双挡板透空堤透浪与反射系数实验研究

设有挡浪板结构的透空式防波堤适用于水深较大的海域,且具有较好的消浪效果。采用物理模型试验,探究具有双侧挡浪板结构的透空式防波堤透浪系数与反射系数的影响因素与规律,研究包括外侧与内侧挡浪板入水深度,水平板板宽,结构上部挡浪墙的高度与位置,水平板超高与波浪要素等因素。通过比较各家透浪系数的理论计算公式与实验结果,进行透浪系数的计算方法研究,给出修正Wiegel公式拟合双侧挡浪板透空式防波堤的透浪系数计算公式,供工程设计参考与进一步研究。     

新型直立式透空堤消浪性能数值研究

为使防波堤同时具有良好的掩护效果和水体交换能力,提出了两种带有透浪通道的新型直立式防波堤。基于Fluent求解器建立了三维数值波浪水槽,通过与试验结果对比,验证了该数值水槽求解波浪与透空堤作用具有较高的精度。对两种防波堤在规则波作用下的透浪特性进行了研究,结果表明:透射系数K_t与透空率呈正线性相关,且可通过调整透浪通道间距,使相同透空率下K_t降低20%～30%。对同一结构,K_t随相对波长的增大而显著增大,但受相对波高的影响较小。在透空率大于0.16后,异型沉箱防波堤的消浪性能明显优于错位沉箱。基于数值计算结果,给出了以上两种透空堤波浪透射系数的经验公式。     

不规则波作用下垂直挡板式透空堤透浪系数试验研究

垂直挡板式透空堤作为一种新型的透空式防波堤结构,通过将挡浪板垂直设置于波能最集中的水体表层来消减波浪,透浪系数是其最关键的指标。通过物理模型试验,分析不规则波作用下入射波高、波周期、挡板相对入水深度、相对堤宽、相对挡板超高、相对面板超高等因素对垂直挡板式透空堤透浪系数的影响规律,并在Wiegel公式的基础上拟合了垂直挡板式透空堤透浪系数的计算公式。可作为今后类似透空式防波堤结构透浪系数的近似估算,具有一定的参考价值。     

高桩挡板透空式防波堤消浪性能数值研究

以RANS方程为控制方程,基于有限体积法,在动量方程中添加源项,建立了具有造波‐消波功能的数值波浪水槽。利用建立的源项造波数值波浪水槽,模拟了高桩挡板透空式防波堤在规则波作用下的消浪效果,完整地再现了堤前堤后的流态,分析了挡板相对入水深度对透浪系数的影响。在与试验值及拉帕公式对比后发现,数模计算结果与试验值较接近,拉帕公式偏大。研究了堤顶相对宽度、相对水深、相对波高对透浪系数的影响并提出修正公式,修正公式与计算值和试验值吻合较好。     

基于基因表达式编程算法的波浪透射预测

准确预测波浪透射对于维护港内水域平稳、保障港内船舶稳定具有重要意义。基于567组透浪试验数据,采用基因表达式编程(gene expression programming,简称GEP)算法预测波浪透射。主要研究内容包括:确定GEP算法的最优输入变量组合;建立透浪系数与最优组合变量的定量关系;探究GEP算法的预测精度随训练组数变化的规律;并对输入变量进行了敏感性分析。研究结果表明,GEP算法的最优输入变量组合为深水波陡、相对堤宽和相对水深;训练组数较少时,GEP算法的预测精度不高,当训练组数提高至300组,预测的精度已经达到较高水平,且精度随着训练组数的继续增加提高不大; GEP算法的预测精度远远高于前人的经验公式;相较于相对堤宽和相对水深,深水波陡对波浪透射影响更为显著。本研究表明,GEP算法可作为一种新的方法研究波浪透射,为后续研究与应用提供参照。     

开孔沉箱结构消浪效果和水动力特征试验探究——以日照港岚山港区码头为例

由于开孔前墙和消浪室具有强扰动作用,所以开孔沉箱结构具有很好的消浪效果。本文通过日照港岚山港区码头开孔沉箱结构的物理模型试验,研究了沉箱不同开孔位置的消浪效果和水动力特征,分析了不同方案的反射系数和越浪量。结果表明：水位对反射系数的影响较大,开孔位置较高的方案,其消浪性能较好,且越浪量较小。选择反射系数和越浪量均较小的设计方案进行了水动力试验,结果表明：水平力最大时对应的浮托力约为最大浮托力的60%;浮托力最大时对应的水平力约为最大水平力的75%;波浪对开孔沉箱的作用主要集中于外壁迎浪侧,内部结构受到的波浪力很小;第二消浪室波浪力小于第一消浪室。     

一种简洁、实用的原始波场计算模型：P-PEM

针对自外海到近岸港址间广大缓滩的原始波场计算问题,就国际上流行的几类频域行进波模型,筛选出广泛使用的若干一阶精度抛物模型,作了详细的比较;建立了普遍形式的侧界条件,提出了透浪侧界的（弱）非线性Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ波抛物线相对近似模型（Ｐ－ＰＥＭ）,并给出了缓滩地形的综合验证资料。事实证明：Ｐ－ＰＥＭ是一种简洁、实用的原始波场计算模型,适用于海岸工程方案规划比选等诸多领域。     

长江口横沙东滩典型海堤越浪量现场和试验研究

越浪量是允许越浪海堤设计的重要参数。在对以往相关研究成果进行回顾和分析基础上,结合长江口横沙东滩促淤圈围五期工程现场波浪和越浪量实测资料,通过对横沙东滩典型断面型式进行整体和断面物理模型试验,研究结构各参数对越浪量的影响,进而提出适合长江口海堤的越浪量计算公式。公式计算结果与试验数据吻合良好,与Van der Meer公式相比具有较好的一致性。     

分层斜坡越浪式波能发电装置结构受力试验研究

分层斜坡越浪式波能发电装置作为一种重要的波能转换型式,在开发利用波浪能的同时,可与防波堤或护岸工程相结合,将海岸工程的被动消能变为主动吸能,提高综合效益。在实际工程应用中,分层斜坡越浪式发电装置引浪面在波浪荷载作用下的安全性成为首要问题,由于其引浪面与防波堤或护岸的护面对水体磨阻影响不同,因此水体对结构的作用力不同,已有的斜坡式防波堤所受波浪荷载的研究无法用于指导分层斜坡越浪式发电装置引浪面的结构强度设计。通过水工物理模型试验,对分层越浪装置引浪面在不同波况条件下的结构受力进行研究分析,获得越浪装置引浪面上点压力及波浪力的分布规律,为装置的结构设计提供理论指导及设计支持。     

直立式防波堤兼码头水工结构设计与试验研究

基于青岛崂山前海直立式防波堤兼码头工程的设计,通过规范计算值与断面物理模型试验数据的对比分析,合理确定断面尺度、堤顶高程和越浪量等重要设计参数。特别是通过多组试验的数据分析,对挡浪墙的外形尺度和护底宽度进行优化,采用通过增大护底块体重量的方式有效地减小护底长度,充分运用试验手段对于设计规范的护底相关规定做出了有益的探索和补充,为深水直立式防波堤的设计改进提供了借鉴。     

Evaluation of compression index of marine fine-grained soils by the use of index tests

Marine fine-grained soils are well known for their compressibility, which is typically measured and reported in terms of compression index, C_c. The difficulties associated with measuring C_c have resulted in growing research interest in statistics-based estimates (i.e., correlation equations). Although many empirical and semiempirical correlations exist for estimating C_c, most available correlations are based on either data from nonmarine soils or data collected from Japanese and Korean marine clays. Thus, there are few correlations for marine clays from other parts of the world. In the present study, two independent databases which contain a total of 1,000 data points from 170 different sites worldwide are used to build and validate statistically significant correlations for estimating compression index of marine soils. The results of this study suggest that (1) the proposed correlation equations provide quite good estimates of C_c for marine soils with different stress histories and sensitivities and (2) most of the existing models have unacceptable performance when they are applied to marine soils.     

Direct marketing strategies: The rise of community supported fishery programs

Community Supported Fishery (CSF) Programs are arrangements between fishermen and consumers where consumers provide upfront payments to fishermen in exchange for scheduled seafood deliveries. They are modeled after the popular Community Supported Agriculture Programs, a form of direct-to-consumer-marketing in which a group of individuals support a farm. There are multiple market and non-market benefits from these programs. Fishermen receive higher prices for fish, are guaranteed a stable income, and can activate political and regulatory support through direct interaction with consumers. Consumers are provided with access to high-quality novel types of fish and benefit from interactions with the producers of their food. CSFs have frequently collaborated with non-governmental organizations to address the challenges associated with these programs. Under the catch share system in the Northeast US groundfish fishery, sectors may be well-positioned to implement a CSF. Direct marketing through a CSF is not likely to completely replace traditional markets for fishermen, but can be a valuable supplement to their operations.     

潮流物理模型试验生潮控制时的复合模拟数据对接

根据几种不同情形探讨复合模拟中如何通过数值模拟为潮流物模试验提供开边界控制条件。对单边界物理模型,可由数模的调和常数得到物模边界控制所需的时间序列数据,实现单分潮、多分潮及大、中、小潮的模拟;对于历时较长的试验,可由数模得到长时间序列或周期性序列数据作为生潮的控制信号;对多边界模型,沿边界分为若干控制断面,由数模给出各断面的流量变化,对各断面分别进行流量控制;差时的复合模拟可使物理模型和数值模型互相提供边界条件或模型参数修正。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业鲣鱼资源的时空分布

利用灰色关联度方法及渔业地理信息系统软件Marine Explorer4.0对1990~2001年中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业鲣鱼资源的时空变化进行了研究,结果表明,12年间中西太平洋鲣鱼产量的空间分布可归为3类:1990、1991、1995和1996年的为第一类,鲣鱼产量的主要分布区位于西部海域;1998、1999和2001年的为第二类,鲣鱼产量的主要分布区比第一类偏东20个经度;1992、1993、1994、1997和2000年的为第三类,鲣鱼产量的主要分布区的范围比前两类广。单位捕捞努力量的鲣鱼渔获量高分布区与产量空间分布区基本相似。灰色关联度的分析表明,12年中,1998、2000、1994、1995和1999年5年的鲣鱼资源丰度较高,1990、1991、1997和2001年4年的鲣鱼资源丰度较低,1996、1992和1993年3年的鲣鱼资源丰度处于中等水平。     

海水海砂混凝土双K断裂参数的确定

采用尺寸为515 mm×100 mm×100 mm初始缝高比从0.1变化至0.8的三点弯曲梁试件,利用试验测得起裂荷载Pini、最大荷载Pmax及对应的裂缝口张开位移CMODc等参数,研究了缝高比a0/h对海水海砂混凝土双K断裂参数的影响。并以相同配合比的淡水河砂梁作为对照组,进一步研究了海砂海水混凝土双K断裂参数与普通混凝土之间的关系。结果发现海水海砂混凝土断裂参数在a0/h=0.25～0.7范围内时可以认为是一常数;海水海砂混凝土梁断裂参数比相同配合比情况下的淡水河砂梁大且对边界影响更加敏感。     

Preferences of coastal zone user groups regarding the siting of offshore wind farms

Offshore wind power has a large potential as a vast resource for delivering clean and abundant energy on a global scale. However, the siting of offshore wind farms in the coastal zone has negative effects on the seascape. This might be particularly evident in the case if offshore wind farms are located close to areas with recreational activities in the coastal zone. Extending the analysis from a previous investigation of the preference for reducing visual impacts from offshore wind farms, the present paper utilises the same sample representing the Danish population. Based on the stated preferences from a Choice Experiment in a mail survey the preferences for reducing visual disamenities from offshore wind farms among different types of coastal zone users are compared to the preferences of less frequent users of the coastal zone. The results strongly indicate that in addition people who can see offshore wind farms from their residence, anglers and recreational boaters, i.e. users of the coastal zone, significantly perceive the visual impacts to be more negative compared to people who do not use the coastal area for those specific purposes. Furthermore, the results also indicate that respondents who visit the beach on a frequent basis also have stronger preferences for reducing the visual disamenities, when compared to less frequent visitors. As a consequence, the specific users and frequent visitors of the coastal zone are willing to pay approximately twice as much to have future offshore wind farms moved further away from the coast, when compared to less frequent users and visitors. These results display that, given the wind farms are not located at relative large distance from the shore, the recreational value of the coastal use is potentially jeopardised by visual impacts from offshore wind farms. From an energy planner's point of view, these results are noteworthy, as they – everything else being equal – point towards that potential gains in capital cost (investment, construction and running costs) by locating offshore wind farms at relative close distances from the shore might be outweighed by the visual disamenity costs in coastal areas with a large recreational activity. As such, the optimal location, i.e. distance from the shore, of offshore wind farms might be closer to the coast in areas with little recreational activities compared to coastal areas with a higher level of recreational activities.     

Measurement of ocean surface winds using synthetic aperture radars

A methodology for retrieving high-resolution ocean surface wind fields from satellite-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is introduced and validated. The algorithms developed are suited for ocean SAR data, which were acquired at the C band of either vertical (VV) or horizontal (HH) polarization in transmission and reception. Wind directions are extracted from wind-induced streaks that are visible in SAR images of the ocean at horizontal scales greater than 200 m. These wind streaks are very well aligned with the mean surface wind direction. To extract the orientation of these streaks, two algorithms are introduced, which are applied either in the spatial or spectral domain. Ocean surface wind speeds are derived from the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) and image geometry of the calibrated SAR images, together with the local SAR-retrieved wind direction. Therefore, several C-band models (CMOD IFR2, CMOD4, and CMODS) are available, which were developed for VV polarization, and have to be extended for HH polarization. To compare the different algorithms and C-band models as well as demonstrate their applicability, SAR-retrieved wind fields are compared to numerical-model results considering advanced SAR (ASAR) data from Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), a European satellite.     

邻近城市土壤重金属对九龙江口沉积土壤的影响

在研究建立于漳州地区生态地球化学调查基础上,对河口湾沉积物的重金属与人口高度集中的城市地区土壤重金属的分布特征进行了对比,分析了人为活动对河口的影响,结果表明,城区与河口湾表层样品都舍有相对区域基准值较高的Hg、Cd,而且Hg富集系数要远高于Cd的富集系数。分析两种元素来源与迁移方式可知,Hg由于可通过气态形式迁移而对河口影响更大。城区与河口湾样品的重金属进行聚类分析与主因子分析结果表明：城区土壤的As、Zn、Mo、Ni、Cr和Mn主要来自基岩来源。Pb、Se、Cd可以作为人为污染的指示元素,Hg、Sn显示与其他元素具有相对独立的行为。河口湾的元素组合与城区重金属基本相似,但Pb、Cu、Se、Mo、Cd显示出两种因素都有较大影响,可以指示人为影响与基岩源的双重作用。     

Desorption of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals from Fragment-Type Microplastics

Microplastics provide an important medium for hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs), and the desorption of HOCs from microplastics is an important process for the dynamics of HOCs associated with microplastics. Although desorption kinetics has been studied for microplastics with ideal geometries, most of the microplastics isolated from the environment are irregular fragment-type microplastics. This study investigated the desorption of six model HOCs from polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) fragments to artificial seawater and compared the results with those predicted assuming ideal geometries (e.g., sphere and infinitely flat sheet) of microplastics. The experimental desorption was explained well by the model predictions with the characteristic radius for a sphere and the thickness for a plate estimated from visual imaging. The mass fraction remaining at the later stage of desorption was higher than the model simulation assuming a single characteristic length, likely due to the heterogeneity of the particle size distribution. Although there are inevitable uncertainties, it would be useful to assign a single length dimension in desorption modeling for even fragment-type microplastics, especially for the estimation of desorption half-life.