曲靖冷锋前强对流的环流及雷达回波特征分析

利用常规观测资料、ERA5资料、加密自动站资料、卫星云图资料和天气雷达资料,对2021年4月28日午后出现在文山市的一次局地强风暴过程进行分析。结果表明：(1) 此次过程发生在静止锋东退减弱和副热带高压西进北抬的天气尺度背景下,中等以上强度垂直风切变、层结不稳定和大的对流有效位能为风暴的发生提供了有利的环境条件。(2) 静止锋形成的地面辐合线与地形的共同作用触发对流生成,雷暴高压出流边界与环境风形成的地面辐合线对风暴的加强有重要作用。(3) 局地强风暴过程是由单单体风暴产生的：雷达回波具有倾斜结构、前侧“V”型缺口、旁瓣回波、反射率因子质心快速下降以及V_IL值跃增等特征,这些特征对监测和预警冰雹有一定的指示作用。

     

The analysis and impact of simulated high-resolution surface observations in addition to radar data for convective storms with an ensemble Kalman filter

Observing system simulation experiments are performed using an ensemble Kalman filter to investigate the impact of surface observations in addition to radar data on convective storm analysis and forecasting. A multi-scale procedure is used in which different covariance localization radii are used for radar and surface observations. When the radar is far enough away from the main storm so that the low level data coverage is poor, a clear positive impact of surface observations is achieved when the network spacing is 20?km or smaller. The impact of surface data increases quasi-linearly with decreasing surface network spacing until the spacing is close to the grid interval of the truth simulation. The impact of surface data is sustained or even amplified during subsequent forecasts when their impact on the analysis is significant. When microphysics-related model error is introduced, the impact of surface data is reduced but still evidently positive, and the impact also increases with network density. Through dynamic flow-dependent background error covariance, the surface observations not only correct near-surface errors, but also errors at the mid- and upper levels. State variables different from observed are also positively impacted by the observations in the analysis.     

The supercell thunderstorm on 8 June 1990: Mesoscale analysis and radar observations

Summary A case study of supercell thunderstorm development over Po Valley in northern Italy is discussed. The data were collected during MATREP, a field project operated in the month of June 1990. During the late morning hours of 8 June, before the passage of a cold front, a supercell and a single cell developed at the same time in eastern part of Po Valley, about 60 km apart from each other.Surface mesoscale analysis helps to explain these different storm evolutions due to interaction among local circulations, Adriatic Sea and orography. While dry wind (foehn) dumps the thermodynamic instability in single-cell environment, a moisture circulation affects the origin area of supercell. Computation of corresponding instability indices again supports the peculiar evolution of the two storms which is also analyzed by means of radar data.With 20 Figures     

青藏高原对流云的偏振雷达观测研究

利用可移动式C波段双偏振雷达（C-POL）,以及那曲新一代天气雷达（CINRAD/CD）于2014年7月30日和8月5日在西藏那曲地区的观测资料,并通过双多普勒雷达风场反演、偏振雷达相态识别,清晰展示了这两次高原冰雹云发生发展的动力、微物理、热力结构特征。结果表明:青藏高原地区的对流云多在午后出现,水平及垂直尺度不大,但是对流云发生频繁、生消快,一般持续几十分钟。从RHI扫描的水平偏振反射率因子（Z_H）、差分反射率因子（Z_DR）,以及反演的相态（Class）分布上可以明显看出,粒子跟随"0线"抬高,不断增长,回波强度也越来越大,并最终超过主上升气流从另一侧降落,形成冰雹墙的整个动力与微物理过程。从连续时次的RHI上还观测到一次对流单体发生、发展过程中相态从湿雪到冰雹的变化,单体刚刚触发时,回波高度不高,强度还很弱,但是却出现成片的湿雪区域,说明上升气流非常旺盛,将本来落到0℃层以下的未完全融化的湿雪重新带到0℃层以上,通过凝华、凇附、攀附等物理过程,仅仅10多分钟,这些湿雪就能够迅速增长成为冰雹。这些湿雪重新凝结过程中,释放潜热,进一步促进了不稳定结构,加强了上升气流和下沉气流。因此,如果某个刚刚生成的弱回波区域内,在融化层以上出现大量的湿雪,往往预示着该区域上升气流强劲,会迅速发展成强回波单体。      

两次长寿命非超级单体孤立强风暴多普勒天气雷达观测对比分析

利用济南多普勒天气雷达资料,结合探空和天气实况资料,对2次历时超过4 h的孤立非超级单体风暴强度结构、流场结构和环境物理量及其差异性进行了分析。结果表明,0611和0915风暴均产生于东北冷涡底部西北气流和低层切变线环境形势下,上干冷下暖湿,0~6 km具有强垂直风切变,600 hPa为起点的下沉对流有效位能（DCAPE）具有较大值。旺盛阶段,0915风暴的最大反射率因子（DBZM）、基于单体的垂直累积液态含水量（C-VIL）和强中心高度（HT）参数平均值明显大于0611风暴,差值分别是6.7 dBZ、11 kg·m-2和2.4 km。0915风暴成熟阶段的前期表现为明显中层径向辐合（MARC）特征,中期风暴中层表现为强气旋性旋转气流结构,后期又演变为MARC特征,同时辐合强度更加显著。0611风暴旺盛阶段中层具有双涡结构,但前期气旋性旋转强度明显大于反气旋性旋转强度,后期情况相反,反气旋性旋转强度明显大于气旋性旋转强度。两次过程中环境物理量差别明显的是对流有效位能（CAPE）和低层比湿,0915风暴CAPE和低层比湿明显大于0611风暴过程。在相似的形势背景下,低层湿度大,具有大的CAPE值,风暴内部上升气流的最大上升速度较大,利于强反射率核的悬垂和维持。     

A multiparameter radar case study of the microphysical and kinematic evolution of a lightning producing storm

Summary We examine the co-evolving microphysical, kinematic, and electrical characteristics of a multi-cell thunderstorm observed on 21 May 1993 along the Front Range of Colorado using data collected with the 11 cm, multiparameter, CSU-CHILL Doppler radar. The measured polarimetric variables provide information on the size, shape, orientation, and thermodynamic phase of hydrometeors. Recent modeling and observational advances in weather radar polarimetry now permit the inference of bulk-hydrometeor types and mixing ratios, and the measurement of precipitation rate in mixed-phase (i.e., hail and rain) environments. We have employed these and other radar techniques, such as dual-Doppler analyses, to investigate the correlation between the convective life cycle of a multi-cell storm and the evolution of lightning type and flash rate.The observations suggest a strong correlation between the radar-inferred graupel volume suspended in a vigorous updraft in upper-portions of the storm and the in-cloud (IC) lightning flash rate. Our analyses reveal that maxima in the hail rate are related to peaks in the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash rate. Both correlation's are consistent with the non-inductive charging mechanism which relies on collisions between graupel/hail particles and ice crystals in the presence of supercooled water. Peaks in storm outflow are shown to either lag or to coincide with maxima in both the CG flash rate and hail rate. The amount and vertical location of ice in this storm was also related to the strength and polarity of the electric field through observations of a Field Excursion Associated With Precipitation (FEAWP) and a subsequent microburst. We demonstrate that the FEAWP was coincident with the descent of graupel and small hail below the charge reversal level as explained by the non-inductive charging mechanism, and that the further descent of graupel and small hail below the melting level aided in the generation of a microburst near the surface. Using observations of the FEAWP, we present some comparative speculation on the microphysics of the associated lower positive charge center and the applicability of various laboratory charging studies.With 14 Figures     

A review of microwave radar observations in the dry convective planetary boundary layer

Boundary-Layer Meteorology - For the last two decades, radar has been used to probe the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in a number of different ways. The sensitive, high-power radars at Wallops...     

强对流天气雷达回波与闪电特征的个例分析

利用闪电定位资料和多普勒天气雷达强度产品,分析了2006年6月22日发生在南京西南140km处的一次强对流天气过程中闪电的演变特征及其与回波强度的关系。结果表明,地闪多发生于雷暴云中回波强度大于40dBz且回波强度梯度较大的区域;正、负地闪频次在强对流系统发展的不同阶段呈现出不同的特点,负地闪占总闪数的90％以上,正地闪出现在系统进入成熟阶段之后,且占总闪的比例在系统消散阶段明显增大;地闪强度越大,相应的地闪频次越小,除少数弱闪（1/1〈10kA）外,二者基本上呈反相位关系。     

Vertical structure of tropical mesoscale convective systems: observations using VHF radar and cloud resolving model simulations

This study examines the time–height variation and structure of a tropical mesoscale convective system (TMCS). Convection experiments using VHF (53 MHz) radar aimed at improving the understanding of the vertical structure of TMCS occurred over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), India during 21–22 June 2000 has been selected for the study. The time–height variations of reflectivity and vertical velocity exhibits four distinct patterns and have been used to classify four subjectively identified types of echoes; viz., formative, mature, transition zone and stratiform regions associated with TMCS. Average vertical velocity profiles were distinctive for each region. The mean vertical motion is upward at all levels in the troposphere during the formative phase. The vertical motion in the mature region is downward in the lower troposphere and upward in the middle and upper troposphere. The maximum upward motion is found in the middle troposphere and secondary maxima near the tropopause level. The transition zone is characterized by strong downdraft in the lower troposphere with local pockets of updrafts in the middle and upper troposphere. The magnitude of the mean vertical motion is considerably reduced in the stratiform region and is downward in the lower troposphere and upward in the upper troposphere. Time–height variation of reflectivity has been analyzed separately for each region. The observed diminished echo zone and tropopause break/weakening during the mature phase and two enhanced reflectivity zone in the stratiform region is also observed. A Cloud System Resolving Model (CSRM) simulation of the same event has been carried out. The CSRM simulations were able to capture the structure of the storm and are consistent with the observations. The model output in conjunction with observations has been used to validate the hypothesis.     

Assimilation of Doppler Radar Observations with an Ensemble Square Root Filter：A Squall Line Case Study

The effectiveness of using an Ensemble Square Root Filter（EnSRF） to assimilate real Doppler radar observations on convective scale is investigated by applying the technique to a case of squall line on 12July 2005 in midwest Shandong Province using the Weather Research and Forecasting（WRF） model.The experimental results show that：（1） The EnSRF system has the potential to initiate a squall line accurately by assimilation of real Doppler radar data.The convective-scale information has been added into the WRF model through radar data assimilation and thus the analyzed fields are improved noticeably.The model spin-up time has been shortened,and the precipitation forecast is improved accordingly.（2） Compared with the control run,the deterministic forecast initiated with the ensemble mean analysis of EnSRF produces more accurate prediction of microphysical fields.The predicted wind and thermal fields are reasonable and in accordance with the characteristics of convective storms.（3） The propagation direction of the squall line from the ensemble mean analysis is consistent with that of the observation,but the propagation speed is larger than the observed.The effective forecast period for this squall line is about 5-6 h,probably because of the nonlinear development of the convective storm.     

一次强雹云结构的双多普勒雷达观测分析

利用石家庄SA多普勒天气雷达和饶阳X波段双偏振雷达探测资料,结合常规综合观测资料,对2018年6月13日下午发生于太行山东麓的雹云的天气背景、降雹特征、雷达回波演变特征及回波三维立体结构进行了综合分析,重点利用双多普勒雷达径向速度资料反演出格点的三维风速(流场),并结合回波特征分析了雹云云体结构。结果显示,高空强劲的偏北风急流促使涡后横槽转竖,槽后冷空气沿偏北气流南下,形成上干冷、下暖湿的不稳定层结,在低空低涡附近及地面辐合线上发展造成这次风雹天气;双多普勒雷达反演风场表明,雹云的中层强回波中心呈明显的"S"形水平流场和悬挂回波配置特征,构成了具有成雹的"0线"结构;不仅佐证了雹云降雹"0线"结构的存在,而且证明其呈现形式具有多样性。     

南京地区一次强降水超级单体过程的双偏振雷达观测分析

基于南京信息工程大学C波段双偏振雷达观测数据,结合探空和地面实况资料,对2016年7月7日发生在南京地区的一次强降水超级单体过程进行双偏振雷达变量特征分析。结果表明：(1)当后向传播和多单体合并造成02—03时出现129.2 mm·h^-1极端强降水时,最强回波Z_H约60 dBZ,差分反射率因子Z_DR达5 dB,差分相位常数K_DP超过8 (°)·km^-1。K_DP大值区与地面上小时雨强极大值中心存在较好的对应关系。反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR、差分相位常数K_DP与小时雨强也有显著的正相关。(2)强降水超级单体发展旺盛阶段,垂直运动明显增强,上升气流活跃,冰雹和霰占的比例高,-20°C以上存在深厚的混合相态区,闪电的频次和强度明显增强,分钟雨强增大。相关系数小值区ρ_HV以及Z_DR弧超前于超级单体1个体扫发生,并可以指示超级单体底层上升气流区的位置...     

Kinematic models of a dry convective boundary layer compared with dual-Doppler radar observations of wind fields

The kinematic structure of the convective boundary layer, observed by a dual-Doppler radar system, is compared with the structure predicted by simple shear models. We first consider the models to be inviscid, then add viscous effects. Model 1 assumes a linear ambient wind profile from the surface through the boundary layer, and a constant wind above. The shear layer is assumed to be statically neutral, but static stability is permitted in the region above the shear. Model 2 has a hyperbolic tangent ambient wind profile.After considering the inviscid models, some of the effects of viscosity are incorporated into the models in a crude way, and the results are compared.We conclude that although the presence of shear is important, the kinematic structure is relatively independent of the details of the wind and temperature profiles. Viscosity has important effects, especially near the critical level where the disturbance velocity is equal to the wind speed. The patterns predicted by both models agree very well with the dual-Doppler radar observations when viscosity is included.     

A case study of GATE convective activity

Abstract

This paper presents the synoptic and meso‐scale aspects of the intense convective activity of 2 September 1974 in the Eastern Atlantic. Two main features were evident in the GATE B‐scale array: a broad convective band associated with the 700‐mb trough, and long and narrow lines of convection oriented SE‐NW. One of these lines, which moved across the B‐scale array and was penetrated by several aircraft, is described in detail. The structure of the cloud and precipitation fields, obtained from the analysis of satellite and radar data, indicates that intense precipitation occurred mainly at the leading edge of the line where new cells were continuously generating. Cross‐sections through the line (from boom, aircraft and tethered balloon data) show a gust front at the surface, a downdraft region associated with the rain area, and a wind shift in the lowest 300 m. The circulations around and within this line appear to be similar to a class of tropical squall‐lines studied at length by Zipser, (1977) and Houze (1977) with the important difference that the horizontal gradients of the dynamic and thermodynamic variables across the line were typically weaker.     

对流边界层湍流结构系数的声雷达研究

本文叙述了在某些对流条件下,声雷达探测温度结构系数和风速结构系数(C_T~2和C_V~2)的简便方法.我们用声雷达在北京对于对流发展较好的自由对流体系作了实验,实验得到了9—10点钟时的C_T~2剖面和冬季13点钟时的C_V~2剖面.剖面结果表明,在Z≤0.7Z_i区间的C_T~2和C_V~2剖面与Kaimal等(1976)在明尼苏达(Minnesota)(陆上)的实验结果比较接近,在0.7Z_i≤Z≤Z_i区间,则我们用声雷达测量的C_T~2剖面和极大值都比Kaimal的结果大,并对两者的差别进行讨论.     

Contribution of the MODIS instrument to observations of deep convective storms and stratospheric moisture detection in GOES and MSG imagery

Past studies based on the NOAA/AVHRR and GOES I-M imager instruments have documented the link between certain storm top features referred to as the “cold-U/V” shape in the 10–12 μm IR band imagery and plumes of increased 3.7/3.9 μm band reflectivity. Later, similar features in the 3.7/3.9 μm band have been documented in the AVHRR/3 1.6 μm band imagery.The present work focuses on storm top observations utilizing the MODIS data. The MODIS instrument (available onboard NASA's EOS Terra and Aqua satellites) provides image data with significantly better geometrical resolution (in some of its bands) and broader range of spectral bands as compared to that from AVHRR/3 observations. One of the goals of this study is to evaluate the contribution of this new instrument to observations of convective storm tops. Besides the cloud top features linked to storm top microphysics and morphology, the paper also addresses the possibility of detection of lower stratospheric water vapor above cold convective storm tops. This issue is explored utilizing MODIS as well as GOES and MSG imagery.In addition, the paper discusses an alternative interpretation of the “cold-U/V” patterns at the top of intense storms by a mechanism of “plume masking” as suggested by some of the observations.     

The 18 June 1997 Companion supercells: Multiparametric Doppler radar analysis

Summary ?On 18 June 1997 two simultaneous supercells 50 km apart swept the Po valley W-NW to E-SE. An exceptional hailfall lasted for more than 3 hours over a strip 200 km wide. There are no records of companion supercells over northern Italy, a fact that attributes to the present observations a considerable meteorological interest. The forcing due to a baroclinic wave disturbance created the synoptic conditions favourable for storm development. A closer mesoscale analysis conducted using the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) indicates that the interaction of the storm systems with the low-level frontal high-humidity band is a key aspect of their evolution. The operational polarimetric Doppler weather radar of S. Pietro Capofiume was used for a volumetric analysis of the storm system focusing on the microphysical and dynamical structure, and wind patterns. Reflectivity and Doppler wind fields document the transition from multicell to supercell phase for one of the storms. Differential reflectivity (Z_DR) fields are examined. Positive Z_DR columns are detected in connection with the storms strong updraft. Flare echoes hint to the presence of substantial hailshafts. The spectrum width field is used to investigate internal motions. Limited dual Doppler analysis is carried out and results are discussed in terms of storm evolution properties. Received June 30, 1999/Revised February 3, 2000     

Rainfall regionalization on the basis of the precipitation convective features using a raingauge network and weather radar observations

The main objective of the present paper is to show a methodology for undertaking rainfall regionalization of a region taking into account the convective features of the precipitation, and useful for establishing homogeneous zones for improving the alert system. This methodology has been applied to a hydrographic region located in northeast Spain, with an area of 16000 km² and characterized by a highly contrasted topography. Information provided by meteorological radar and 5-min precipitation data for 126 automatic raingauges has been used for the period 1996–2002. The previous analysis done on the basis of the 1927–1981 rainfall rate series for the Jardí raingauge, located in Barcelona, has also been considered. To that end, the first step was to draw up a proposal for classification of the pluviometric episodes. Recourse was had for this purpose to definition of the β parameter, related with the greater or lesser convective character of the event and calculated on the basis of the rainfall intensity at the surface (Llasat, 2001) and, when data are available, on the basis of radar reflectivity. Results show that the threshold of 35 mm/h to characterize convective episodes from raingauge data can be corroborated from the radar point of view when convective precipitation is identified using 2-D algorithms with a reflectivity threshold of 43 dBZ. Once the soundness of the β parameter had been corroborated, it was applied to more than 2900 precipitation episodes recorded in the region, in order to discriminate the features of the different subregions and their time and space distribution throughout the entire series of the samples. Using this definition, 92% of the precipitation events recorded in this region, with accumulated rainfall above 35 mm, are classified as convective ones, representing 95% of the precipitation amount. Application of the β parameter combined with monthly rainfall data allows differentiation of 8 regions with different convective precipitation features.     

一次热对流降水成因的分析和模拟

夏季受西太平洋副热带高压控制的中国大陆地区常发生热对流降水。在副高中心盛行大尺度下沉气流的环境中,对流是怎样发生的？降水的水汽来自哪里？本文以2003年8月2日发生在江西、浙江等地区的热对流降水为例,研究了地表的非均匀感热加热对增强对流的贡献和地表蒸发、水汽水平通量辐合对降水的贡献。本文首先利用TRMM卫星观测资料、地面自动站地表温度观测资料和NCEP资料分析了热对流降水的特征及其产生的背景条件;接着利用区域平均的水汽方程诊断了地表蒸发、水汽平流和水汽通量辐合项的贡献,分析了降水的水汽来源;再进一步利用AREM区域数值预报模式,设计了4个敏感性试验研究了陆气感热、潜热通量对降水的贡献。结果表明,在副高控制的地区,白天强烈的非均匀地表感热加热可导致低层热空气块突破环境下沉气流而上升,周围空气补充形成辐合运动。低层空气的辐合上升既可引起水汽的汇聚,又可把低层的水汽输送到高层。同时非均匀陆面特征造成的非均匀感热和潜热通量的共同作用增强了大气的位势不稳定度,触发了对流,但感热通量对热对流降水的贡献比潜热通量略大。热对流降水的水汽除部分来自地表蒸发外,另一部分来自低层的水平通量辐合。定量计算表明二者对大气可降水量的贡献基本相当,而平流水汽的贡献很小。     

Forecast of convective storms evolution based on the analysis of their radar echo and wind hodograph in the troposphere in the moving coordinate system

Generalized are the results of the research carried out by the Special Service for Weather Modification of the Republic of Moldova and of the features of formation and evolution of cumulonimbus clouds Cb based on studying their radar echo in the Lagrange (moving) coordinate system. Besides the regularities proceeding from the ideas about the evolution of Cb on the sides of atmospheric mesoscale structures [16], the features of evolution of powerful Cb are revealed at the significant wind shear. The direction and evolution features of Cb can be predicted using the wind hodograph in the troposphere plotted in the moving coordinate system. Results of the research are used in the Special Service for Weather Modification of the Republic of Moldova during the operational activities on hail suppression for predicting the areas of formation of new convective cells and for optimizing the size of the areas for their seeding with the crystallizing reagent.