腾冲井同震水位动态孔弹性响应的渗透率反演

获得地下含水层的水文参数对于适当评价地下水资源至关重要.除了实验室方法和现场测井实验,目前多利用水位对外部周期性载荷的响应函数进行含水层参数的反演.其中,基于似稳态孔弹性理论的方法有很多,但这些方法通常忽略多孔含水层中可能存在的频率依赖的固流耦合.本文提出基于动态孔弹性理论的水文同震响应模型,推演了频率依赖的含水层孔压和围压的关系,构建动态响应函数.根据云南省腾冲井观测到的近场同震水位响应并基于动态模型反演了井含水层渗透率的长期演化.计算结果显示动态孔弹性模型能很好地解释水位的同震响应并且适当反演含水层参数.近场地震会导致井含水层的短期渗透率大幅度增加并在不久后恢复,这可能与地震触发应力导致的瞬时固体形变、孔隙疏通和颗粒物的重分布有关.     

井水位对气压和潮汐的响应特征与机理研究

井水位作为一种灵敏的体应变仪,是一种重要的前兆观测资料,有望用于提取地下应力和介质变化信息。目前我国已建成较为密集的地震地下水观测井网,积累了大量的波形记录,为建立地下水位变化模型、提取应力及介质变化信息和开展地震预测研究等提供了基础性平台。然而,由于井水位受多种因素影响,水位变化的信噪比很低,从水位中提取含水层物性和应力变化的模型、方法和规律都有待深入研究。本论文围绕井水位对气压和潮汐这两种天然载荷的响应特征与机理开展研究。从中国大陆地震地下水观测井网选取了一些气压和水位较为连续、稳定的台站资料,用于发展井水位微弱信号分析方法;利用汶川地震和芦山地震水位资料,分析同震水位阶变类型,区分动态和静态应力变化的作用;利用全频带气压响应分析井水含水层的承压特性,尝试反演含水层物性;选取潮汐响应敏感的台站,利用水位对潮汐的相位响应进行含水层渗透率变化的分析。研究得出:(1)通过井水位传递函数的多次叠加可以大幅度提高信噪比,首次在一些台站获得了井水位对气压的全频带响应。(2)发展了全频带气压响应拟合反演含水层物性的方法,相对于低频带和几个潮汐频点拟合,全频带拟合可以提高反演的可靠性,降低强能量潮汐频点的影响。分析了含水层的承压状况以及井筒的储集效应,计算获得了承压含水层的压缩系数、孔隙度等参数。(3)汶川地震近场水位阶变主要与静态应力变化有关,而芦山地震400km范围内的井水位同震响应与静态应力变化无关,这种差别可能与地震能量和地质构造等因素有关。(4)无论汶川地震还是芦山地震,不管水位同震变化是上升还是下降,多数台站同震引起的含水层渗透率都增大,表明渗透率的增强可能主要与动态应力有关,而与静态应力变化关系不大。(5)芦山地震引起的水井渗透率增大在震后一年内基本恢复到震前水平,而汶川地震引起泸沽湖井的渗透率增大明显,并在约6年后仍然没有恢复到震前水平,推测该区域在汶川地震中有新的裂隙产生。     

福建永春桃东井水位同震响应特征及记震能力分析

利用福建永春桃东观测井2004—2013年的数字化水位资料,分析该井的同震响应变化特征,同时结合该区的降雨及地震活动性资料,分析该井的水位变化动态和井孔水位的记震能力变化得到以下主要结论:永春桃东井水位的同震响应特征主要表现为震荡型、震荡-上升型和阶升型,且以震荡型为主;井水位同震变化幅度主要随震级增大而增大,随井震距增大而减小,三者之间呈现出良好的相关性;在2006—2007年该井水位呈现出高值现象,可能反映了该区域构造应力活动在该时段增强的迹象,具有一定的前兆性质;该井水位记震能力在2007年8月29日永春4.6级地震前后存在一个明显的变化,记震能力显著增强。震源机制解表明,该井在震时处于压应力范围区内,震后可能随着井区所在范围压应力的减弱,张应力的增强,井-含水层系统导水能力增强,从而使得含水层对地震波响应能力增强。     

云南会泽井水位对2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震同震响应过程模拟

为定量刻画地壳应力-应变改变、含水层孔压扰动及井孔水位变化之间的耦合过程,促进对近场地震水位同震响应机制的理解,利用多场耦合数值模拟方法,获得鲁甸地区（200×200）km²范围内,2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震造成的同震静态应变场分布、孔压演化规律及会泽井水位响应曲线,并以渗透系数、杨氏模量及孔隙度为变量,设计6组不同模拟情景对影响研究区孔压演化的参数进行分析。结果表明：（1）鲁甸地震造成的同震静态应变场沿断层两侧呈四象限分布,应变场极值点分布在断层北段两侧,远离断层体应变数值逐渐减小;（2）地震造成研究区含水层孔压扰动在50 d内恢复至震前稳定值,孔压的扩散时间受渗透系数及杨氏模量的影响;（3）模拟所得会泽井水位受地震影响瞬时上升0.45 m,并在震后50 d内恢复至震前水位,水位变化趋势为阶升之后缓慢恢复,模拟水位与实测水位变化趋势相近。     

日本秋田地震(1983年7.7级)引起我国应力场的震时调整变化

本文通过水平分层承压含水层模型,推导出含水层的水头和含水层应力变化之间的定量关系.利用我国在日本秋田地震时有水位阶变的52口井孔的观测资料,通过水井水位的体应变固体潮系数,估算了震时引起我国应力场的调整变化.讨论了这种应力调整时应力增加区和降低区交替出现的可能原因.      

三峡井网的布设与观测井建设

介绍了我国第 1个以监测水库诱发地震的地下水前兆为目标的三峡井网布设与观测井建设的科学思路及其实施结果。由于水库蓄水引发一定震级的诱发地震时 ,会引起含水层应力应变状态及与其相关的孔隙压力变化 ,并导致观测井水位的异常变化 ,为此利用震级 (MS)、孕震断层长度(L)与应力应变场变化范围 (R)的关系确定了井数与井间距 ;井位的选择 ,主要依据了地下水动态为映震灵敏条件的科学认识 ,选择了断裂带及其应力易集中的端点、拐点与交点等特殊构造部位 ;井深与井孔结构的确定 ,遵循了在有限投资的前提下 ,尽可能揭露封闭性好的承压含水层 (带 )和尽可能减少地表水文气象因素干扰的原则。按照上述思想与原理 ,在坝区和库首区各布设了 4口井 ,井深为10 0～ 2 0 0m ,均揭露出封闭性较好的承压含水层 (带 )。初步观测结果表明 ,三峡井网的布设与观测井的建设较为成功 ,为诱发地震前兆监测奠定了良好的基础     

地震地下水动态研究中的若干问题

综合分析了近年来国内外地震地下水研究中的一些热点问题, 包括地下水动态影响因素及其相关的数据处理方法、水位同震响应及机理解释、水温同震响应及其机理、地下水反映的断层活动低频信息几个方面, 探讨了地震地下水位变动与应力应变的关系, 展望了地震地下水研究的发展方向.     

日本秋田地震(1983年7.7级)引起我国应力场的震时调整变化

本文通过水平分层承压含水层模型,推导出含水层的水头和含水层应力变化之间的定量关系.利用我国在日本秋田地震时有水位阶变的52口井孔的观测资料,通过水井水位的体应变固体潮系数,估算了震时引起我国应力场的调整变化.讨论了这种应力调整时应力增加区和降低区交替出现的可能原因。     

渤南油田深井压裂试验的地下水动态观测与初步研究

在一口石油深井的压裂试验过程中,观测了井孔地下水压力、流量与温度动态的反映,结果表明同层地下水动态反映明显,流量的反映幅度大于压力,由此提出在地下水动态反映含水层应力应变的机理中,水动力学过程的重要性;水动力学机理中两种信息传递方式及流体介质传递方式的重要性;对同一个应力应变过程流量的反映更优于压力的反映等观点     

井孔水位微动态形成机理的探讨

井孔地下水位微动态是地壳附加应力作用下形成的。地壳中产生附加应力的主要因素有地球固体潮、大气压力变动、降雨与地表水体的荷载及断层活动等。井孔水位微动态形成的基本过程是:产生附加应力→含水层变形与孔隙压力变化→含水层—井孔间产生水流运动→井孔水位发生升降。本文从岩土力学与地下水动力学的观点,对于上述过程中的重要环节进行了初步的探讨     

Uncertainty in applying the linear poroelasticity model to field situations as a result of periodic loading in heterogeneous aquifers

The solid Earth's surface frequently experience changes in total stresses as a result of periodic loading. When the fluid‐saturated porous media deform in response to changes in stress, the induced variations in pore volume affect the pore water pressure. The fluid flow therefore occurs in response to the gradient in the induced excess pore water pressure. This work aims at quantifying the spatial variability in excess pressure head produced by the periodic loading accounting for the variation of log hydraulic conductivity (lnK). It is important for the rational management of groundwater resources. A closed‐form expression is developed by the nonstationary spectral approach to analyse the influence of the statistical properties of lnK process, the hydraulic parameters, and the spatial position. The general stochastic framework outlined in this work provides a basis for assessing the impact of statistical properties of input aquifer parameters on the output variability (or uncertainty). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松散承压含水层水位的同震响应实验与数值模拟

为深入理解井水位同震响应机理,本文开展了向完整井-松散含水层系统输入由不同频率和振幅（加速度）组成的正弦波荷载的振动台实验。以实验模型为物理模型,建立了振动作用下松散承压含水层中孔隙水压力响应的流固耦合模型和含水层水流与井流的相互作用模型,并运用多物理场耦合模拟软件COMSOL Multiphysics对实验过程进行了数值模拟。实验中观测到的四种典型水位变化形态与野外场地同震井水位变化形态相似。数值模拟结果显示,本研究建立的数学模型能较好地反映松散承压含水层中孔隙水压力和水位的响应情况。本文研究对解释地下水同震响应机制、岩体渗流稳定性和安全问题具有重要意义。     

Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigation of Pore Water Pressure and Deformation of Pumped Aquifer Systems

Excessive groundwater withdrawal has caused severe land subsidence worldwide. The pore water pressure and the deformation of pumped hydrostratigraphic units are complex. A fully coupled three-dimensional numerical simulation was carried out for different pumping plans in this paper. When groundwater is pumped from a confined aquifer, the great compaction occurs in the pumped aquifer and its upper and lower adjacent aquitard units. Land subsidence is smaller and the area affected by land subsidence is greater when groundwater is pumped from the deeper confined aquifer. The pore water pressure in the pumped confined aquifer changes immediately with pumpage. In the adjacent aquitard units, however, the pore water pressure increases in the early pumping time and decreases in the early recharging time. The decrease in the pore water pressure vertically spreads from the interface between aquitard and pumped aquifer to the other surface of the aquitard. The pumped aquifer compacts and rebounds immediately with pumping and non-pumping or recharging actions, while the compaction and rebounding of the aquitard units clearly lag behind. The compaction of the adjacent aquitard unit first occurs near the interface between aquitard and pumped aquifer units, and the compaction zone spreads outward as the pumping goes on. The aquitards may expand vertically within some zones. Due to the inelastic deformation of soil skeleton, different pumping plans result in different land subsidence. For the same net pumpage, maximal land subsidence and horizontal displacement are the smallest for constant discharge and the greatest for recharge-discharge cycle.     

Induced Groundwater Flux by Increases in the Aquifer's Total Stress

Fluid‐filled granular soils experience changes in total stress because of earth and oceanic tides, earthquakes, erosion, sedimentation, and changes in atmospheric pressure. The pore volume may deform in response to the changes in stress and this may lead to changes in pore fluid pressure. The transient fluid flow can therefore be induced by the gradient in excess pressure in a fluid‐saturated porous medium. This work demonstrates the use of stochastic methodology in prediction of induced one‐dimensional field‐scale groundwater flow through a heterogeneous aquifer. A closed‐form of mean groundwater flux is developed to quantify the induced field‐scale mean behavior of groundwater flow and analyze the impacts of the spatial correlation length scale of log hydraulic conductivity and the pore compressibility. The findings provided here could be useful for the rational planning and management of groundwater resources in aquifers that contain lenses with large vertical aquifer matrix compressibility values.     

Teleconnection and climatic oscillation in aquifer water level in Kumamoto plain,Japan

Relative little is known about the interaction between climate change and groundwater. Analysis of aquifer response to climatic variability could improve the knowledge related to groundwater resource variations and therefore provides guidance on water resource management. In this work, seasonal and annual variations of groundwater levels in Kumamoto plain (Japan) and their possible interactions with climatic indices and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were analyzed statistically. Results show the following: (1) The water level in the recharge area mainly fluctuates at 1‐ and 2‐year periods, whereas the significant periodicity for water level oscillation in the coastal aquifer is 0.5 year. (2) The aquifer water levels are possibly influenced by variability in precipitation, air temperature, barometric pressure, humidity variances and ENSO. Relative high correlations and large proportions of similarities in wavelet power patterns were found between these variables and water levels. (3) Aquifer response to climatic variances was evaluated using cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence. In recharging aquifers, the ENSO‐induced annual variations in precipitation, air temperature, humidity and barometric pressure affect aquifer water levels. The precipitation, air temperature and humidity respond to ENSO with a 4‐, 6‐ and 8‐month time lag, respectively, whereas the ENSO imparts weak influence on the barometric pressure. Significant biennial variation of water levels during 1991–1995 is caused primarily by precipitation and humidity variations. In the coastal aquifer, the 0.5‐year variability in ENSO is transferred by precipitation, barometric pressure and humidity to aquifer water levels, and the precipitation/humidity influence is more significant comparing with the barometric pressure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Applying the HPT‐GWS for Hydrostratigraphy,Water Quality and Aquifer Recharge Investigations

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate use of the hydraulic profiling tool‐groundwater sampler (HPT‐GWS) log data as an indicator of water quality (level of dissolved ionic species) in an alluvial aquifer. The HPT‐GWS probe is designed for direct push advancement into unconsolidated formations. The system provides both injection pressure logs and electrical conductivity (EC) logs, and groundwater may be sampled at multiple depths as the probe is advanced (profiling). The combination of these three capabilities in one probe has not previously been available. During field work it was observed that when HPT corrected pressure (P_c) indicates a consistent aquifer unit then bulk formation EC can be used as an indicator of water quality. A high correlation coefficient (R ² = 0.93) was observed between groundwater specific conductance and bulk formation EC in the sands and gravels of the alluvial aquifer studied. These results indicate that groundwater specific conductance is exerting a controlling influence on the bulk formation EC of the coarse‐grained unit at this site, and probably many similar sites, consistent with Archie's Law. This simple relationship enables the use of the EC and P_c logs, with targeted water samples and a minimum of core samples, to rapidly assess groundwater quality over extended areas at high vertical resolution. This method was used to identify both a brine impacted zone at the base of the aquifer investigated and a groundwater recharge lens developing below storm water holding ponds in the upper portion of the same aquifer. Sample results for trace level, naturally occurring elements (As, Ba, U) further demonstrate the use of this system to sample for low level groundwater contamination.     

由承压井水位动态反演水井含水层的应力变化

分析了承压井含水层应力场与地壳应力应变之间以及含水层应力应变与井水位之间的定量关系,给出了利用承压不位变化反演含水层应力变化的三种新方法,通过含水层的参数,固体潮效应以及气压效应反演水井含水层的应力变化,讨论了承压井水位反映含水层应力应变的稳定性,并将该反演结果与其它方法的结果进行了比较。     

Impact of the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake on groundwater flow in the Gran Sasso carbonate aquifer,Central Italy

The Mw = 6·3 L'Aquila earthquake on 6 April 2009 produced a mainshock that caused significant changes in the hydrogeology of the Gran Sasso carbonate fractured aquifer: (i) the sudden disappearance at the time of the mainshock of some springs located exactly along the surface trace of the Paganica normal fault (PF); (ii) an immediate increase in the discharge of the Gran Sasso highway tunnel drainages and of other springs and (iii) a progressive increase of the water table elevation at the boundary of the Gran Sasso aquifer during the following months. Using the data collected since the 1990s that include aftershock monitoring as well as data regarding spring discharge, water table elevations, turbidity and rainfall events, a conceptual model of the earthquake's consequences on the Gran Sasso aquifer is proposed herein. In this model that excludes the contribution of seasonal recharge, the short‐term hydrologic effects registered immediately after the mainshock are determined to have been caused by a pore pressure increase related to aquifer deformation. Mid‐term effects observed in the months following the mainshock suggest that there was a change in groundwater hydrodynamics. Supplementary groundwater that flows towards aquifer boundaries and springs in discharge areas reflects a possible increase in hydraulic conductivity in the recharge area, nearby the earthquake fault zone. This increase can be attributed to fracture clearing and/or dilatancy. Simulations by numerical modelling, related to pore pressure and permeability changes with time, show results in accordance with observed field data, supporting the conceptual model and confirming the processes that influenced the answer of the Gran Sasso aquifer to the L'Aquila earthquake. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.