A global landslide catalog for hazard applications: method,results, and limitations

A systematic inventory of landslide events over the globe is valuable for estimating human and economic losses, quantifying the relationship between landslide occurrences and climate variations and for evaluating emerging global landslide prediction efforts based on remote sensing data. This study compiles a landslide catalog for rainfall-triggered events for several years, drawing upon news reports, scholarly articles, and other hazard databases to provide a landslide catalog at the global scale. While this database may only represent a subset of rainfall-triggered landslides globally, due to lack of reports, it presents a lower boundary on the number of events globally and provides initial insight into the spatiotemporal statistical trends in landslide distribution and impact. This article develops a methodology for landslide event compilation that can be used in evaluating global landslide forecasting initiatives and assessing patterns in landslide distribution and frequency worldwide.     

A method for tsunami risk assessment: a case study for Kamakura,Japan

This paper presents a methodology for tsunami risk assessment, which was applied to a case study in Kamakura, Japan. This methodology was developed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of a risk-reducing system against such hazards, also aiming to demonstrate that a risk assessment is possible for these episodic events. The tsunami risk assessment follows these general steps: (1) determination of the probability of flooding, (2) calculation of flood scenarios, (3) assessment of the consequences and (4) integration into a risk number or graph. The probability of flooding was approximated based on the data provided by local institutes, and the flood scenarios were modeled in 1D using the Simulating WAves till SHore model. Results showed that a tsunami in Kamakura can result in thousands of casualties. Interventions such as improvements in evacuation systems, which would directly reduce the number of casualties, would have a large influence in risk reduction. Although this method has its limits and constraints, it illustrates the value it can add to existing tsunami risk management in Japan.     

A micromechanical-based elasto-viscoplastic model for the Callovo-Oxfordian argillite: Algorithms,validations, and applications

For a potential geological barrier of high-level radioactive waste repositories in France, the long-term mechanical behavior of the Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) argillite is the most concern for engineers. In this paper, a micromechanical-based elasto-viscoplastic model is proposed, and its numerical realization is our main object. The COx argillite is considered as a three-phase composite consists of porous clay, quartz, and calcite. By assigning appropriate constitutive laws to those constituents, the macroscopic elasto-viscoplastic behavior of the COx argillite is determined with an extended Hill's incremental approach. The numerical aspects includes (a) a new formulation is proposed for the plastic multiplier when adopting the overstress (Perzyna) model to define the viscoplastic strain. Meanwhile, a new formulation is also proposed to solve it within the framework of an implicit returning mapping scheme. (b) The corresponding consistent tangent moduli are strictly derived by extending the method proposed for solving plastic problems; (c) the efficiency of the proposed integration algorithms for the local constitutive equations and the homogenization procedure are validated, receptively, by a built-in porous plasticity model of a commercial finite element (FE) program ABAQUS and by FE computations of a two-phase unit cell; and (d) the proposed micromechanical model is finally applied to simulate experiment data in short-term triaxial compression tests and long-term triaxial creep tests. And the numerical results show that it is able to reflect the variation of the mechanical behavior with respect to the varied mineralogical compositions.     

A Mainly Crustal Origin for Tonalitic Granitoid Rocks, Superior Province, Canada: Implications for Late Archean Tectonomagmatic Processes

The central Wabigoon subprovince of the Superior Province, likemost plutonic domains within Archean cratons, is dominated bygranitoid rocks of the tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite(TTG) series. Heterogeneous <2·83–2·74Ga tonalite gneisses and foliated tonalite to granodiorite units,emplaced at 2·722–2·709 Ga, exhibit initial     

地质灾害易发性评价单元划分方法——以陕西省黄陵县为例

为了提高区域地质灾害易发性评价精度,采用斜坡单元作为研究对象,以GIS技术作为平台,利用水文解析工具,提出了一种将大面积研究区自动划分为最小适宜评价单元的新方法。使用此方法将陕西省黄陵县划分为6 258个最小适宜评价单元后,再通过一个地质灾害易发程度贡献分值模型计算每个评价单元易发度的分布,并以此进行黄陵县地质灾害易发程度分区评价。评价结果为:据易发度分值将黄陵县分为5个地质灾害易发区,其中高易发区占全县面积的9.94%,主要分布于洛河、沮河及寇家河河谷区,是今后地质灾害防治的重点区域。     

A simulation-based approach for estimating premining water quality: Red Mountain Creek,Colorado

Regulatory agencies are often charged with the task of setting site-specific numeric water quality standards for impaired streams. This task is particularly difficult for streams draining highly mineralized watersheds with past mining activity. Baseline water quality data obtained prior to mining are often non-existent and application of generic water quality standards developed for unmineralized watersheds is suspect given the geology of most watersheds affected by mining. Various approaches have been used to estimate premining conditions, but none of the existing approaches rigorously consider the physical and geochemical processes that ultimately determine instream water quality. An approach based on simulation modeling is therefore proposed herein. The approach utilizes synoptic data that provide spatially-detailed profiles of concentration, streamflow, and constituent load along the study reach. This field data set is used to calibrate a reactive stream transport model that considers the suite of physical and geochemical processes that affect constituent concentrations during instream transport. A key input to the model is the quality and quantity of waters entering the study reach. This input is based on chemical analyses available from synoptic sampling and observed increases in streamflow along the study reach. Given the calibrated model, additional simulations are conducted to estimate premining conditions. In these simulations, the chemistry of mining-affected sources is replaced with the chemistry of waters that are thought to be unaffected by mining (proximal, premining analogues). The resultant simulations provide estimates of premining water quality that reflect both the reduced loads that were present prior to mining and the processes that affect these loads as they are transported downstream. This simulation-based approach is demonstrated using data from Red Mountain Creek, Colorado, a small stream draining a heavily-mined watershed. Model application to the premining problem for Red Mountain Creek is based on limited field reconnaissance and chemical analyses; additional field work and analyses may be needed to develop definitive, quantitative estimates of premining water quality.     

Drought Monitoring Using Data Mining Techniques: A Case Study for Nebraska, USA

Drought has an impact on many aspects of society. To help decision makers reduce the impacts of drought, it is important to improve our understanding of the characteristics and relationships of atmospheric and oceanic parameters that cause drought. In this study, the use of data mining techniques is introduced to find associations between drought and several oceanic and climatic indices that could help users in making knowledgeable decisions about drought responses before the drought actually occurs. Data mining techniques enable users to search for hidden patterns and find association rules for target data sets such as drought episodes. These techniques have been used for commercial applications, medical research, and telecommunications, but not for drought. In this study, two time-series data mining algorithms are used in Nebraska to illustrate the identification of the relationships between oceanic parameters and drought indices. The algorithms provide flexibility in time-series analyses and identify drought episodes separate from normal and wet conditions, and find relationships between drought and oceanic indices in a manner different from the traditional statistical associations. The drought episodes were determined based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Associations were observed between drought episodes and oceanic and atmospheric indices that include the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), the Pacific/North American (PNA) index, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) Index. The experimental results showed that among these indices, the SOI, MEI, and PDO have relatively stronger relationships with drought episodes over selected stations in Nebraska. Moreover, the study suggests that data mining techniques can help us to monitor drought using oceanic indices as a precursor of drought.     

A lacustrine record from Lop Nur,Xinjiang, China: Implications for paleoclimate change during Late Pleistocene

Climate variability during the Late Pleistocene is studied from the proxies in core CK-2 drilled from the Luobei Depression (91°03′E, 40°47′N), Lop Nur in the eastern Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China. Geophysical and geochemical properties, including magnetic susceptibility, granularity, chroma, carbonate content, loss on ignition and trace elements, have been determined to reconstruct the environmental evolution of the area during 32–9 ka BP. The chronology is established by uranium–thorium disequilibrium dating techniques.Our data suggest four paleoclimate stages, indicating glacial variations between cold–humid and warm–arid environments. A period of extreme humidity occurred during 31,900–19,200 yr BP is attributed the last glacial maximum (LGM). The period was followed by a warm–arid episode during 19,200–13,500 yr BP. Then a cold–humid interval during 13,500–12,700 yr BP may correspond to another cooling phases at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The last stage from 12,700 to 9000 yr BP has a trend that the climate turned warm and arid. The Lop Nur region is characterized by particularly humid stadials and arid interstadials. The climate variability in Lop Nur was constrained by global climate change because it is correlated with Dansgaard–Oeschger and Heinrich events, which were observed at the northern high latitudes. The synchroneity of the palaeoclimatic events suggested that cold air activity at the northern high latitudes was the most important factor that influenced the climate evolution in the Lop Nur region. A probable mechanism that involves the migration of westerly winds is proposed to interpret this synchroneity.     

A multisource approach for coastal mapping purposes: Limeni bay,Mani and surrounding area,southern Greece

A multipurpose engineering geological map of a natural heritage site including inland and offshore areas has been compiled to provide information on many aspects for land use optimization, sustainable development and environmental protection. The mapping approach was based on data provided by conventional onland field works, marine remote sensing survey and aerial photo interpretation. These data sources were integrated into a GIS platform allowing reliable mapping solutions. The geological formations encountered were grouped into individual geotechnical units according to uniformity in lithological character, while the seabed sub-bottom structure was also obtained through several seafloor thematic map compilation. Shoreline variability and evolution for a long time period (1945–2008) were also investigated and mapped. The synergistic use of the results deducted from those disciplinary surveys is finally presented in a single engineering geological map covering the onshore and offshore area.     

成矿学的过去、现在和将来

成矿学起源于大约１００年前，在地学领域中已赢得了特定的地位。笔者将成矿学细分为经验成矿学、矿床成因论和应用成矿学，系统地论述了三者的关系及其发展简史，并展望了现代电子技术对成矿学研究方法的重大影响。对成矿学研究的现状和困难也做了一些分析。本文强调矿床实际资料的积累、加工、储存（信息库）和全球范围的交流。着重指出：细致描述和用图示记录目前开采矿床的重要性；用全部学识记录和处理岩石和（或）矿石样品的重要性以及利用多种文字的地区性文献（如野外报告或地质图）提供全球性资料的重要性。     

A sequence stratigraphic framework for a narrow,current-swept continental shelf: The Durban Bight,central KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

High resolution seismic lines from the inner and mid-shelf of the Durban Bight reveal an unprecedented view of the seismic stratigraphy of the central KwaZulu-Natal uppermost continental margin. Seven units are recognised from the shelf on the basis of their stratal architecture and bounding unconformities. These comprise four incompletely preserved sequences consisting of deposits of the highstand systems tract (Unit B), falling stage systems tracts (Unit C), the transgressive systems tract (Units A, D and G) and lowstand systems tracts (early fill of the incised valleys and strike diachronous prograding reflectors of Unit A). Seismic facies recognised as incised valley fills correspond to the lowstand and transgressive systems tracts. When integrated with published accounts of onshore and offshore lithostratigraphy and local sea level curves, we recognise an Early Santonian transgression (Unit A to Unit B), superimposed by uplift-induced pulses of forced regression. A Late Campanian relative sea level fall (Unit C) followed. Sediments of the Tertiary period are not evident on the Durban Bight shelf except for isolated incised valley fills of Unit D lying within incised valleys of Late Pliocene age. Overlying these are two stages of Pleistocene shoreline deposits of indeterminate age. Erosion concurrent with relative sea level fall towards the last glacial maximum shoreline carved a third set of incised valleys within which sediments of the Late Pleistocene/Holocene have infilled.     

A depositional model for deep‐lacustrine,partially confined,turbidite fans: Early Cretaceous,North Falkland Basin

This paper presents a model of facies distribution within a set of early Cretaceous, deep‐lacustrine, partially confined turbidite fans (Sea Lion Fan, Sea Lion North Fan and Otter Fan) in the North Falkland Basin, South Atlantic. As a whole, ancient deep‐lacustrine turbidite systems are under‐represented in the literature when compared with those documented in marine basins. Lacustrine turbidite systems can form extensive, good quality hydrocarbon reservoirs, making the understanding of such systems crucial to exploration within lacustrine basins. An integrated analysis of seismic cross‐sections, seismic amplitude extraction maps and 455 m of core has enabled the identification of a series of turbidite fans. The deposits of these fans have been separated into lobe axis, lobe fringe and lobe distal fringe settings. Seismic architectures, observed in the seismic amplitude extraction maps, are interpreted to represent geologically associated heterogeneities, including: feeder systems, terminal mouth lobes, flow deflection, sinuous lobe axis deposits, flow constriction and stranded lobe fringe areas. When found in combination, these architectures suggest ‘partial confinement’ of a system, something that appears to be a key feature in the lacustrine turbidite setting of the North Falkland Basin. Partial confinement of a system occurs when depositionally generated topography controls the flow‐pathway and deposition of subsequent turbidite fan deposits. The term ‘partial confinement’ provides an expression for categorising a system whose depositional boundaries are unconfined by the margins of the basin, yet exhibit evidence of internal confinement, primarily controlled by depositional topography. Understanding the controls that dictate partial confinement; and the resultant distribution of sand‐prone facies within deep‐lacustrine turbidite fans, is important, particularly considering their recent rise as hydrocarbon reservoirs in rift and failed‐rift settings.     

超大型矿床成矿背景-过程-勘查三位一体的找矿理念

超大型矿床是某一(或某些)矿种资源的巨大储库.据统计,全球矿产资源70％～85％的勘探储量集中分布于占全球矿床数10％的超大型矿床.由此可见发现超大型矿床对一个国家经济与社会发展的极端重要性.超大型矿床成矿背景是其形成的基础,成矿过程是其成矿的关键,勘查评价是其发现的根本途径.文章试图从成矿背景、成矿过程与勘查评价相互...     

利用地球化学资料评价水淹层方法研究:以大庆杏南油田为例

通过对水淹层地球化学资料的分析,总结出了不同程度水淹层的地球化学特征,提出了利用地球化学资料从定性识别到定量评价的水淹层评价思路,建立了水淹层水淹程度定性识别方法、剩余油饱和度和含水率定量评价模型.对储层物理性质、岩性、流体性质、水淹程度不同的108口井529层水淹层进行了评价,剩余油饱和度与经校正后的密闭取芯井岩芯分析剩余油饱和度非常接近,水淹级别、含水率与单层试油结果一致.证明利用地球化学资料评价水淹层方法是可行的,结果是可靠的,该方法有很好的推广应用前景.     

A Late Ordovician high-energy temperate-water carbonate ramp,southern Quebec,Canada: implications for Late Ordovician oceanography*

The Trenton Group (Late Ordovician), the youngest carbonate unit in the Taconic foreland basin of southern Quebec, is a tripartite unit with a distinctive coarse-grained middle part, the Deschambault Formation. Lithofacies of the Deschambault Formation are dominated by coarse-grained bioclastic/intraclastic limestones; finer-grained lithofacies are ubiquitous but subordinate. The complete spectrum of lithofacies indicates sedimentation ranging from above fairweather- to below storm-wave base. Skeletal components are indicative of the modern temperate-water bryomol association. Non-skeletal elements are represented by peloids and intraclasts. Accretion rates from areas of continuous sedimentation were low (<14 cm/10³ years). From sedimentological and faunal evidence, it is proposed that the Late Ordovician Deschambault ramp was bathed by temperate waters. The model compares favourably with modern cool-water shelves rimming the southern edge of the Australian continent. Palaeomagnetic data locate southern Quebec in a low latitudinal setting during the Late Ordovician. Upper Ordovician facies distribution in eastern Canada and progressive disappearance of some faunal provinces through Late Ordovician time are used to conclude that the initiation of the Late Ordovician glaciation that covered most of Gondwana was instrumental in easing northward movement of cold oceanic currents. This resulted in the rapid contraction of the southern hemisphere warm-water tropical belt from a 30° latitudinal-wide zone in the early Caradoc to a 15° zone in the late Caradoc.     

A Holocene calcrete from North Yorkshire, England: implications for interpreting palaeoclimates using calcretes

Glacial gravels of Late Devensian Dimlington Stadial age (26 000–13 000 years BP) at West Tanfield, North Yorkshire, England, have been cemented by carbonate-rich solutions to produce a strongly indurated calcrete horizon. The low-Mg cements occur as drusy spar, needle fibres, alveolar septal structures, micrite and micropinnacles, indicative of vadose-zone cementation. Some complex pore partition structures attributed to precipitation along meniscus films also occur. These partitions separate air-dominated and water-dominated microenvironments of the vadose zone. The abundance of vadose fabrics shows that the accumulation is not a groundwater calcrete. In addition, much of the carbonate appears to have been precipitated by biological mediation. Carbon and oxygen isotopic data suggest that the carbonate did not form as a result of freezing, as has been suggested for some ‘arctic’soil carbonates. The pollen history of the area since the Devensian suggests that this calcrete precipitated at low temperatures; this contrasts with widely reported occurrences of calcrete in soils of hot arid or semi-arid regions, and suggests that palaeo-calcretes should not be used as absolute palaeoclimatic indicators. The unusual occurrence, albeit localized, of a thick calcrete under a cool and wet climate probably reflects the well-drained nature of the gravels, the abundance of CaCO₃ as limestone clasts in the gravel and a high degree of biological activity beneath a forest cover, which created a local environment favouring carbonate precipitation.     

苏州西山震裂锥:太湖冲击坑又一新证据

震裂锥已被公认为陨石冲击地球表面遗留的标志。研究及统计资料表明,震裂锥与陨石冲击形成的中、大型冲击坑 有关。太湖西山震裂锥呈圆锥形,锥体表面有自锥顶向下辐射的锥纹,锥纹具有分叉的特征,这些特征与震裂锥的国际公 认的定义和标准相符。此外,西山震裂锥还具有其特有的其他特征：碎裂岩化显著;气化-熔融现象发育;锥体表面具网 状构造及波纹状、蜂窝状等多种气印。岩相学研究显示,震裂锥及含锥岩石中冲击变质现象明显,微页理（PDFs）、微裂 隙（PFs） 以及靶岩熔融现象发育。以上这些冲击变质的标志,可证明西山震裂锥是冲击成因,而非地表水风化淋溶石灰岩 的喀斯特或风蚀成因的凤稜石。西山震裂锥的发现、太湖湖底冲击击变角砾岩“太湖石”的确定,为太湖冲击坑的研究增 添了新的诊断性证据;加上早期研究确定的、冲击回落至太湖湖底淤泥层中的冲击溅射物,这些众多证据为确定“太湖冲 击坑”或“太湖冲击事件”展示了美好前景。但是,要确定太湖冲击坑的具体位置、大小及构造模式等,尚需更多的深入 研究。