广西某地花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素特征与iREE矿床成矿机制

为了解风化壳中离子交换相稀土元素的特征,对广西某地花岗岩风化壳剖面样品进行了X射线衍射及主量、稀土元素地球化学特征的研究.剖面自上而下可划分为腐殖土层(A₁)、亚粘土层(A₂)、网纹状风化层(B₁)和全风化层(B₂);自A₁至B₂,粘土矿物的含量和化学风化蚀变指数快速降低;与母岩相比A₁、A₂、B₁中全相Ce、Nd和HREE相对富集,B₂中全相稀土与母岩特征相似,所有样品的离子交换相HREE亏损,Y相对富集;离子交换相轻、重稀土一起富集在B₂中.据此推测,花岗岩中褐帘石、榍石等易风化的稀土矿物为离子交换相稀土提供了主要的物源,锆石、磷钇矿等难风化的稀土矿物的残留及表生稀土矿物的形成使全相HREE相对富集;离子交换相轻、重稀土元素的分馏程度随风化程度的增加而变化.      

Enrichment of Rare Earth Elements during magmatic and post-magmatic processes: a case study from the Loch Loyal Syenite Complex, northern Scotland

Concern about security of supply of critical elements used in new technologies, such as the Rare Earth Elements (REE), means that it is increasingly important to understand the processes by which they are enriched in crustal settings. High REE contents are found in syenite-dominated alkaline complexes intruded along the Moine Thrust Zone, a major collisional zone in north-west Scotland. The most northerly of these is the Loch Loyal Syenite Complex, which comprises three separate intrusions. One of these, the Cnoc nan Cuilean intrusion, contains two mappable zones: a Mixed Syenite Zone in which mafic melasyenite is mixed and mingled with leucosyenite and a Massive Leucosyenite Zone. Within the Mixed Syenite Zone, hydrothermal activity is evident in the form of narrow altered veins dominated by biotite and magnetite; these are poorly exposed and their lateral extent is uncertain. The REE mineral allanite is relatively abundant in the melasyenite and is extremely enriched in the biotite–magnetite veins, which have up to 2 % total rare earth oxides in bulk rock analyses. An overall model for development of this intrusion can be divided into three episodes: (1) generation of a Light Rare Earth Element (LREE)-enriched parental magma due to enrichment of the mantle source by subduction of pelagic carbonates; (2) early crystallisation of allanite in melasyenite, due to the saturation of the magma in the LREE; and (3) hydrothermal alteration, in three different episodes identified by petrography and mineral chemistry, generating the intense enrichment of REE in the biotite–magnetite veins. Dating of allanite and titanite in the biotite–magnetite veins gives ages of c. 426 Ma, overlapping with previously published crystallisation ages for zircon in the syenite.     

Geochemistry of soils of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica: Implications for pedogenesis in cold polar regions

Fine fractions of soils on the Barton Peninsula, King George Island, West Antarctica have been forming during the last 6000 yr since the last deglaciation. Texturally, they are mostly composed of mineral and rock fragments with some volcanic ashes, which are also indicated by geochemical compositions representing for the nonclay silicate minerals and low values of chemical index of alteration. No significant changes are observed in major- and trace element abundances. Such geochemical characteristics suggest that chemical weathering of bedrocks on the Barton Peninsula seems insignificant and that the soils are composed of physically weathered mineral and rock fragments which are mixed with eolian additions of volcanic ashes and Patagonian dusts. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns of the Barton Peninsula soils are slightly different from those of bedrocks, indicating that the REE abundances and characteristics were influenced by eolian additions. Mixing calculations, which mass-balance the REEs, suggest that volcanic ashes blown from Deception Island were the major eolian contributor, followed by atmospheric dusts sourced from Patagonia, South America. Even in the warmer and humid climatic conditions in the maritime Antarctic region, the chemical weathering of bedrocks appears to be insignificant, probably due to the relatively short duration of weathering since the last deglaciation.     

Ree minerals of alkaline metasomatic rocks in the Main Sayan Fault

The composition of accessory REE minerals (allanite, chevkinite, fergusonite, and REE carbonates) in alkaline metasomatic rocks of the Main Sayan Fault (quartz-albite-microcline-riebeckite-aegirine, quartzalbite-microcline-magnetite, and clinopyroxene-albite) was studied using back-scattered scanning electron microscopy. Chevkinite occurs only in quartz-albite-microline metasomatic rock. The paragenesis of allanite and titanite is stable in clinopyroxene-albite metasomatic rocks. Allanite and fergusonite are typical of all zones of the metasomatic column. Chevkinite and allanite are often altered due to interaction with hydrothermal fluid and lose some amount of LREE. Secondary bastnaesite, synchysite, and ancylite are formed after allanite, while secondary monazite is developed after chevkinite. Presumably, the low-temperature alteration of allanite and chevkinite under effect of F^?, CO ₃ ^2? , and P ₄ ^3? -bearing fluids had not any significant manifestation in the total REE content in metasomatic rocks.     

海底热液系统高温流体的稀土元素组成及其控制因素

研究稀土元素在流体中的地球化学行为及其控制因素,对利用稀土示踪与流体有关的地球化学过程具有重要意义。海底高温流体稀土组成研究表明,不同背景、岩性热液系统喷口流体的稀土含量差别较大,与海水之间可达几个数量级,但配分模式却非常类似,即普遍具有LREE富集、高的正Eu异常特征。流体的稀土组成与岩石或矿物的蚀变程度、结构构造有关,同时受流体的温压、pH值、Eh值、络合介质种类等因素的影响,其配分模式是流体循环、迁移过程中络合、吸附、矿物沉淀等不同因素共同作用而再次调整的结果。正Eu异常作为高温流体的特征标志,可以用来示踪与高温流体有关的地球化学作用过程,同时Y/Ho比值、负Ce异常可以用来示踪与流体/海水混合有关的化学过程。     

赣南新元古代变质岩稀土矿物及其地球化学特征

近年来赣南地区首次报道了变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床的发现,为离子吸附型稀土的找矿提供了新思路。赣南地区新元古代变质岩大面积分布,风化壳也广泛发育。文章对30件稀土元素含量(300×10~(-6))高的变质岩矿物样品进行了详细的电子探针分析,旨在查明赣南新元古代不同类型变质岩中的稀土矿物种类及特征,探讨其成因、对全岩稀土元素含量的贡献以及离子吸附型稀土元素的成矿潜力。研究表明,区域上变质岩可大致分为6类,分别是变质凝灰岩类、板岩类、千枚岩类、片岩类、变砂岩类和变粒岩类,不同类型变质岩的稀土矿物组合不同,除了普遍存在的、难风化的独居石、磷钇矿和锆石外,部分岩性中出现易风化的褐帘石、含稀土元素绿泥石和含稀土元素金红石,及表生的水磷酸盐和磷铝酸盐等矿物。这些富稀土矿物贡献了全岩中大部分稀土元素,且部分矿物成因与后期流体作用相关,为成矿提供了良好的条件。文章总结分析认为,赣南地区广泛分布的变质岩中,片岩类、变砂岩类和变质凝灰岩类均具有相对易风化的稀土矿物组合,尤其变质凝灰岩类和变砂岩类,能为离子吸附型稀土成矿提供充足的物质来源,具有可观的离子吸附型稀土成矿潜力。     

褐帘石及其次生物的研究

褐帘石发生蚀变后,其次生物的化学成分变化很大,除SiO_2外,A1、Ce~(4+)增高一倍以上,而Fe、Ti、Mg、Ca及多种稀土成分几乎全部消失。另外,其次生物在物相上也发生了转化,生成高岭石、埃洛石、方饰石和铁质等集合体。在湿热多雨、植被茂密地段,岩体中褐帘石的大量存在并发生次生成矿作用,是形成湖南姑婆山风化壳型稀土矿床的有利地带。     

Geochemical survey of rare earth elements (REEs) in the concealed ore body of Hongcheon,Korea

Because of the risk of diminishing supplies of rare earth elements (REEs) worldwide due to China’s dominance over REE supply, the necessity of developing domestic resources of REE has been realized in other countries. To explore new ore bodies, a geochemical survey was conducted at one existing carbonatite REE deposit in the Hongcheon area of Korea. Proper sampling strategies and baseline data for the interpretation of the results were determined through a pilot study conducted in the area. Enrichment in the concentration of light REE (LREE) over that of heavy REE, which is typical in carbonatite-type deposits, was observed in stream sediments and heavy mineral samples collected during the geochemical survey. Maximum concentrations of LREE were 2,299 and 27,798 mg/kg for stream sediments and heavy minerals, respectively. Among LREEs, La and Ce are the dominant components of all REEs, comprising approximately 68 % of mean concentrations. Considering the distribution pattern of La + Ce contents and the associations with the existing outcropping ore bodies, the zone of prospective REE mineralization was determined to be in the south-western part of the area. A detailed follow-up soil survey of the zone found even higher concentrations of La and Ce (2,450 and 3,100 mg/kg, respectively), and suggested the possible extension of the existing ore bodies. Likewise, a systematic geochemical survey for REE is feasible for locating concealed ore bodies in the area, where the mineralization is mostly covered with soil, and rock outcrops are scarce.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜砂岩型铀矿床成矿水化学过程探讨

为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地东胜砂岩型铀矿成矿水化学过程,利用光薄片、电子探针、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和化学分析等方法对比分析了氧化带无矿化样品、氧化还原过渡带中低矿化及高铀样品的矿物学和地球化学特征。矿物学研究表明:①所有样品中斜长石均表现出强烈粘土化和绢云母化的特征;②铀矿物主要为铀石,呈胶状吸附在矿物颗粒(部分为炭屑)表面、粒间或裂隙中;③相对氧化带,氧化还原过渡带往往含有更多的炭屑和碳酸盐胶结物。稀土元素地球化学研究表明,氧化带无矿化样品和过渡带低矿化样品表现出较平坦的低分异的稀土配分模式;而过渡带高铀含炭屑样品表现出MREE富集的配分模式,高铀富碳酸盐胶结物的样品表现出轻稀土强烈左倾、重稀土平坦的配分模式。对比分析上述差异后认为,铀成矿与水化学作用密切相关,且成矿水溶液中无机络阴离子以CO32-为主,倾向于络合UO22+和HRE3+;而阳离子主要为斜长石的粘土化释放的Ca2+和SiO44-。当水溶液从盆地边缘向中心运移时,物化环境从氧化及酸性环境向还原及碱性环境转变,此时发生铀酰离子的还原并与SiO44-沉淀形成铀石、Ca2+与CO32-沉淀形成碳酸盐以及HREE的沉淀富集。     

REE redistribution during hydrothermal alteration of ores of the Kalahari Manganese Deposit

The Kalahari Manganese Deposit (KMD) is the largest land-based manganese deposit, hosting approximately 80% of the world's known, mineable manganese resources. The deposit, located near Kuruman in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, is one of five erosional relics of the Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.2 Ga) Hotazel Formation, with sedimentary manganese ores occurring as up to 50 m thick beds interbedded with banded iron-formation (BIF) and hematite lutite.The study focuses on the manganese ores of the Nchwaning–Gloria mining area of the northern KMD. In this area, pronounced mineralogical and major element alteration was imparted on the sedimentary manganese ores by a structurally-controlled hydrothermal fluid flow event. Most notable effects of hydrothermal alteration are the decomposition and leaching of Ca- and Mg-carbonate, and marked residual enrichment of manganese. On the basis of mineral assemblage, grade, texture and geochemical characteristics, three ore types were distinguished in the studied sample set, classified into least altered (LA), partially altered (PA) and advanced altered (AA) types. Advanced altered ores may be further classified into five different types, based on mineral assemblages that contain hausmannite and/or braunite as significant minerals. The rare earth element (REE) geochemistry of these fundamental ore types was studied in detail, to document REE mobility during hydrothermal alteration.Total REE concentrations in LA ores were found to be very low (14–22 ppm) and remarkably uniform, within the range typically observed for BIF. Hydrothermal alteration results in residual enrichment and a much larger scatter in REE contents. A small Ce anomaly observed in the protolith remains similar in magnitude when observed in PAAS-normalised REE plots. The data define, however, a power trend in the (Ce/Ce*) vs (Pr/Pr*) diagram. Such behaviour is interpreted in terms of a conservative system that was predominantly protolith-buffered. Local remobilisation of REE during hydrothermal alteration is attributed to the dissolution of diagenetic apatite and redistribution of hydrothermal trace minerals, including neoformed apatite, monazite and cerianite.     

Rare earth element distributions among minerals in a granodiorite and their petrogenetic implications

A study of the distribution of lanthanide rare earths in a granodiorite from the eastern Peninsular Ranges batholith, southern California, reveals that a large fraction of the REE in this rock resides in the accessory phases sphene and allanite. The minerals plagioclase, alkali feldspar, biotite, epidote and apatite each contribute approximately 1% or less of each REE to the whole rock, with the exception of Eu for which plagioclase contributes 7%. Sphene and allanite together contain 80% to 95% of each REE. Each of these phases is zoned in REE concentration with substantial decreases from core to margin. Textural observations argue for relatively early saturation and precipitation of sphene and allanite in the magma. REE zoning trends in sphene and allanite, and unexpectedly low REE concentrations in largely later crystallizing minerals such as feldspar, indicate that the precipitation of sphene and allanite significantly reduced REE concentrations in residual melts. These results illustrate the potential that sphene and allanite have for controlling the behavior of REE in granitic magmas.Available information collectively suggest that the sampled granodiorite existed as a complete melt, that the REE contained in the assemblage of phases were derived by direct crystallization from the melt, and that the melt behaved essentially as a closed system once crystallization of the phases now present began. Close correspondences between the major and trace element chemistries of the granodiorite and phenocryst-poor lavas from similar tectonic settings support these conclusions. The REE pattern of the granodiorite melt appears to have originated at depth and is characteristic of its source regions and derivation mechanism. The high liquidus temperature of a granodiorite melt (~ 1000°C) indicates the importance of mantle-derived components within the sources of batholithic magmas in the Peninsular Ranges.     

江西相山下家岭稀土矿风化球体中褐帘石的精细矿物学研究及其成矿指示意义

下家岭稀土矿位于江西相山火山岩盆地,为风化壳淋积型稀土矿床。在风化壳剖面各成分层中,球形风化层稀土元素最为富集。为了探索稀土元素在球形风化层的富集规律,本文利用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针等多种手段,重点对球形风化层中风化球体的主要稀土矿物开展了精细矿物学的研究工作。研究发现原生褐帘石经改造后,发育了极其复杂的成分环带,衍生出多个富含稀土的"相",根据硅、镧、铈等主要元素的含量差别,可初步划分为：高硅高镧富稀土相（SiO2：11.51%~19.77%,La2O3：12.69%~17.54%,Ce2O3：6.80%~8.49%,∑REE2O3：46.14%~61.34%）、低硅高镧富稀土相（SiO2：0.58%~6.78%,La2O3：21.09%~24.64%,Ce2O3：4.45%~6.34%,∑REE2O3：68.96%~81.52%）以及低硅高铈富稀土相（SiO2：0.45%~1.79%,La2O3：12.89%~19.16%,Ce2O3：20.66%~26.59%,∑REE2O3：67.65%~77.6%）三种不同类型,这些相各自成分变化均较大,成分均一性较差。分析后认为,这种富稀土的特征,可能部分因为钍的放射性衰变使得富钍褐帘石发生蜕晶化并体积"肿胀","肿胀"后的褐帘石更容易让流体通过,同时α衰变还可以让矿物内部发生电离,可能会对带有电荷的稀土络合物产生吸附作用,从而造成稀土元素富集。不同富稀土相的形成,则可能是因为在风化作用的不同阶段,上部淋积下来的稀土种类不同导致。当低硅高铈富稀土相形成后,则会进一步被流体溶蚀分解,以供给下层稀土成矿。     

西湖凹陷平北地区泥岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

为了研究西湖凹陷平北地区泥岩微量及稀土元素的分布特征及其地质意义,采用ICP—MS对研究区25个泥岩样品进行了稀土元素和微量元素分析,研究表明：（1）研究区泥岩稀土元素主要来自陆源碎屑矿物,源岩主要为沉积岩及碱性玄武岩;（2）始新世末构造运动揭示的构造沉积界线在研究区留下了证据,微量元素比值、稀土总量等参数在此界面上存在明显的突变,界线十分明显,并且此界线亦是研究区平湖组与花港组的沉积界面,界面以下以三角洲沉积为主,界面之上主要为河流相沉积,这一沉积相转换面在研究区P1井尤为明显;（3）利用Sr／Cu比值推测平北地区始新世中晚期．早渐新世经历了较为明显的气候变化,总体上有逐渐变温湿趋势,并且研究区北部要温湿于南部。     

三峡地区二叠系牙形石的U-Th-Pb定年及古海水信息

利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)对三峡地区二叠系茅口组牙形石的U-Th-Pb同位素年龄进行测定。结果表明该地层中牙形石的208Pb/232Th放射年龄为269±44,Ma,207Pb/235U放射年龄为256±39,Ma,接近二叠系茅口组的生物地层年龄。206Pb/238U的年龄为196±6,Ma,虽然准确度较高,但与前人推测的地层年龄相比偏低。此外,作者对牙形石的稀土元素(REE)组成进行了分析,并且发现牙形石的REE组成和Ce异常与古海水氧化还原条件有一定的相关性,可以指示古海水的信息。     

河南省西峡县太平镇稀土矿床地质特征及找矿远景研究

太平镇稀土矿床是河南省首个新发现的中型稀土矿床,填补了河南省稀土矿的空白.通过近几年的勘查在该矿区共发现稀土矿化带7条,圈出稀土矿体17个,估算稀土氧化物总量超过17×104 t.文章通过系统梳理分析太平镇稀土矿床的矿区地质、矿体特征,基于详细野外调研及室内测试分析认为:①太平镇稀土矿床是以Ce、La、Nd、Pr为主的...     

Fluid-induced dissolution breakdown of monazite from Tso Morari complex,NW Himalayas: evidence for immobility of trace elements

Primary igneous monazite from the Polokongka La granite of the Tso Morari complex in the western Himalayas has been partially replaced by a three-layered corona of metamorphic fluor-apatite, allanite + U- and Th-bearing phases (huttonite + brabantite), and epidote. The alteration is related to high-pressure amphibolite-facies (10–11 kbar and 587–695 °C) fluid-induced retrogression of the ultra-high-pressure granite during exhumation after India–Asia collision. The corona textures can be explained by pseudomorphic partial replacement of the original monazite to apatite and allanite via a fluid-mediated coupled dissolution–reprecipitation process. Mass balance calculations using the volume proportions and compositions of coronal minerals show that the REE, U, Th, Pb, Ba and P were conserved and not transported outside the alteration corona. The formation of fluor-apatite, allanite, huttonite and coffinite from monazite and the immobility of REE, U and Th require an influx of alkali- and F-bearing, Ca-rich fluid having high Ca/Na into the corona. We are aware of only two other occurrences of such alteration textures, and these have several similarities in terms of geodynamic setting and P–T histories of the host rocks. We suggest that there may be a common mechanism of exhumation style, and source and composition of fluids during retrogression of granitoid rocks in collisional orogens and that such breakdown textures can be used to identify metagranites that have experienced high-P metamorphism in continental collision zones, which is otherwise difficult to constrain due to the high variance of the mineral assemblages in these rocks.     

Rare Earth Element Behaviour in the Wunugetushan Copper – Molybdenum Deposit,Inner Mongolia,and Its Implications1

Abstract Considering porphyry and wall rocks as a whole system, the behaviour of rare earth elements (REE) in hydro thermal alteration and mineralization of the exceedingly large Wunugetushan porphyry Cu-Mo deposit of Inner Mongolia has been studied. It has been found for the first time that there exists complementary REE variation in hydrothermal alteration between porphyry and wall rocks, and Eu depletion has certain significance in indicating mineralization. Based on an analysis of the variation in REE contents of relevant minerals during the hydrothermal alteration, the ore-forming fluids are inferred to be depleted in ∑REE, comparatively enriched in ∑Y and strongly depleted in Eu. In the intermediate-strong alteration zones, porphyry and wall rock took part in hydrothermal metasomatism and alteration almost in equal ratio mass. Furthermore, studies of REE and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and fluid inclusions confirm the existence of hydrothermal convection and the possibility of supplying part of ore materials by the wall rock and indicate that the application of REE geochemistry in mineral prospecting is promising.     

八卦庙大型金矿床稀土元素地球化学研究

八卦庙大型金矿床是秦岭造山带中的一种与碳酸盐岩有关的中温热液矿床。本系统总结了该矿床的稀土元素地球化学特征，对矿石、围岩、含金石英脉、酸性岩脉、铁的硫化物中的稀土元素组成、关系及成因进行了分析研究，论证了这个金矿床的形成与围岩、酸性岩脉、地壳深部金的矿源层有关。在此基础上应用简化了的Ｇｒｅｓｅｎｓ方程－Ｇｒａｎｔ方法讨论了热液蚀变过程中稀土元素地球化学行为，并分析了样品中出现Ｃｅ和Ｅｕ异常的原因，     

独居石成因特征与U-Th-Pb定年及三江特提斯构造演化研究例析

独居石U-Th-Pb定年在地质年代学研究中占有重要地位,但其成因类型的识别和年龄值的合理地质解释始终是研究的难点。论文通过对比分析岩浆、热液和沉积成因独居石的内部结构、矿物组合以及稀土和微量元素地球化学特征,厘定了不同成因类型独居石的鉴别标志;并以三江特提斯构造演化研究为例,探讨了独居石的U-Th-Pb定年及其合理地质应用。不同地质环境中形成的独居石具有不同的内部结构和矿物组合及元素组成:岩浆独居石可能存在较宽且平直的岩浆环带,常与磷钙钍石共生;相对富集重稀土,具有较高的Y、Sc、Th、U、Sm、Gd等含量和Th/U比值,较低的La、Ce含量和稀土总量,显示为Eu强烈亏损的右倾斜分布模式。而热液独居石可能存在与流体作用有关的扇形环带,常与斜钍石共生;沉积独居石形态多不规则,与自生矿物相伴生。它们具有典型的四分组稀土分布模式,稀土总量较高,相对富集轻稀土(如La、Ce),贫Y、Sc、Th、U、Sm、Gd等,Th/U比值较低。独居石U-Th-Pb定年限定了松潘-甘孜造山带204~190Ma的早期变质作用和168~158Ma的局部热干扰,约140~130Ma冈底斯浅色花岗岩的形成与地壳的缩短加厚及快速隆升作用,约33~22Ma 红河断裂带与伸展作用有关的岩体侵位和左行走滑运动年代(且北部的去顶剥蚀作用要比中部早9Ma),约8~11Myr的东喜马拉雅构造结"挤出"构造变形时限。     

辽宁赛马碱性岩体层硅铈钛矿化学成分变化及其对碱性岩浆演化的指示意义

辽宁赛马岩体是我国典型的产铀碱性杂岩体,但其稀土矿化机制尚不明确.通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电子探针分析,得知该岩体从霞石正长岩经霓霞正长伟晶岩至晚期异霞正长岩,代表性稀土矿物层硅铈钛矿[Na₂Ca₄REETi（Si₂O₇）₂OF_3]不断富集,Nb、Zr和REE（特别是HREE）等高场强元素含量不断升高,部分颗粒具Zr、REE等元素成分环带,以上成分变化与稀土等不相容元素性质、碱性岩浆成分和岩浆结晶分异过程密切相关.此外,层硅铈钛矿经历了一系列的热液蚀变,蚀变部分Ti、Ca、Sr、Na含量增加而Zr、REE含量降低,最终形成由残余层硅铈钛矿+方解石+萤石+铈硅磷灰石组成的假晶,可能与富碱质、F和CO₂的自交代流体作用有关.该研究揭示了碱性岩浆演化过程中,层硅铈钛矿成分变化及热液蚀变组合对指示岩浆结晶分异程度、探究稀土元素分馏及其热液活动性的具有重要意义.