不同连通率下非贯通硬性结构面抗剪强度参数变化规律研究

岩质边坡边界多由结构面控制,天然结构面一般是非贯通的,研究非贯通结构面力学参数和取值具有重要意义.采用水泥砂浆制作非贯通结构面试样进行剪切试验,研究c、φ值与连通率k值的敏感性程度,建立c、φ值与k的相关性模型,通过试验数据对预测模型进行验证.结果表明:c值对k值的敏感性程度相对较高,c、φ值均与k值呈一种负相关的指数...     

一维非线性地面沉降模型参数敏感性分析

以孔隙水压力和位移为基本变量的一维非线性地面沉降模型考虑了土体变形的非线性和渗透系数随土体变形的变化,它包含有km、m、k0、e0、n、kur和m′等7个参数。分析计算结果表明,计算的位移和孔隙水压力对参数km、k0和kur的变化非常敏感,而且当土层不均匀时,靠近孔隙水压力变化边界处的土层的渗透性对整个土层中孔隙水压力消散影响显著,而土层的压缩性对其自身的孔隙水压力消散影响显著。结合模型参数的获取方法,建议在有现场孔隙水压力、沉降等实测资料时,可以将km、k0和kur作为反分析参数。     

参数m的形式和最大基质吸力点对Van Genuchten方程各参数的影响

Van Genuchten模型经常用于拟合土-水特征曲线,但拟合参数m、n之间的不同关系以及是否加入最大基质吸力点(10~6 kPa,0)会对Van Genuchten模型的拟合参数造成极大的不确定性。为此,考虑m 3种取值(m不受限制、m=1-1/n、m=1-2/n)以及数据中是否含有最大基质吸力点(10~6 kPa,0),探讨各工况3个拟合参数a、m、n之间的关系,同时选用各工况的拟合参数,求解基质吸力为10~6 kPa时的饱和度,分析各工况下该点处饱和度的相互联系。结果表明:当m受到限制时,加入最大基质吸力点减小了各拟合参数的离散程度和区间范围;而m未受限制时,加入最大基质吸力点减小了a的离散程度和区间范围,但增大了m、n的离散程度和区间范围。在各约束条件下拟合参数a与未受约束时的a呈线性关系;而对于n则不存在这类关系;对于在不同工况下最大基质吸力点处的饱和度,其值与m未受约束时最大基质吸力点处的饱和度呈线性关系。     

粗粒土卸载－再加载力学特性试验研究

进行了3种不同粗粒土的常规三轴加载－卸载－再加载的剪切试验,对粗粒土的卸载－再加载的力学特性进行了分析。结果表明：粗粒土存在卸载体缩现象,且随着应力水平的增加,卸载体缩量增加;随着围压的增加,卸载体缩量减小。根据试验数据总结了卸载体缩量与应力水平、围压之间关系式。回弹模量随应力水平的增加呈驼峰型曲线,即应力水平在0.7左右时最大,小于或大于0.7时的弹性模量均较小。平均回弹模量与单调加载时的初始弹性模量的比值随围压呈幂函数降低,母岩硬度大的土料,该比值较大,相反,母岩较软的土料,该比值较小。由单调加载得出的邓肯模型参数k、n和卸载回弹确定的kur、nur的大致关系为kur=(2.64～4.60) 、nur =(0.540～0.885) n。     

缓倾斜煤层走向长壁式工作面地表沉陷盆地模型

为准确描述地表沉陷盆地分布形态,基于幂指数函数模型,结合缓倾斜煤层走向长壁式工作面地表沉陷盆地的特征,采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,建立适用于缓倾斜煤层走向长壁式工作面的沉陷盆地模型,分析模型参数的影响因素及参数的变化规律,并验证模型的适用性和预计精度。研究表明:模型参数n反映下沉盆地底部范围大小,主要与采动程度有关,取值范围为1~3,其取值精度取决于观测点个数;参数k反映下沉盆地边缘的收敛速度和下沉影响范围,主要与采煤方法、顶板管理方法及松散层厚度有关,其值可通过地表最大下沉值或煤厚进行确定;在对常村煤矿地表沉陷进行预计时,预计值与实测值的差值平方和为3.08×106,中误差为267.59 mm,为最大下沉值的6.47%。研究缓倾斜煤层走向长壁式工作面地表沉陷盆地模型旨在对常村煤矿地表沉陷的预测和预防工作提供理论基础。      

黄河三角洲粉质土的动模量和阻尼比试验研究

结合室内共振柱和动三轴实验,对黄河三角洲饱和原状粉质土体(粉土、粉砂、粉质粘土)动模量和阻尼比的影响因素和发展规律进行了详细的研究。研究表明,在粉粒和粘粒含量对动模量的共同影响中,粉粒含量起着举足起重的作用;侧限压力对归一化剪模比和阻尼比的影响均较显著,相比粘粒含量的影响不大。通过与Seed建议的砂土及饱和粘土的G/Gmax~曲线和~曲线进行对比,结果显示研究区的粉质土相比一般的砂土和饱和粘土而言,其动力变形特性更接近于砂土,但是与砂土也存在着非常明显的差异;其发展规律与其他地区沉积粉质土也较为不同,具有明显的区域性。采用修正了的Hard in-D rnevich模型和对数模型分别对G/Gmax~曲线和~曲线进行拟合,给出了三类粉质土的归一化动力变形G/Gmax~/r关系曲线,对模型中有关参数的影响因素做了初步的探讨。     

水对三峡库区滑带（体）土直剪强度参数的弱化规律研究

通过对三峡库区典型滑带不同状态的原位直剪对比试验,研究了粘土、粉质粘土及土石混合体三类滑带（体）土在不同含水状态下的直剪强度参数及c,φ值随含水率的变化规律。在大量的数据基础上建立了滑带（体）土c,φ值与含水率之间的经验关系,分析了水对不同性质的滑带（体）土的作用机理,得出了蓄水或者含水率变化后滑带（体）土c,φ值的经验公式,量化了含水率变化（水位涨落）对直剪强度参数的弱化程度。     

一种预测砂土土-水特征曲线的简化方法

土-水特征曲线是非饱和土力学中最基本的参数之一,可用于预测非饱和土的各种性质。但是,测量土-水特征曲线耗时费事。为了解决这一问题,提出使用一点测量法和土的颗分参数相结合的方法预测Van Genuchten模型的3个参数。通过Van Genuchten模型的3个参数与43组(编号1～43)砂土的基本物理参数进行相关性分析,得出计算这3个参数的方程,进而通过一点测量法确定这3个参数的具体取值。结果表明：参数a_V与组合参数(P_{1 000}/P₅₀₀)呈指数函数关系,参数m_V与1/n_V呈指数函数关系。敏感性分析揭示了SWCC一点测量法选取的测量点的基质吸力应在1～10 kPa之间。采用4组(编号44～47)砂土数据验证了提出的预测砂土土-水特征曲线的方法。结果显示,其R~2=0.959,表明所提出的方法能够很好地预测SWCC。     

考虑参数相关的高心墙堆石坝材料参数反分析

在高心墙堆石坝应力变形控制数值模拟中,除了所采用土体本构模型的误差影响外,材料参数取值是否合理也是影响堆石坝变形预测精度的关键因素之一。传统参数反分析方法未考虑材料参数之间相关性影响,可能导致反分析参数值与材料实际特性不匹配。另外,高心墙堆石坝材料分区较多,模型待反分析参数多,计算量较大。针对邓肯–张E-B模型参数,通过大量室内试验数据统计分析,得到材料的抗剪强度参数φ与φ、切线模量系数K_e与体积模量系数K_b、切线模量指数n与m存在显著相关关系,根据其相关关系确定模型基础反分析参数为φ、R_f、K_e和n。构建了基础反分析参数为自变量,数值计算位移值为因变量的响应面方程,运用改进的遗传算法和已知的参数回归方程求得文中模型待反分析参数最优解。以瀑布沟砾石土心墙堆石坝工程为例,对坝体及覆盖层材料参数进行了反分析。计算结果表明,考虑参数相关的反分析方法得到的材料参数更加符合材料的真实特征,由于减少了待反分析参数个数,使计算效率显著提高,该反分析方法可为类似工程提供参考,具有工程应用价值。     

校正系数对不同形式的Van Genuchten方程各拟合参数的影响

Van Genuchten模型应用十分广泛,但是参数m的不同形式以及是否加入校正系数会对Van Genuchten模型的拟合参数造成极大的影响。基于此,考虑m 3种取值(m不受限制、m=1–1/n、m=1–2/n)以及Van Genuchten模型中是否含有校正系数C_ψ,采用Matlab拟合67组砂土土-水特征曲线数据,分别研究残余基质吸力ψ_r、C_ψ对3个拟合参数a、m、n的影响。结果表明:m不受限制时,随着ψ_r增大,参数a、n减小,参数m增大;m受到限制时,随着ψ_r增大,参数a减小,参数n增大;m不受限制时,加入校正系数增大了拟合参数a、n的离散程度,但是减小了m的离散程度;m受到限制时,加入校正系数增大了拟合参数a的离散程度,但是减小了n的离散程度;几乎所有工况下的参数a都与无任何限制条件下的参数a呈线性关系;对于参数n,几乎不存在这类线性关系。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861