海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

The role of syntectonic sedimentation in the evolution of doubly vergent thrust wedges and foreland folds

This paper shows the evolution of time-constrained two-dimensional scaled analogue models of doubly vergent thrust systems in the presence of syntectonic sedimentation. Two sets of experiments were considered: (1) the addition of a syntectonic layer composed of a polymer and overlying sand in the prowedge; and (2) the addition to the previous condition of a progradational sedimentary load. Results from the first set of experiments indicate that the foreland fold-and-thrust belt has a strong relationship with the competence of the syntectonic layers. When the competence is low, the deformation produces tight asymmetric detachment-folds. As the competence increases, the fold-and-thrust belt shows break-trough folds with longer and better defined foreland-vergence. Results from the second set of experiments indicate that structural vergence is determined by the sense of progradation of the syntectonic layers, and in the case of strong aggradation at the prowedge, extension and reactive diapirism form contemporaneously with the contraction. Three end-members are proposed for mountain front thrust systems formed in the presence of syntectonic polymer and sand sedimentation: (1) outcropping fold-and-thrust belt sequence, in the case of no syntectonic sedimentation; (2) long displacement blind-thrust sheets, in the case of under-filled basins and (3) short displacement blind-thrust sheets, in the case of over-filled basins. All results indicate that ductile units at the base of syntectonic layers increase the displacement of the underlying frontal thrusts at the prowedge, and reduce the critical taper. Results also indicate that at very high sedimentary rates and hyper-critical taper conditions the prowedge collapses. Conclusions drawn from this research may be applied as an analogue to foreland evolution and to evaluate hydrocarbon generation, migration, and entrapment in thrust belts in areas where seismic imaging is generally poor.     

Seasonal variability of water transport through the Straits of Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica, derived from a high-resolution model of the Mediterranean circulation

The variability of the water transport through three major straits of the Mediterranean Sea (Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica) was investigated using a high-resolution model. This model of the Mediterranean circulation was developed in the context of the Mercator project.The region of interest is the western Mediterranean between the Strait of Gibraltar and the Strait of Sicily. The major water masses and the winter convection in the Gulf of Lions were simulated. The model reproduced the meso-scale and large-scale patterns of the circulation in very good agreement with recent observations. The western and the eastern gyres of the Alboran Sea were observed but high interannual variability was noticed. The Algerian Current splits into several branches at the longitude of the Strait of Sicily level, forming the Tyrrhenian branch, and, the Atlantic Ionian Stream and the Atlantic Tunisian Current in the eastern Mediterranean. The North Current retroflexed north of the Balearic Islands and a dome structure was observed in the Gulf of Lions. The cyclonic barotropic Algerian gyre, which was recently observed during the MATER and ELISA experiment, was evidenced in the simulation.From time-series of 10-day mean transport, the three straits presented a high variability at short time-scales. The transport was generally maximum, in April for the Strait of Gibraltar, in November for the Strait of Sicily, and in January for the Strait of Corsica. The amplitudes of the transport through the Straits of Gibraltar (0.11 Sv) and Sicily (0.30 Sv) presented a weaker seasonal variability than that of the Strait of Corsica (0.70 Sv).The study of the relation between transport and wind forcing showed that the transport through the Strait of Gibraltar is dependent on local zonal wind over short time-scales (70%), which was not the case for the other straits (less than 30%). The maximum (minimum) of the transport occurred for an eastward (westward) wind stress in the strait. An interannual event was noticed in November–December 2001, which corresponded to a very low transport (0.3 Sv), which was characterised by a cyclonic circulation in the western Alboran Sea. That circulation was also reproduced by the model for other periods than winter during the interannual simulation.The transport through the Strait of Sicily is not influenced by local wind.The wind stress curl of the northwestern Mediterranean influenced the transport through the Strait of Corsica.     

大亚湾红树林与海岸植物叶片气孔特征及其发育

光镜下观察了大亚湾地区红树林及海岸20种植物叶片气孔的结构特征及部分植物气孔器的发育过程。结果表明：大部分植物仅下表皮具气孔；气孔类型有无规则、平列、环绕、横列和四轮列型；气孔指数和气孔密度不同植物间变化较大；保卫细胞以卤蕨最大，阔苞菊最小；气孔开张度以桐花树最大，阔苞菊最小。高盐度对秋茄、木榄幼苗叶片气孔器的发生发育有一定抑制作用。海芒果、海漆的气孔器发育为周源型，而木榄、秋茄为中源型。多数真红树植物气孔在表皮下陷，发生于保卫细胞形成之后，气孔特征及其发育表现出生活于相同海岸带的不同植物既有相似性又有多样性。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Numerical Simulation of Extreme Sea Levels Using Location Specific High Resolution Model for Gujarat Coast of India

Although the frequency of tropical cyclones is less in the Arabian sea compared to that of the Bay of Bengal, there are several severe tropical cyclones which caused extensive damage along the Gujarat coast. In view of the high tidal range in the funnel-shaped gulfs of the Khambhat and the Kachch, it is very useful to study the surge response in these regions. There is always a possibility of abnormal rise of sea level when the occurrence of surge coincides with high tide, which may eventually cause inundation of vast stretches of shallow coastal areas. In view of this, a location specific fine resolution model is developed for the Gujarat coast. The east-west and north-south grid distances for the model are 5.1 km and 5.2 km, respectively. Several numerical experiments are carried out to compute the extreme sea levels using the wind stress forcings representative of 1982, 1996, and 1998 cyclones, which crossed this region. The model-computed extreme sea levels are in good agreement with the available observations.     

养殖文蛤体内寄生的一种吸虫幼虫及宿主组织病理学

作为文蛤吸虫病害研究的基础资料,报道了寄生在文蛤体内的1种复殖吸虫幼虫的形态结构及宿主由此所产生的组织病理学变化。研究表明：该吸虫分别为咆蚴和尾蚴。咆蚴圆筒形,内含不同发育阶段的尾蚴。成熟尾蚴体成扁平舌状,具有口吸盘、腹吸盘,1对眼点和1条细长无刺的尾巴。该吸虫主要侵占生殖腺,少部分幼虫进入附近的消化盲囊、鳃、肾等部位。轻微感染者,生殖滤泡萎缩,生殖细胞发育滞后;严重感染的宿主,生殖腺完全被侵占并耗尽。消化盲囊、鳃、肾等器官组织也因幼虫感染呈现不同程度的病理学变化;严重者上皮细胞水肿或脱落,肌肉组织结构紊乱或溶解等。本工作同时显示,吸虫寄生可诱发宿主血淋巴细胞大量增生,并产生凝集、组织浸润及形成包囊等免疫反应。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

对应分析在法国Douarnenez海湾拟庸鲽食性研究中的应用(Ⅱ)

２．４拟庸蝶食性的对应分析２．４．１观察量和变量的分组观察量（捕食鱼类）依不同季节（冬、夏季）、不同性别（雌雄性）和不同性成熟状态（幼鱼和成鱼）来分组，因此得到８（２３）个观察量。对应分析的变量（饵料）首先根据个体生态的不同分为６个类型：游走多毛类，隐居多毛类，双壳类，不大游动的甲壳类（端足目和等足目），爬行甲壳类（十足国短尾部）和棘皮动物。其他６个类型的饵料生物（类、纽虫类、小型游泳甲壳类、腔肠动物、鱼类及苔藓虫类顺在分组时剔除，其原因为它们的出现可能少了些。考虑到捕食鱼类和饵料双壳类贝壳厚度…     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

On the Influence of Sea Surface Height Variability on Satellite Altimeter Derived Gravity

The effect of sea surface height (SSH) variability is one of the primary factors that limit the accuracy and resolution of altimeter-derived gravity values. We propose a method to estimate the influence of variation of the sea surface height on the accuracy of satellite-derived gravity by simulation technique, with a case study around Indonesian waters. Wederived an Indonesian marine gravity map using the Geosat-geodetic mission (GM). Since most of the area studied is located around coastal and shallow areas, the measurement of SSH of this area is less accurate. To obtain a distribution of SSH variability over the study area, Topex/Poseidon (T/P) data were first processed and assessed. Processing 52 cycles of the Topex/Poseidon data, the root mean square (RMS) of SSH variability for each cycle was found to vary from 1 to 179 cm. Further, for the purpose of estimating the accuracy of altimeter-derived gravity, we derived several levels of Gaussian noise, computed simulation data by adding the Gaussian noise to Geosat data, and determined simulated gravity maps. Based on the distribution of RMS values from T/P data and standard deviation (STD) differences between the simulated and the original gravity maps, we estimated the accuracy of the gravity map. Around Indonesian waters, the accuracy of the gravity map influenced by SSH variation was estimated to be within the range 0.8~93 mgal.     

Development of storm surge which led to flooding in St. Bernard Polder during Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina caused devastating flooding in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. Storm surge surrounded the polder that comprises heavily populated sections of the Parish in addition to the Lower 9th Ward section of Orleans Parish. Surge propagated along several pathways to reach levees and walls around the polder's periphery. Extreme water levels led to breaches in the levee/wall system which, along with wave overtopping and steady overflow, led to considerable flood water entering the polder. Generation and evolution of the storm surge as it propagated into the region is examined using results from the SL15 regional application of the ADCIRC storm surge model. Fluxes of water into the region through navigation channels are compared to fluxes which entered through Lake Borgne and over inundated wetlands surrounding the lake. Fluxes through Lake Borgne and adjacent wetlands were found to be the predominant source of water reaching the region. Various sources of flood water along the polder periphery are examined. Flood water primarily entered through the east and west sides of the polder. Different peak surges and hydrograph shapes were experienced along the polder boundaries, and reasons for the spatial variability in surge conditions are discussed.     

Permafrost-associated natural gas hydrate occurrences on the Alaska North Slope

In the 1960s Russian scientists made what was then a bold assertion that gas hydrates should occur in abundance in nature. Since this early start, the scientific foundation has been built for the realization that gas hydrates are a global phenomenon, occurring in permafrost regions of the arctic and in deep water portions of most continental margins worldwide. In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey made the first systematic assessment of the in-place natural gas hydrate resources of the United States. That study suggested that the amount of gas in the gas hydrate accumulations of northern Alaska probably exceeds the volume of known conventional gas resources on the North Slope. Researchers have long speculated that gas hydrates could eventually become a producible energy resource, yet technical and economic hurdles have historically made gas hydrate development a distant goal. This view began to change in recent years with the realization that this unconventional resource could be developed with existing conventional oil and gas production technology. One of the most significant developments was the completion of the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well on the Alaska North Slope, which along with the Mallik project in Canada, have for the first time allowed the rational assessment of gas hydrate production technology and concepts. Almost 40 years of gas hydrate research in northern Alaska has confirmed the occurrence of at least two large gas hydrate accumulations on the North Slope. We have also seen in Alaska the first ever assessment of how much gas could be technically recovered from gas hydrates. However, significant technical concerns need to be further resolved in order to assess the ultimate impact of gas hydrate energy resource development in northern Alaska.     

沿岸海区冬季垂直环流及其温盐结构的数值研究──Ⅱ.温盐结构

冬季沿岸海区温度和盐度的数值计算结果表明：温度在近岸近表层大致呈垂直均匀分布,外海近表层形成较强的温跃层,近岸至外海的下层保持冷水特征。表层和底层盐度高,中层盐度低,在中层形成自近岸伸向外海且盐度逐渐由低变高的低盐水舌,河口冲淡水区形成较强的盐跃层。随着自南往北海区水深的逐渐变浅、岸界坡度的由大变小和沿岸下降流的由强变弱,近岸温度和盐度的垂直分布越来越均匀,外海近表层的温跃层强度越来越弱。盐度自南至河口区逐渐由高变低,而自河口区至北逐渐由低变高。沿岸下降流使河流冲淡水区的益跃层变厚。     

Transport of salt and suspended sediments in a curving channel of a coastal plain estuary: Satilla River, GA

This study describes the transport of salt and suspended sediment in a curving reach of a shallow mesotidal coastal plain estuary. Circulation data revealed a subtidal upstream bottom flow during neap tide, indicating the presence of a gravitational circulation mode throughout the channel. During spring tide, landward bottom flow weakened considerably at the upstream end of the channel and changed to seaward in the middle and downstream areas of the reach, suggesting the importance of tidal pumping. Salt flux near-bottom was landward at both ends of the channel during neap tide. At spring, however, the salt flux diverged along the bottom of the thalweg suggesting that tidal pumping caused a transfer of salt vertically and laterally into the intertidal zone. Thus, landward flux of salt is maintained even in the presence of subtidal seaward flow along the bottom at the downstream end of the channel.Landward bottom stress is greater than seaward stress, preferentially transporting suspended sediments upstream. Compared with salt, however, the weight of the suspended sediments causes less upward transfer of sediments into the intertidal zone. Flood flow carried more suspended sediments landward at the upstream end compared with the downstream end. We speculate that secondary flow in the curving channel picks up increasing amounts of suspended sediments along the sides during flood and adds them to the axial flow in the thalweg. Since the landward flow along the bottom of the thalweg weakens and even reverses during spring tide, there appears to be a complex re-circulation system for sediments re-suspended in curving channels that complicates the picture of a net transport of sediments landward.     

深海采矿扬矿泵导叶区域粗颗粒通过特性试验研究

在深海采矿系统中,海底矿石必须经过扬矿泵才能提升到海面船上,但矿石粒径较粗,容易在泵体中形成堵塞,尤其是在扬矿泵导叶区域,因此,研究粗粒在导叶中的运动特性对于保障系统安全工作具有重要意义。针对深海矿物粒径较大的特点,设计并制作了具有宽流道的扬矿泵流道模型,安装于管道输送试验系统。利用高速摄像机对扬矿泵导叶内粗颗粒运动特性进行了记录,并对其运动轨迹、碰撞情况以及颗粒速度等信息进行了分析。结果表明:颗粒在通过导叶区域时,运动轨迹与水流流向基本一致;颗粒与导叶发生碰撞位置主要集中于导叶背面入口处、导叶压力面中部和导叶背面出口处;颗粒粒径越小,跟随性越好,碰撞次数越少。试验结果可为扬矿电泵设计提供参考。     

Eddy Detection Over Southern Indian Ocean Using TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimeter Data

Mesoscale eddies constitute the most energetic component of the variability of ocean currents. An attempt has been made for the detection of oceanic mesoscale eddy signatures over the Southern Indian Oceanic (SIO) regions using the dynamic topography derived from TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) altimeter data, by the signal processing technique, called matched filtering. After applying all the ocean and atmospheric corrections, data of a complete cycle of T/P over SIO has been used for detection of eddy signatures. The geoid undulations are removed from the data of corrected sea surface height from T/P and the resulting dynamic topographic data are passed through a matched filter designed to detect a generic eddy signature of Gaussian signal embedded in noise. The filter is optimized to detect eddies with amplitude 20 to 30 cm and diameters roughly 100?250 km. Out of all the analyzed data of T/P orbits over SIO a few examples are presented for brevity. Qualitative verification of eddies is done with some independent T/P sea level anomaly data over the region. The analysis shows that the matched filtering technique is most suitable for monitoring eddy signatures along the subsatellite track instantly over the remote and most hostile regions of the southern global oceans.     

The seasonal intrusion of relatively saline water on the shelf off northern and central Namibia

The surface and subsurface waters of the Angola and Agulhas Current systems significantly influence the Benguela region and its living resources, and it is probable that the movement of Central Water, which plays a key role in the coastal upwelling process, is controlled by circulation of underlying Antarctic Intermediate Water (AIW) as well as by the dynamics of the overlying subtropical water. The movement of AIW can be inferred from a study of the t-s characteristics, and the data holdings and data base of the South African Data Centre for Oceanography facilitated this investigation. Key findings of the investigation, some confirming earlier theories and hypotheses, are as follows. The mean depth of the AIW core in the South-East Atlantic is 750 m, and in the South-West Indian Ocean, 1 100 m. Agulhas Current AIW, which is modified by Red Sea Water, becomes fresher en route because of entrainment and mixing of water from the south and west. Most of the Agulhas Current AIW per se retroflects east of 18°E. A poleward movement of AIW along the West Coast to around 32°S may be inferred from the salinity and oxygen data, with a freshening en route analogous to the Agulhas Current. Relatively fresh AIW (s < 34,35 × 10^?3) is present off the South-Western Cape, the only part of the Benguela where the overlying virgin Central Water upwells. No statistically significant seasonal differences could be resolved.     

黄土-古土壤磁化率述评

黄土－古土壤是研究亚洲大陆内部过去２．６０Ｍａ间古环境变化的最好记录,特别是研究其与季风气候形成的密切关系,以及黄土扩展到日本甚至广泛的太平洋区域（北半球）等重大气候环境现象。其研究对第四纪古环境恢复具有极大的意义。最近基于黄土－古土壤而进行的古环境研究取得了很大的进展,一是因为黄土－古土壤磁化率的变化与深海沉积物的氧同位素比的变化非常一致,指示陆相沉积物亦可作为古气候的良好代用指标。另一方面,为什么黄土－古土壤中的磁化率存在差别,特别是古土壤磁化率为什么增大等问题,已成为这１０ａ间岩石磁学研究的中心课题。磁化率不单单只与强磁性矿物的含量成比例,同时也与不同种类的强磁性矿物的粒径分布有很大关系。发现在土壤化过程中形成的０．１μｍ以下的单畴－超顺磁性颗粒是造成古土壤磁化率增强的主要原因,它是否与生物作用有关目前仍不确定,但不论哪种情况,都可以肯定暖湿气候是古土壤磁化率增加的共同原因。磁化率增强的系统理论明确建立以来,使得从磁化率的变化来推算降水量,以及建立古气候复元的定量模型等都已成为可行。