时空分布规律.     

适应气候变化政策机制的国际经验与启示

中国高度重视适应气候变化工作,实行减缓与适应并重的应对气候变化原则,已出台适应气候变化相关的战略、规划等一系列政策文件。但总体来看,中国适应气候变化政策与行动尚处于起步阶段,面临着法规制度缺位、监测评估不足、组织协调机制不完善等挑战,适应气候变化政策的类型、数量和力度都明显弱于减缓。为完善中国适应气候变化政策与机制的框架设计,文中梳理了相关研究、《联合国气候变化框架公约》下的适应气候变化国际机制及主要国家经验,提出了一套完整闭环的适应气候变化核心决策流程及关键支撑机制,并重点从开展法制建设、制定适应战略（计划）、建立监测评估机制、构建协调机制和完善资金机制等五方面,归纳了主要国家的经验与启示,最终研究提出完善我国适应气候变化政策与机制框架设计的建议,包括加快建立和完善适应气候变化法制建设、加快构建国家适应气候变化的政策体系、加快完善国家适应气候变化的机制设计、加强适应气候变化支撑能力建设、推动适应气候变化的国际合作等。     

1951-2005年鞍山气候变化特征分析

利用逐日气温距平、线性倾向率、滑动平均和小波分析等方法,对1951—2005年鞍山气温、降水量和平均最高气温、最低气温及初霜、终霜、无霜期、积温、透雨等资料进行统计分析。结果表明:近55 a鞍山气候变化特点为气温呈上升趋势,降水和日照呈略减少趋势;平均最低气温升温幅度高于平均最高气温,气温日较差变小;霜、冻土初日延后,终日提前及无霜期延长,积温明显增多,透雨偏晚和极端气候事件频率增大。     

Learning and climate change

Abstract

Learning—i.e. the acquisition of new information that leads to changes in our assessment of uncertainty—plays a prominent role in the international climate policy debate. For example, the view that we should postpone actions until we know more continues to be influential. The latest work on learning and climate change includes new theoretical models, better informed simulations of how learning affects the optimal timing of emissions reductions, analyses of how new information could affect the prospects for reaching and maintaining political agreements and for adapting to climate change, and explorations of how learning could lead us astray rather than closer to the truth. Despite the diversity of this new work, a clear consensus on a central point is that the prospect of learning does not support the postponement of emissions reductions today.     

Security and climate change

Despite it being the most studied and arguably most profound of global environmental change problems, there is relatively little research that explores climate change as a security issue. This paper systematically explores the range of possible connections between climate change and security, including national security considerations, human security concerns, military roles, and a discussion of the widely held assumption that climate change may trigger violent conflict. The paper explains the ways in which climate change is a security issue. It includes in its discussion issues to do with both mitigation and adaptation of climate change.     

Perceptions of climate and climate change by Amazonian communities

The Amazon region has been undergoing profound transformations since the late ‘70s through forest degradation, land use changes and effects of global climate change. The perception of such changes by local communities is important for risk analysis and for subsequent societal decision making. In this study, we compare and contrast observations and perceptions of climate change by selected Amazonian communities particularly vulnerable to alterations in precipitation regimes. Two main points were analysed: (i) the notion of changes in the annual climate cycle and (ii) the notion of changes in rainfall patterns. About 72% of the sampled population reports perceptions of climate changes, and there is a robust signal of increased perception with age. Other possible predictive parameters such as gender, fishing frequency and changes in/planning of economic activities do not appear overall as contributing to perceptions. The communities’ perceptions of the changes in 2013–2014 were then compared to earlier results (2007–2008), providing an unprecedented cohort study of the same sites. Results show that climate change perceptions and measured rainfall variations differ across the basin. It was only in the southern part of the Amazon that both measured and perceived changes in rainfall patterns were consistent with decreased precipitation. However, the perception of a changing climate became more widespread and frequently mentioned, signalling an increase in awareness of climate risk.