Rapidly growing towns in the former USSR and Russia, 1970-1993

"Using urban places of 15,000 or more inhabitants as its point of reference, this paper identifies and investigates the most rapidly growing towns and cities of the USSR during the recent intercensal periods of 1970-79 and 1979-89. Rapidly growing towns are defined as towns that grew by at least 50 percent overall for the intercensal period and at a rate of equal to or exceeding 4.1 percent annually. In addition, a category of 'doubling towns' is investigated, defined as towns that increased in population by at least 100 percent (or 6.3 percent or more annually). Special attention is devoted to the geographical aspects, economic functions, and size characteristics of the towns involved. Comparisons with 1959-70, an overall examination from 1959-89, and an update for contemporary Russia during 1989-93 also are undertaken."     

National and regional population trends in the USSR, 1979-89: preliminary results from the 1989 census

"This article investigates national, macroregional, and economic regional population trends in the USSR during the 1979-89 intercensal period based on preliminary results from the 1989 census. The national total population growth rate during 1979-89 was roughly similar to that of 1970-79. However, the urban growth and urbanization processes slowed, while the rate of rural population change increased due chiefly to reduced rural-urban migration. Regional variations in rates of total, urban, and rural population change generally resembled those of 1970-79. Central Asia continued to exhibit the most rapid overall growth, although Siberia experienced a resurgence."     

Social-demographic development of Vologda Oblast during the intercensal period 1970-79

"Demographic trends in Vologda Oblast are analyzed on the basis of 1979 census results as a case study of an oblast involved in the [development] program for the Nonchernozem Zone of the RSFSR. The trend in the 1970-79 intercensal period was for continuing growth of urban population, especially in the two major urban centers of Vologda and the iron and steel city of Cherepovets, and depopulation of rural areas. The age-sex structure is distinguished by a strong aging trend and sex imbalance, especially in rural areas. Despite the proclaimed aim of fostering abandonment of tiny rural places (with 25 residents or less), the number of places in that size class actually increased during the intercensal period (from 40% of all rural places in 1970 to 52 percent in 1979)."     

Demographic characteristics of settlement and a demogeographic regionalization of the USSR

"An approach to the delimitation of demogeographic regions in the USSR is proposed and a network of 27 regions is developed and mapped." Geographical differences in population reproduction, structure, and migration at various territorial levels are examined. Data are provided on changes in urban population between 1959 and 1979; total, urban, and rural population growth during that period; total and rural population density in 1979; and rates of natural increase as of 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1974.     

Regional migration and ethnic Russian population change in the USSR (1959-79)

"The related topics of regional net migration and ethnic Russian population redistribution and change in the USSR are investigated for the intercensal period 1970-79 in comparison to 1959-70 by economic regions and subdivisions. The results reveal that the main migration and Russian shifts continued to be from internal to peripheral regions. However, compared with the 1959-70 period, regional rates for 1970-79 were more equalized, and a south-to-north shift seemed to be occurring in both cases." The author notes that "aggregate measures...suggest that the traditional eastward movement of Russians is slowing. Correlation analysis indicates that migration and ethnic Russian change patterns are associated with selected indices of modernization. The south-to-north shift, in particular, has been fairly strong in relation to changes in capital investment. Prospects of a northward migration of Turkic Moslems from Central Asia are also discussed."     

Changes in the population of larger cities of the USSR, 1979-1989

"An overview of the dynamics of Soviet cities of over 100,000 population for the period 1979-1989 is presented, based largely on maps and tables depicting five key 'subsets' or city groupings: (a) cities increasing by over 100,000 inhabitants; (b) the fastest growing cities in percentage terms; (c) their comparison with fastest growing cities, 1959-1979; (d) the slowest growing cities in percentage terms; and (e) their comparison with slowest growing cities, 1959-1979. The paper, by focusing on these parameters and utilizing extensively graphic and cartographic methods of data presentation, provides...insights into city growth trends...."     

Large urban agglomerations of the Soviet Union

The study of urban agglomerations in the USSR is discussed, with a focus on their basic framework and role in settlement and on the various techniques used to define such agglomerations. "The present paper envisages a minimum population of 250,000 for the core city (or cities), maximum travel time of 1.5 to 2 hours to the core city, and a minimum value for a 'development coefficient' reflecting the population of the agglomeration and its structure in terms of urban places. The networks of agglomerations that existed at the time of the 1959 and 1970 censuses are analyzed and compared. The urban agglomerations are grouped into five classes of development levels and into three classes of growth rates. Intensive and extensive growth factors are discussed."     

Declining towns in Russia, 1989-1993

This "article based on data for the last census of the former USSR and population estimates for 1993 for urban places of over 15,000 population in the Russian Federation surveys the regional distribution, economic functions, and size characteristics of urban settlements in Russia with declining population over the period 1989-93. Interesting comparisons are drawn with patterns prevailing during previous periods, revealing recent increases in the number of such towns in major manufacturing regions and the North and an increase in the number of large cities. Towns experiencing the very greatest percentage declines (-10.0 percent or more) also are investigated."     

基于ICT的中国城市间人口日常流动空间格局——以百度迁徙为例

随着互联网时代的来临,网络数据已越来越成为表征居民地理行为的重要载体,用户迁移、社交网络、移动通信等地理行为大数据成为城市联系研究的重要数据来源。“百度迁徙”大数据通过LBS技术,全程、动态、即时和直观地记录了城市之间的人口日常流动轨迹。通过采集“百度迁徙”数据库中2015年一季度（2月7日至5月16日）国内369个城市之间的逐日的人口流动数据,分“季度平均、春运期间（春节前）、春运期间（春节后）、劳动节、周末和工作日”6个时间段,从人流集散层级、人流集散网络体系的分层集聚、人口日常流动空间格局及其与“胡焕庸线”之间的关系等角度分析各时间段的城市之间的人口日常流动相关特征与空间格局。研究发现,“百度迁徙”大数据清晰地显示了春运期间中部和沿海地区之间的人口流动格局。人流集散中心主要分布在京津冀、长三角、珠三角和成渝4大城市群中,并与其城市等级有较强的一致性。人口日常流动集散体系呈明显的分层集聚,京津冀、长三角、珠三角、成渝和乌鲁木齐5大集散体系在各时间段基本得到体现,而华中、东北、西南和福建沿海等地区并未出现高层级集散城市和高等级集散体系,与这些区域在国家区域发展战略中的地位在一定程度上不相匹配。“胡焕庸线”能较好地反映国家层面的城市之间人口日常流动格局,反映了地理环境对城市间人口日常流动的深刻影响。城市之间的人口流动强度是体现区域经济联系强度、城市等级和网络结构等的重要指标,此项研究可为形成国家区域经济发展新格局和促进区域平衡发展提供参考。     

Shifts in the distribution of rural population in the non-Chernozem zone of the RSFSR

"Rural population change within the Non-Chernozem zone of the RSFRS [Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic] is examined over the period 1959-79 at several levels of analysis: the Non-Chernozem zone as a whole, its major economic regions, individual oblasts, individual rayons and individual farms and rural places. The overriding tendency at all levels of analysis has been the increasing spatial concentration of rural population." The authors observe that "this concentration assumes a variety of forms, from the concentration of rural population in the suburban zones of large cities and the immediate surroundings of rayon seats to a decline in the number of rural places (from 180,000 in 1959 to 118,000 in 1979) and the growth of local centers against a general background of rural population decline. The authors hint that the observed tendency is a positive development, in keeping with the policy of converting Soviet agriculture to a more intensive path of development."     

Urban settlement size trends in the former USSR: 1970-1989

"Based upon recently published data, this paper investigates urban settlement size trends in the former USSR and its republics during the intercensal periods of 1970-1979 and 1979-1989. Results indicate that although a trend toward largeness of the Soviet urban hierarchy continues, a slowing in this direction has occurred. Among republics, all had an increasing trend towards largeness on at least one and usually all three summary measures of urban settlement size structure. The RSFSR [Russia] and Armenia especially consistently evidenced a relatively high degree of largeness, while the former Baltic republics generally revealed a relative smallness."     

New approaches to the study of population dynamics in cities of Moscow Oblast

New approaches to the study of population growth, spatial distribution, and urbanization in the USSR are presented. "Quantitative analysis of historical trends in city growth rates within Moscow Oblast (1926-1984) reveals two major components or city types: a group of cities with below-(oblast) average rates for each of five periods of analysis (1926-39, 1939-59, 1959-70, 1970-79, 1979-84) and a second category experiencing above-average growth until 1970, with subsequent reduction of rates below the oblast average."     

中国城市间人口流动空间格局的网络分析——以国庆-中秋长假和腾讯迁徙数据为例

“腾讯迁徙”大数据基于位置服务,实时、动态、完整、系统地描述了用户日常出行活动的轨迹。通过采集“腾讯迁徙”数据平台中2017年国庆-中秋长假期间国内299个城市之间的逐日人口流动数据,分“出行期、旅途期、返程期”3个时间段,利用复杂网络分析方法,从人口流动集散层级、集散网络体系的分层集聚、人口流动空间格局、网络空间特征等角度分析各时间段城市间的人口流动特征与空间格局。结果表明,腾讯迁徙大数据直观地揭示了国庆-中秋期间中国各地级城市间人口的迁移规律,3个时段人口的净流入均呈现十字形骨架支撑的菱形分布,人流集散中心主要集中在京津冀、长三角、珠三角和成渝四大城市群,与城市等级有较强的一致性。人口流动集散体系呈明显的分层集聚,城市行政级别的高低与人口流动影响力存在一定的正相关关系,大部分城市人口流动处于“相对平衡”状态。人口流动空间格局呈现出明显的核心-边缘结构,大理-鹤岗一线是人口流动强度空间分布的显著分界线,以此线为界,城市网络呈现东密西疏的分布特征和东部并联、西部串联的网络关联特征。人口流动网络总体表现出“小世界”网络特征,局部具有较明显的“社区”结构特征,聚为2个国家级、2个区域级和3个地区级社区。     

Regional population redistribution in the USSR: 1979-84

"The primary purpose of this paper is to assess very broadly the regional growth and redistribution of the total, urban and rural populations of the USSR, as well as aggregate, regional and city size patterns of urbanization for the 1979-84 period. In order to investigate the continuity or reversal of trends, comparisons with preceding intercensal periods will also be undertaken, particularly with the 1970-79 period." It is found that "regional rates of population change between 1979 and 1984 were generally lower than those of 1970-79, primarily due to a general decline in natural increase rates. In addition, regional variations in rates of population change for the 1979-84 period were similar to those of the 1970-79 period.... The USSR has apparently reversed its long-term trend of deconcentration in the sense that the population as a whole is becoming more concentrated again, but this time in a new area of concentration, Central Asia, which is now the most populous economic region."     

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN U.S. METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1979-1983

Ordinary least-squares multiple regression is used to construct a path diagram showing the direct and indirect effects of corporate location factors on the share of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the 44 largest metropolitan areas in the United States during the period 1979-1983. The results show that the metropolitan areas with the most rapid population growth over the period 1970-1980 correspond to the centers with greater shares of FDI. The growth in Fortune measure, an indicator of the market dynamics of the metropolitan areas, has a direct effect on the level of investment. The growth of employment in manufacturing and in finance, insurance, and real estate, used as indexes of labor supply and of producer services, have indirect effects on FDI. The results show that foreign direct investors tend to concentrate in centers offering strong markets and strong bases of producer services, regardless of their regional locations.     

1982年以来中国省级区域城市化水平趋势

城镇人口数据不一致的问题非常严重, 几乎没有系统的省级区域城市化数据。这种情况部分是因为人口普查城镇人口定义的变化,部分是由城镇设置标准的变动引起的。人口普查是全国和各省区城镇人口数据的重要来源。但是由于人口普查的城镇人口定义在不断变化,城镇人口数据很多是前后不一致的,必须进行相应调整。本文首先讨论改革时期新的城市化进程,澄清城镇人口定义的变化,然后概括地说明估计全国和区域城镇人口所用的一个基于双轨城市化概念模式的区域方法。将调整后的1982年和2000年人口普查得到的城镇人口作为计算的基础数据,对1982~2000年中国各省的城市化水平进行估计。在估计结果的基础上,分析1982~2000年中国城市化过程的主要空间特征。揭示了1982~2000中国省级区域城市化发展的主要趋势。本文最后为将来城镇人口的统计提出一些建议。     

基于宜出行大数据的多中心空间结构分析——以重庆主城区为例

多中心已成为中国大多数城市的空间发展战略,多中心结构的有效识别对于规划效果评价、规划策略制定具有重要意义。相比于百度热力与手机信令数据,腾讯宜出行数据具有时空分辨率高、获取成本低的优点,可精细比较城市主副中心的人口集聚能力,为多中心结构的动态识别提供新的手段。论文以重庆主城区为例,基于连续一周的宜出行热力数据,利用核密度分析等方法,识别其多中心城市结构、影响范围与组团发育情况。结果表明：作为山地城市,重庆在自然限制、经济驱动与规划引导下主动选择了“多中心、组团式”结构。重庆内环以内的各个城市中心人口高度集聚、用地规模相近、发育相对成熟,并强于内环以外的副中心。研究指出,西永、茶园副中心及外围组团的发展与人口集聚能力有待提高。     

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPREAD-AND-BACKWASH,POPULATION TURNAROUND AND CORRIDOR EFFECTS IN THE INTER-METROPOLITAN PERIPHERY: A CASE STUDY

Three recurrent concepts in urban geography are examined in a single area within a portion of the inter-metropolitan periphery, primarily for the 1960-1980 period. This local-scale study attempts to replicate several findings of studies involving larger units dispersed over wider regions. In this portion of the inter-metropolitan periphery, spread-and-backwash was evident in the 1960s, followed by the population turnaround in the 1970s but only within the context of an urban corridor defined with respect to combined metropolitan and nonmetropolitan commuting areas as linked by major highways. The end of the turnaround was also corroborated in the area but there was not clear evidence of a return to an urban-linked growth pattern. This study suggests the existence of a complex rural-area pattern evolving around corridors and hierarchical sets of nonmetropolitan cities, rather than either a simple, uninterrupted march of metropolitanization across a rural landscape or the emergence of a high-tech society freed from such constraints as distance and rural/urban distinctions.     

Population trends of Soviet cities, 1970-84

This article contains a time series for the population of cities of the Soviet Union for the period 1970-1984. The data are from the Soviet censuses of 1970 and 1979 and from official estimates for 1974 and 1984. The article is designed as a continuation of an earlier time series developed by Chauncy D. Harris for the period 1897-1967. "The updated material consists of a series of tables following the patterns of the earlier material, a methodological explanation, and a discussion of significant trends in the population size of Soviet cities."     

北京市公共服务设施集聚中心识别分析

公共服务设施集聚中心不仅是多样化公共服务设施分布的集中区,也是公共服务设施消费的热点区和城市活力的窗口区。已有城市多中心研究主要关注就业和人口多中心,却较少关注公共服务设施多中心特征。基于北京市公共服务设施空间点要素数据,结合不同类型和等级公共服务设施的服务半径与质量特征,采用加权核密度与等值线分析等方法对北京市公共服务设施集聚中心进行了识别。研究发现：不同类型公共服务设施热点区分布的空间模式有所差异,但均存在一定程度的中心边缘结构;公共服务设施集聚强度和混合度分别呈现出“一心五片”与“一核多点”的空间特征;根据公共服务设施集聚强度和混合度的等值线分布综合判定,研究区范围共识别出136个公共服务设施集聚中心,其集聚强度与距市中心距离呈现出U型变化规律,与所在街道的人口密度存在指数分布规律;多元回归模型验证,最近公共服务设施集聚中心距离对北京城市居民公共服务设施满意度具有显著的负向影响,且其相对影响强度超过“市中心距离”区位变量;北京市公共服务设施集聚中心的形成机制包括自然历史因素的基础作用、经济发展因素的主导作用、社会需求因素的调节作用和规划政策因素的引导作用。研究认为应加强北京城市公共服务设施集聚中心的空间均衡化建设,适度增加城市边缘郊区公共服务设施集聚中心的数量和服务能级,有助于引导和疏解非首都功能产业和人口向城市郊区转移。